1.

Introduction

International body that promotes and enforces the

provisions of trade laws and regulations. The WTO has the

authority to administer and police new and exiting free trade

agreements to oversee world trade practices, and to settle trade

disputes among member states.

The WTO was established in 1994 .The WTO began

operation on January 1,1995. The WTO is based in Geneva,

Switzerland.

Critics charge that WTO trade rules do not sufficiently

protect workers’ rights, the environment, or the human health.

In the last fifty years, great progress has been made in

integrating developing countries into the multilateral trading

system and in their participation in the WTO. But the progress

has been uneven, with some developing countries still only

marginally integrated in the global economy.

The pace and scope of liberalization has varied among

developing countries, all have participated in the process.

In goods sector all developing countries have conducted

programmes of tariff reform and reduction. Many have also

reduced export taxation and subsidies. In services, developing

countries have made significant steps in autonomous

1
liberalization and bound many sectors, modes of delivery and

investment regimes.

These important developments in trade policies have been

complemented by liberalization of exchange controls and

restrictions on current account.

This paper reviews how the development dimension has

been addressed for developing countries in the the WTO and to

check if the implementation of free trade is beneficial for

developing countries or not.

1.1 Statement of the Problem

“Developing countries vs WTO”

WTO members are distinctly divided into two categories:

Developing countries

Developed countries

Most of the articles and agreements of WTO are favoring

developed countries. The rule and law makers of WTO are

developed countries and they are the significant fund provider to

WTO. They use their authority to shape WTO’s laws and

regulations according to their own needs. But there is no one

who listens to the problems of the developing countries,

economic interests of developing countries are not secured by

2
WTO. Therefore the gap between the developed and under

developed countries is widening.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

• To check the benefits of free trade for developing

countries.

• To determine the factors creating hurdles for

developing countries under WTO.

• The scale at which developing countries adopt free

trade liberalization.

These factors would be discussed with the following

variables:

• GDP

• External Debt

• Trade balance

1.3 Methodology

To conduct this study we first gathered data from different

sources. Main sources of data are:

3
 • Economic Survey of Pakistan

• PDR

• The Economist

• International Statistical Review

1.4 Organization of Data

First provided introduction of WTO then statement of the

problem is provide then objectives of the study i.e., Developing

Countries vs. WTO. Then we reviewed the different research

article by different economies of the world and summarized

these articles. Then we sorted out different finds from the tables

provided in this whole literature considering different variables

such as GDP, Trade Balance, External Debt etc. In the end

different suggestions are recommended for developing countries

to achieve economic progress.

4
2. Review of literature

Greider (December 1999) says that WTO lack authority to

control the trading issues of world. The countries which sponsor

the WTO to run its issues are not allowing WTO to take such

steps which are against them and are in favor of developing

countries. WTO must also use its authority to remove child labor,

improvement in working conditions of laborers in member

countries. If the governments of countries will check these

issues then this thing is against WTO agreement.

Elizabeth Becker (August, 2002) in this article discusses

about the harmful effect on the developing countries of the farm

subsidies America is providing. The 2/3rd of the population of the

developing countries live on farms and America subsidies on

farm production in their sector are becoming very harmful for

developing countries.

Tutwiler (June, 2005) explains that trade relates to growth

and that economic growth is essential to end poverty in

developing countries. He explains that agriculture growth, rural

development, and poverty alleviation can be done with free trade

within fellow developing countries.

Vogel (2005) says that WTO has the power to check new

and exiting free trade agreements and it has the authority to

settle any trade dispute among the member countries. WTO is

5
formally structuralized and has its own law. Some people

criticize WTO because its rule does not provide protection to the

rights of workers. WTO is also criticized because; the press is

not allowed to know about WTO decisions on the trade disputes.

Vogle says (2006) that the constitution of WTO protects the

property rights but does not protect the rights of workers and

environmental concerns are becoming the cause of criticism. If

reforms are not made in WTO, then WTO will collapse. Human

rights and environmental concerns are not protected by WTO, so

there will be many challenges because the companies to get

success use child labor, prison labor etc. These issues are the

direct challenges for the authority of WTO.

Dr. Abdul Sapoor (November 2006) says that countries

which want to get the benefit of free trade and want to transfer

these benefits to the poor people of that country should take

some complementary steps in education, transportation, and

health facilities. China and Indonesia have invested in roads and

agriculture facilities which have helped them to reduce poverty.

Bangladesh has improved the female employment rate by giving

them loans and producing their products at home and then

exporting their products.

Zaidi (2006) says that one of the main objectives of WTO is

to safe guard the share of developing countries especially of

least developing countries in global trade so that their needs for

6
economic development can be fulfilled. Some of the developing

countries like China, India, Malaysia, Brazil, Korea has got

benefits from liberalization of trade. Due to factors such as high

technology and large scale economies.

Greider, in this article discusses that the developing

countries don’t fully trade with each other. Exporters of

developing countries are still having trade with developed

countries. The markets of developed countries provide low

profits and there are many restrictions to enter to these markets.

But many developing countries provide different attracting

investment opportunities for other developing countries. These

developing countries can get benefit by trading with each other.

