Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TR-67-600-I-I
February i, 1967
M. S. Feldman
L. A. Ferrara
F. L. Havenstein
J. E. Volonte
P. H. Whipple
ABSTRACT
Table of Contents
Appendix
i
BELLCOMM, INC.
List of Tables
ii
BELLCOMM, INC.
List of lllustrations
iii
BELLCOMM, INC.
iv
BELLCOMM, INC.
i. 0 Introduction
•
The mission and system are constrained by the
performance of a standard Saturn V and the
external configuration of Apollo.
•
A new module (ESM), to be carried in or to replace
the LEM adapter, will be required to support the
extended duration mission function.
•
A modified CSM will be required to support early
aborts, final entry and landing and other func-
tions to be determined.
•
The spent S-IVB stage will be considered for its
contribution to the mission•
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2.2 Trajectory
Launch
Parking Orbit
Injection
BELLCOMM, INC. 2-5
Interplanetary Flight
Outbound Leg
Venus Encounter
Inbound Leg
Earth Return
2.3. i Structures
I
LAUNCH OCT. 31, 1973
VENUS FLYBY MAR. 3, 1974
140°
220° RETURN TO EARTH DEC. 1, 1974
220°
140°
EARTH AT_ R e a, u.
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123 120°
240°
240°
•120° 153 EARTH-VENUS
DAYSINTO
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270° _AYS 270°
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MISSION
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80°
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SPACECRAFT 60°
300° VENUS 300°
TRAJECTORY LAUNCH \
60°
EARTHIAT
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310° 110
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50°
30°
20°
0o 10°
o LONI 40°
320° 120°
40°
TRAJECTORYFOR VENUS FLYBY MISSION
FIG. 2-3
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BELLCOMM, INC. 2-7'
do
Guidance and control of the CM during earth entry
to the preselected point of parachute deployment.
2.3.3 Propulsion
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b •
Thermal control measures should not compromise the
operational flexibility of the space vehicle during
the mission•
b •
Routine accomplishment of the mission will not require
EVA; there should be a capability for a limited
r_umber of emergency EVA's.
C •
A command station will be manned by at least one crew
member at all times•
do
An experiments control station will be manned inter-
mittently as required.
f •
All crew members will be capable of performing routine
checkout and minor maintenance and repair.
2.3.6 Experiment s
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b °
Definition of the planetary surface and its pro-
perties.
C •
Chemical composition of the low atmosphere and the
planetary surface•
do
Planetary figure, gravitational field anomalies
and rotation period.
e •
Ion•spheric data such as radio reflectivity and
electron density and properties of cloud layers.
a •
Optical astronomy - UV and IR measurements above
the earth's atmosphere to aid in the determination
of the spatial distribution of hydrogen.
b .
Solar astronomy - UV, X-ray and possible infrared
measurements of the solar spectrum and space moni-
toring of solar events.
C •
Radio and radar astronomy - radio observations to
map the brightness of the radio sky and to inves-
tigate solar, stellar and planetary radio emissions;
radar measurements of the surface of Venus and Mercury•
d•
X-ray astronomy - measurements to identify new X-ray
sources in the galactic system and to obtain addi-
tional information on sources previously identified.
f•
Data on the planet Mercury, which will be in mutual
planetary alignment with Venus approximately two
weeks after the Venus flyby• At this time the
spacecraft will be at a range of about 0.3 AU from
_ercury.
2.3.7 Communications
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3. I Structures
3. I. i Meteoroids
Erosion
a•
Leakage of atmosphere through holes resulting
from puncture•
b •
Fire and personnel flash burns caused by rapid
oxidization of a penetrating particle along with
some of the space vehicle skin material.
C •
Personnel injury and equipment damage caused by
impacting high energy particles and material•
d •
Explosion of propellant tanks under high internal
pressure.
