7.

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS & THERMAL STRESSES

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS Structure for which equilibrium equations are sufficient to obtain the solution are classified as statically determinate. But for some combination of members subjected to axial loads, the solution cannot be obtained by merely using equilibrium equations. The structural problems with number of unknowns greater than the number independent equilibrium equations are called statically indeterminate. The following equations are required to solve the problems on statically indeterminate structure. 1) Equilibrium equations based on free body diagram of the structure or part of the structure. 2) Equations based on geometric relations regarding elastic deformations, produced by the loads.

COMPOUND BAR

Material(2) Material(1)

L1

L2

W A compound bar is one which is made of two or more than two materials rigidly fixed, so that they sustain together an externally applied load. In such cases (i) Change in length in all the materials are same. (ii) Applied load is equal to sum of the loads carried by

(dL)1 = (dL)2 (1/ E1)L1 = (2 /E2)L2 1 = 2 ( E1/E2)(L1/L2) E1/E2 is called modular ratio Total load = load carried by material (1) + load carried by material(2) W = 1 A1 + 2 A2 (2) (1)

From Equation (1) & (2) 1 and 2 can be calculated

Temperature Stress
A L A L B B B

B P TL

L Any material is capable of expanding or contracting freely due to rise or fall in temperature. If it is subjected to rise in temperature of TC, it expands freely by an amount TL as shown in figure. Where is the coefficient of linear expansion, TC = rise in temperature and L = original length.

From the above figure it is seen that B shifts to B' by an amount TL. If this expansion is to be prevented a compressive force is required at B'. Temperature strain = TL/(L + TL) TL/L= T Temperature stress = TE Hence the temperature strain is the ratio of expansion or contraction prevented to its original length. If a gap is provided for expansion then Temperature strain = (TL ) / L Temperature stress = [(TL )/L] E

Temperature stress in compound bars:Material(1) Material(2)

1TL

x P1

(dL)2 (dL)1 P2 2TL

x When a compound bar is subjected to change in temperature, both the materials will experience stresses of opposite nature. Compressive force on material (1) = tensile force on material (2) load) 1A1 = 2A2 (there is no external 1=( 2A2)/A1 (1)

As the two bars are connected together, the actual position of the bars will be at XX. 1TL (dL)1 = 2TL + (dL)2 1TL (1 / E1) L =2TL + (2 / E2) L T (1 / E1) = 2T + 2 / E2 --------------------------(2) From (1) and (2) magnitude of 1 and 2 can be found out.

Actual expansion in material (1) = actual expansion in material (2)

Exercise problems Q.1 A circular concrete pillar consists of six steel rods of 22mm diameter each reinforced into it. Determine the diameter of pillar required when it has to carry a load of 1000kN. Take allowable stresses for steel & concrete as 140Mpa & 8Mpa respectively. The modular ratio is 15 ANS: D=344.3mm

Q.2 Determine the stresses & deformation induced in Bronze & steel as shown in figure. Given As=1000mm2, Ab=600mm2, Es= 200Gpa, Eb= 83Gpa ANS: ( b=55Mpa, s=93.5Mpa, dLs=dLb=0.093mm)

Bronze

Bronze

Steel

160kN

Q..3 A cart wheel of 1.2m diameter is to be provided with steel tyre. Assume the wheel to be rigid. If the stress in steel does not exceed 140MPa, calculate minimum diameter of steel tyre & minimum temperature to which it should be heated before on to the wheel. ANS: d=1199.16mm T=58.330C Q.4 A brass rod 20mm diameter enclosed in a steel tube of 25mm internal diameter & 10mm thick. The bar & the tube are initially 2m long & rigidly fastened at both the ends. The temperature is raised from 200C to 800C. Find the stresses in both the materials.

If the composite bar is then subjected to an axial pull of 50kN, find the total stress. Es=200GPa, Eb=80GPa, s=1210-6/0C, b=1910-6/0C. ANS: b=8.81N/mm2 ( C ) , s=47.99N/mm2( T )