Paul says that the main responsibility of WTO is to promote

free trade. Agriculture is the main source of economic growth in

developing countries. Developed countries insists developing

countries to open up their agriculture markets and stop providing

subsidies on agriculture products. In textile sector the same

attitude is adopted by the developed countries towards

developing countries. Agriculture and textile are the main

sources of foreign trade for developing countries. Although the

developing countries says that they have opened their markets

for free trade but the true picture is that the developed countries

resists to import products from developing countries.

7
 Blusteim explains that the developing countries are not

happy with the pro-industrialized countries policies of free trade.

Developing countries are asked by developed countries to cut

down bigger percentage of tariffs on agriculture products, so

that the developed countries can sell more of their products to

the developing countries.

Steven says that WTO has two main purposes to make rules

for world trade and to settle trade disputes between the nations.

The members of WTO consist of industrialized nations as well as

developing countries. The economist who supports WTO says

that the WTO is beneficial for the expansion of trade in the world

and it will help to turn low inflation and it will increase product

quality.

8
 WTO is an organization which drafts trade rules for global

trade and tries to end the disputes among the member countries.

Industrialized/developed countries are not letting the WTO “PRO

POOR”. Some of the WTO policies are against worker rights and

environmental concerns. Some of the developed countries have

received some benefits due to liberalization of trade but most of

the developing countries are not reaping the benefits of

economic progress.

9
3. Findings and Analysis of data

Although some policies of WTO (Liberalization of Markets-

Free Trade ) has helped some of the developing countries like

China, India, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia to boost-up there

economies but the most developed countries like African

countries, Pakistan etc. have not reaped the benefits by the

adoption of WTO policies. It is because when we compare the

scale of economy of Pakistan with China we come to know that

the market size, land and the population strength of China is far

greater than of Pakistan. But when we compare Pakistan with

Korea we come to know that the Koreans have much less land

and population than Pakistan but they have developed

themselves in high tech industry.

10
 TABLE 3.1 GLOBAL TRADE AND DVELOPINF COUNTRIES TRADE

Global Trade Developing Countries

Country Trade
1990 2004 1990 2004
Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports
China 1.77 1.47 6.5 5.9 7.31 6.56 19.75 19.95
Hong Kong 2.35 2.28 2.9 2.9 9.69 10.15 8.84 9.70
Singapore 1.50 1.68 2.0 1.7 6.22 7.48 5.97 5.82
S. Korea 1.86 1.93 2.8 2.4 7.66 8.60 8.45 7.97
Mexico 1.16 1.20 2.1 2.2 4.80 5.36 6.27 7.33
Taiwan 1.91 1.51 2.0 1.8 7.91 6.75 6.03 5.96
Malaysia 0.84 0.81 1.4 1.1 3.47 3.60 4.21 3.74
India 0.51 0.65 0.81 1.0 2.11 2.90 2.41 3.38
Brazil 0.89 0.62 1.1 0.7 3.70 2.77 3.21 2.34
Thailand 0.65 0.91 1.1 1.0 2.71 4.06 3.25 3.39

In 1990, the share of 10 leading developing countries—

China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Mexico,

Malaysia, India, Thailand, and Brazil – in global exports and

imports was 13.44 and 13.06 % respectively. In 2004, the share

of the same 10 countries in global exports and imports had

reached 23% and 20% each.

Minus these 10 economies, the percentage share of

developing countries in global exports and imports in 1990 was

10.77% and 9.49% respectively. In 2004, that share was 10.75%

for exports and 10.43% for imports. The share of the 10 leading

economies in total exports and imports of developing countries

11
in 1990 was 55% and 58% respectively. The share has increased

to 68% for exports and 69% for imports in 2004.

On the other hand, LDC (Least Developed Countries) – the

countries most in need of benefits—accounted for less than 1%

of global exports and imports in 1990 and continued to have that

low share in 2004. In terms of their in developing countries’

trade, the situation is disappointing as well.

In 1990, LDCs accounted for 2.32% of exports and 3.14% of

total imports. In 2004, their share in exports and imports had

fallen to 1.92% and 2.29% respectively.

The top ten exporters in south- south trade in 2003 were:

China (19.7%), Hong Kong (14.2%), South Korea (11.1%),

Singapore (9.4%), Taiwan (9.3%), Malaysia (6%), Thailand (4.1%),

India (3.4%), Brazil (3.3%) and Indonesia (3.1%). These countries

together account for 83.5% of exports in south-south trade.

This makes it clear that the capacity to drive benefit from

opportunity thrown up by trade liberalization is dependent on the

supply side and strength of developing countries.

Two types of countries are beneficiaries of trade

liberalization.

On the one hand, there are bigger countries like China and

India where firms can realize the economies of scale and thus

12
price-out their competitors in foreign countries by offering

cheaper products.

On the other hand, there are smaller but relatively

advanced developing countries like South Korea and Singapore

whose exports depends on high tech value added products.

These countries compete not only on the basis of price but on

the basis of product differentiation.