MeZeoroid Shielding
a•
it is assumed that meteoroid flux in space is
uniform and isotropic, that the vulnerable surface
of the space vehicle is in random motion, and hence
that the probability of a damaging impact by a parti-
cle can be described by a Poisson's distribution.
b •
The relationship between cumulative meteoroid
flux (in meters -2 sec -I) of particles penetrating
an aluminum sheet and the thickness of the sheet
(in meters) is given by:
= 6.02 x 10 -19 T -3
C •
The probability that no damaging impact will occur
is 0.99.
b •
SM The propellant tanks of the SM are protected
by the outer SM skin which has a 1.2 mm equiva-
lent thickness of aluminum, and there are pro-
visions for installing bumper sheets between the
structural shell and the tanks. Suitable
shielding can be provided by installation of
a 1.2 mm bum_er; this entails additional weight
at 0.6 ib/ft Z, or an estimated 52 ibs. per tank
to be shielded.
do
S-IVB The skin of the S-IVB, in the area between
the forward and aft skirts, is being fabricated from
3/4" aluminum which is milled to 0.134" thickness
(3.4 mm) in a 9-inch square waffle pattern to reduce
weight. Hence, the S-IVB does not meet the single
sheet criterion of 10.4 mm, and the addition of a
bumper shield is necessary. Failure to provide
BELLCOMM, INC. 3-5
3.1.2 Radiation
a.
Solar wind radiation, i.e., the outward flow of
ionized hydrogen gas from the solar corona, presents
no biological problem since the energy of the plasma
particles is very low.
b •
The radiation dose arising from a fast transit of
the trapped radiation belt around the earth is
acceptably small compared to that arising from the
other components.
C •
The long-wave electromagnetic radiation p_esents
no biological problem.
BELLCOMM, INC. 3-6
Shie i ding
TABLE 3-1
Protracted or
Risk-Limiting Fractionated Single Emergency
Critical Organ (i year) Acute Acute
i 1900 128
5 224 51
i0 92 46
i00 .5 .4
A i umin um
Shielding Skin Dose Blood-Forming Organ Dose
(gm/cm z (rem/year) (rem/year)
i 2710 193
5 330 83
!0 141 76
i00 Ii Ii
C •
S-IVB The milled portion of the skin of the S-IVB
provides an aluminum wall of less than 2 Ib/ft2;
and, hence, the S-IVB without modification cannot be
used as a radiation shelter.
3.2 .I Navigation
3.2.2 Guidance
3.2.3 Control
3.2.4 Summary
TABLE 3-2
Command Module
(850) (895) (70)
ESM
(1160) (710) (310)
3 •3 Propulsion
3.3.2 Midcourses
3.3.4 Summary
TABLE 3-3
Ab o rt 18,200
Margin 9,500
TABLE 3-4
Equipment
Useful Load
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3.4.7 Summary
TABLE 3-7
Equipment
Useful Load
Water 4OO
LiOH 35
Oxygen 55
ESM (5900)
Oxygen 4780
Nitrogen 1020
Water I00
BELLCOMM, INC. 3-25
3.5 •i Berthing
Augmentation
Item Number Weight(ibs)
Pressure garment assembly 3 102 0
Portable life support system 4 212 0
Emergency oxygen system 6 19 5
Constant wear garments 36 186 0
External thermal garments 5 67 0
Tool sets 2 7 0
Thermal garment storage bags 5 7 5
Pressure garment assembly storage 3 4 0
bags
Belt assembly 2 2.0
Crew Optics 8.0
Personal hygiene & showers, shaving 160.0
wash pads
Total 775.0
BELLCOMM, INC. 3-26
Item Weight(ibs)
Movies 5.0
Game s 2.0
Tot al 33.0
3.5.8 Food
3.5.9 Summary
TABLE 3- 8
Equipment
Accessories 75 i0
Other 485 5O 2O
S-IVB/IU (4oo)
Coatings 3oo
Fittings i00
Useful Load
Crew 56O
Equipment 340
ESM (18oo)
Food 18oo
BELLCOMM, INC. 3-28
3.6 Experiments
b °
The probe would be ejected mechanically, probably
using a spring system, from its sterilized container.
Telescope System
e •
Data It is estimated that approximately i0,000
photographs will be taken with the bulk occurring
during the 48-hour period centered at periapsis.
This amounts to a film weight of about 50 ibs. and
is the equivalent of about 4 x 1012 bits of data.
3.6.5 Summary
TABLE 3-9
Experiments Summary
Equipment
Telescope 1200 lO m
Useful Load
ESM (2600)
Probes 2200
Film lO0
Tape 300
BELLCOMM, INC. 3-33
3.7 Communications
TABLE 3-10
•
The MSFN is assumed to be upgraded to include
210-foot diameter antennas, and low noise tempera-
ture receiving systems (Tef f : 50°K, noise spectral
density - 211.8 dBW).
•
Updata and voice communications will be transmitted
from these stations employing a i00 kW power amplifier.
•
The maximum spacecraft-earth distance is .9 AU
(73 x l0 s n.m.).
TABLE 3-11
TABLE 3-12
cluster the probes, and they will slowly separate from the
craft reaching a maximum distance of about 5000 miles as they
impact the Venusian surface while the module passes over.
TABLE 3-i 3
Fade Margin -6 dB
3.7.7 Summary
TABLE 3-14
Instrumentation 4O 8O 8o
Antenna ii0
Antenna 175 30 3o
Installation 35O w
TABLE 3-15
Propulsion 30 B
ECS 35O 5O
Crew Systems l0
Propulsion 4830 30
Experiments 60 50
Radio-isotope Systems
TABLE 3-16
Tankage 23,900
Radio-isotope-Thermoelectric 2,000
Radio-isotope-Brayton 1,000
3.8.5 Summary
TABLE 3-17
Electrical Weight Summary
Weight
(pounds )
Batteries 90
Control 390
Distribution 720
Batteries 85O
Control 260
Distribution 3OO
ESM (ii00)
Control 2OO
Distribution 9OO
S-IVB/IU (i060)
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Command Module
Service Module
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Structure 58O0
Propulsion 30O
Crew Systems 75
Communications 32O
Propulsion 270
Total 11,225
3-43c
TABLE 3-20
Service Module Weight Summary
(pounds)
Structure 364O
Propulsion 1530
Communications 160
Electrical Power 1410
Propulsion 19,500
Total 26,240
3-43d
TABLE 3-21
Structure 12000
Experiments 13oo
Communicationa iio0
Experiments 26OO
Total 34,710
3-43e
TABLE 3-22
S-IVB 23994
Structure 13171
Propulsion 6226
Equipment 4597
IU 3747
Structure 531
Equipment 3216
Modifications 1460
TABLE 3-23
ESM 34,710
S-IVB/IU 34,600
a. Structures
b. Environmental Control
c. Crew Systems
d. Experiments
e. Communications
S-IVB
Reliability
TABLE 3-24
CSM Propellant Requirements
(in pounds)
Abort 18,200
Retrofire 12,000
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A mission duration of 400 days is required to give
a thirty day launch window to Venus in 1973. The
standard Saturn V injection capability for the
same launch window is iii,000 ibs.
•
Propulsion - Under the umbrella of an overriding
requirement for Venus flyby post-injection abort,
a redundant, cross connected, storable liquid fuel
propulsion and reaction control system was selected
in this study• This is not felt to be conclusive
with respect to long duration flight and more study
is warranted•
•
Environmental Control - The three-man, zero-g environ-
ment was an assumption of this study and no conclusion
should be drawn regarding its physiological or psycho-
logical adequacy•
•
Environmental Control - A two-gas atmosphere was an
assumed rather than concluded characteristic of
the environmental control system.
a•
High altitude most closely simulates the radiation,
meteoroid, thermal, aerodynamic, gravity gradient
and communications environment•
b •
The launch vehicle high altitude injection
velocity requirements are almost identical to
those of the Venus flyby• If a parking orbit
simulation is included, a "third burn" launch
vehicle will be required.
C.
The high altitude CSM retrofire velocity require-
ments are slightly less than the Venus flyby CSM
abort velocity requirements•
• F_ dman
• Volonte
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102 I- PLH-b ap P. H. Whipple
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APPENDIX I
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APPENDIX II
1.0 General
2 3 Ab ort
3 0 Outbound Leg
4 0 Venus Encounter
5 0 Inbound Leg
I. 0 General
EARTH
KSC
LATITUDE
PACECRAFT
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declination 6 Oo
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over the launch site and then compute the time that the launch
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INITIATION
EARTH
DEPARTURE
HYPERBOLIC
Rph TRAJECTORY
ENTRY
POINT
INJECTION
ABORTGEOMETRY
FIG. I1-10
BELLCOMM, INC. 11-12
m
m
m
m .
0 _J
0
z
m
,,..,.
z
0 >..
.re,-
I--
_" .9[
W I--
i-
.st
W
Q. I.- a.
,v MJ
0
'.s-
W. O
I'-- M. D
mr
Q_ 0
0 L_J
I---
,..J m
LAJ
=-, LL
a.
LL5 I--"
Q¢
0
Q_
r_
IJJ
p-
sd;_1 ^F
NOI$'llldO_d I_OW
BELLCOMM, INC. 11-13
e, ellipticity = .169
2
R
a(l - e )
i + e cos f
T
t m
2_ (E - e sin E) - to
E _ - e f
where tan
J =Vi + e tan j and
m,i
m,i
.--I
0
Z
/
N
I
--J
I--
/ .,-I
mmm
..1
BELLCOMM, INC. 11-14
•826
R- I + .169 cos f AU
£
tan E2 - .843 tan 2
LI = LN - LE
Lj = Lv - LN
-I
I = sin
i
h-
cO
Z
i,i
\
\ >-
\\ n-
o
u
uJ
rv
(.9
_J
--I
I--
.-1
L_
U-
BELLCOMM, INC. 11-15
LI = -38.22 °
L_ = 110.33 °
L2 = 110.3 °
L3 = 14 8.3 °
II = 6.06 °
Lsc = L_ + LE
210° 2NN°
_v_ 100°
|G l_no
I1_ lzno
IUU , cno
IJU
EARTH AT_ .
130°
2.30 ° VENUS FLYBYS,,,, 230°
130° 1.4
ORBIT
240° 120°
120° 153 240°
DAYS INTO /'_ EARTH-VENUS
THE MISSION CTION
250° _EARTH'-SC 110°
110° 183 250°
FLYBY
260° 100°
100° 260°
270° 90°
90° 270°
INTO THE
MISSION
280° 80°
80° 280°
SPACECRAFT 60o
300° VENUS
60° LAUNCH 300°
LAUNCH
310° 50°
50° 310°
R, o.u. 30°
20°
0o 10°
o LONGITU
40°
40oi ,320°
TRAJECTORYFOR VENUS FLYBY NISSION
FIG. 11-14
(
330° 340° 350° 0 10° 20° 30°
30° 20° 10° 350° 340° 330°
II-15b
II-15c
--F717U-U-U
LL
S33U_)30
BELLCOMM, INC. 11-16
V V
-I _2
6 2)[cos(_ i - _ 2 ) + i]
= COS
cos(6,1 + 6 2)[cos(a I - _ 2 ) - i]
+ 2
ll-16a
I--
z
I.u
I.U
.J
ILl
>-
0
U
ILl
r_
>-
).-
._1
I.I.
Z
LI.J
/ w.
\
BELLCOMM, INC. 11-17
MV o
rp Iv l 2 Ecsc 2 13
V_ I
_=ixXl+i yY_l +i zZ_l
Z i = sin 61
ll-17a
/ I'--
'7
I,U
// /
"UJ
--I
I.U
II )-
(D
I U
LU
N
I
I i
P
>-
>-
/
ii
Z
Ill
\ \°
\ \ i
i
\ \ !1
\ \
),.
II-17b
3ONAIAV1 SNN3A
II-17c
t--2
10
I
,
t IN HOURS /
RIN VENUSIAN RADII
1 VENUSIAN RADIUS _ 3340 N.M.
I S0o
f _ TRUE.A_MALY_
t=l
40°
20°
t:O-- OJ
10°
t=.l
20°
t "- °
40°
50o
icos
l[izN
HI
In addition,
N
_ = 90 ° + tan -I N
x
P N = 0 (l)
P V = P -v 2 (2)
(3)
plane. Equation (2) follows from the fact that the periapsis
vector, P, bisects the angle between the asymptotes, V I and
P
-i z
6 = tan
P _x 2 + Py 2
>-
>-
,-I
Z
o_ >.. ,,_
._j a_ "-1
LLI >-. Z
14.
\ >-
>-
.-I
-_- ..j iii I.I.
I-.-
LtJ t.- I--
>-
D_
1--
ZZl_ 14.1
W I,IJ ,,_
0
kU
I I I (.'3
.,_ IXI LJ Z
F-I--F- :=3
ZZZ
QQO
I-=
14.1
,A
Z
UJ
f%l
U.
I= _- )"
LU
r_
I-"
Z
0
..J
l!-19b
.J
.J
.J
"F-
Uj.-I
Z U
_¢u.I
.-I0 "1-
I--
n_
u._
I--
Z
i_1
El
.-I
ILl
)-
n_
0
I--
N
ILl
ns d
I--
I.i.
)..
n_
)-
--I
i!
z Z
ill
Z
BELLCOMM, INC. 11-20
[ v
veS
I n
y = dye cos ¢
= sin -I r
V e
sin (L - L )]
L e y
r = .7205 AU
V
r = .9916 AU
e
d = .446 AU
ve
6 = 3.18 °
V
L = 186.65 °
V
L = 162 .70 °
e
a_ = _ - (L - 180 ° )
S n v
e s
-i
i + 180 ° = tan
i
sin $" 1
C = sin -I _
sin L
e
(i I + 180 ° ) ]
iz = iI - iev
a = (a
e e v v
Figure 11-22.
r (i + e)
R
P
i + e cos f
f = true anomaly
where E = cosh -1 rp (e - 1) + 1
e
BE:LLCOMM, INC. 11-22
e = I. 743
= (_ - _aD ) + _aD
+ 180 °
anD = an
VENUS EQUATOR
!
DESCENDING NODE
SUB-PERIAPSI S POINT
e, ellipticity = .266
a(l - e 2)
R
l + e cos f
T
t 2_ (E - e sin E) - to
f
where tan [E = fl - e
1 + tan _- and
.909 AU
R- 1 + .266 cos f
tan E _ f
2 .761 tan _-
-i [sin 6v] _
whe re L = sin 117.4 °
O
=
and L is the central angle swept out by the
spacecraft from Venus departure
Declination 6 = -i0.i °
oO
L/D = .4
R V cos y = R V
e e e p p
2 _2u + V _
Vp R
P
APPENDIX III
I. 0 Introduction
6,5 t
L 1_,2! ,
f[-
1.1' t
1.5'
2
BV E sin YE
2E
For vertical entry the load reaches a peak of 346 earth g's;
and to provide for acquisition of data in the event the entry
should be made at such an angle, the probe should be designed
for such maximum decelerations. This is considered within
the state-of-the-art.
H __
i in
0og )
B B " CD A sin YE
For vertical entry the peak load altitude would vary from
162,000 ft for a ballistic parameter of 5 ib/ft 2 to 96,000 ft
for a i00 ib/ft 2.
i l d
or
_/WC D sin y
W
CD d) _D A sin ¥
V2 _ 2g W
0o CDA
REFERENCES
•
P. L. Havenstein, Bellcomm Memorandum for File, "The Saturn
Apollo Applications Program Structured by Planetary Objectives,"
May 2, 1966 (Confidential)
•
Planetary Fli_ht Handbook, Vol. 3, Parts i, 2 and 3 (NASA SP-35)
•
North American Aviation Report, "Manned Mars and/or Venus Flyby
Vehicle Systems Study," SID-65-761, June 1965
•
Apollo Program Specification, (SE-005-001-1), March I, 1966
•
"Natural Environment and Physical Standards for the Apollo
Program," (M-DE 8020-008B), April 1965, p. 30
•
J. S. Dohnanyi, Bellcomm Technical Report "Model Distribution
of Photographic Meteors," TR 66-340-1, March 29, 1966
•
J. S. Dohnanyi, Bellcomm Memorandum for File, "Meteoroid Hazard
for Planetary Missions," July 25, 1966
i0. Douglas Missile and Space Systems Division, "Orbital S-IVB Spent
Stage Study - Saturn S-IVB Stage Applications," Part II, Vol. I,
SM-53176, May 17, 1966
14. Boeing Co., "Computer Codes for the Evaluation of Space Radiation
Hazards," Vol. 3, D2-90418-3
BELLCOMM, INC.
32. Apollo Mission Sequence Plan, Bellcomm TR-65-214-I, Sept• 30, 1965
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