It is also marked that while the developed countries insist

on continuation of their past practices, developing countries are

being forced to open up there markets and also withdraw the

subsidies provided to agriculture. Developed countries provide

subsidies to many sectors, agriculture in particular, which

comprises of a small percentage of population. These groups

may be small but enjoy enormous political clout and are capable

of pressuring there governments to continue subsidy on farm

products.

As against this a country like Pakistan has to protect the

interest of millions of people, more than 50% of total population,

dependent on agriculture. Therefore if we apply the policies of

WTO at the right moment it will cost very heavily to the

agriculture sector of Pakistan.

The general consensus is that WTO members are distinctly

divided into two categories, developed and developing countries.

13
Most of the articles and agreements are tilted towards developed

countries. To bring a change or amendment in these articles

developing countries will have to join their hands to reap the real

benefits of globalization.

As regards textile quota phase out and its integration in

free trade regime, the experience of developing countries may be

expressed as 'completely disappointing'. Some of the textile

products have been termed 'sensitive' by the developed countries

and their integration is being done at a very slow pace. These

products are the main foreign exchange earners for the

developing countries. Despite the claim by the developed

countries that their markets are open, they resist import of

various commodities from the developing countries by imposing

non-tariff barrier Considering the imports and exports of

developing countries, after attempting some polices, 2000 we

came to know that the balance of import and export is mostly

negative. So if these countries implements WTO right now, they

will be at a great loss.

14
 TABLE 3.2 Developing Countries Total External Trade(US MILLION)

Countries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Import 550 551 950 2101 3401
Afghanistan Export 186 113 101 144 541.8
Balance -368 -438 -849 -1957 -2859.6
Import 1172.1 1431.1 1665.5 2626.2 3515.9
Azerbaijan Export 1745.2 2314.2 2167.4 2590.4 3615.4
Balance 573.1 883.1 501.9 -35.8 99.5
Import 15086 18129 22036 28795 31300
Iran Export 28461 23904 28237 33788 38790
Balance 13375 5775 6201 4993 7490
Import 5040 6445.6 6584 8408.7 13070
Kazakhstan Export 8812.2 8631.5 9670.3 12926.7 18470
Balance 3772.2 2185.9 3086.3 4518 5400
Import 554.1 467.2 586.7 717.0 941.0
Kyrgyzstan Export 504.5 476.1 485.5 581.7 718.8
Balance -49.6 8.9 -101.2 -136.3 -222.2
Import 10309 10729 10340 12220 15592
Pakistan Export 8569 9202 9135 11160 12313
Balance -1740 -1527 -1205 -1060 -3279
Import 675 687.5 720.5 880.8 1375.2
Tajikistan Export 784.3 651.5 736.9 797.2 914.9
Balance 109.3 -36 16.4 -83.6 -460.3
Import 54502.8 41339 51533.7 69339.6 97361.5
Turkey Export 27774.9 31334.2 36059 47252.8 63074.8
Balance -26727.9 -10064.8 -15474.7 -22086.8 -34286.7

15
 Countries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Import 1785 2349 2119.4 2512 2850
Turkmenistan Export 2505.5 2620.2 2855.6 3632 4000
Balance 720.5 271.2 736.2 1120 1150
Import 2947.4 3136.9 2712 2964.2 3816
Uzbekistan Export 3264.7 3170.4 2988.4 3725 4853
Balance 501.9 -35.8 99.5 760.8 980
Import 6697000 6452000 6693000 7778000 8619401
World Total Export 6445000 6191000 6455000 7503000 8281385
Balance -252000 -261000 -238000 15281000 16900786

3.1 GDP Growth Rate

After 2000, the GDP growth rate of developing countries is

showing the positive results, the reason for this is completely not

due to WTO implication/liberalization but there are some other

factors also such as external aid etc.

16
 TABLE 3.3 GDP Growth Rate (%)

Countries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Afghanistan n.a. n.a. n.a. 15.7 8.0

Azerbaijan 11.1 9.9 10.6 11.2 10.2

Iran 5.93 5.38 7.83 8.03 5.6

Kazakhstan 9.8 13.5 9.8 9.2 9.4

Kyrgyzstan 5.4 5.3 0.0 6.7 7.1

Pakistan 3.9 1.8 3.1 6.4 8.4

Tajikistan 8.3 10.2 9.5 10.2 10.6

Turkey 7.4 -7.5 7.9 5.8 8.9

Turkmenistan 18.6 20.4 19.8 17.0 7.0

Uzbekistan 3.8 4.2 4.2 4.2 7.7

World 5.1 2.3 2.8 3.5 5.0

It seems that if the trade is liberalized and there is free trade,

the amount of debt on LDCs will increase.

17
 TABLE 3.4 Dimensions of the LDC Debt Burden, 1970-2000

(billions of dollars)

1
Year 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
970
Total 68.4 180.0 635.8 949.0 1182. 1808. 2140.6

External 3 9

debt

Of which ----- 14.9 55.6 64.7 285.1

Africa 283.3 304.1

So the liberalization of trade in this field doesn’t favour LCDs

3.2 Current Overview of LDC Economies

According to UN data profile, the current economic

condition of least developed countries is given below:

18
 TABLE 3.5 Least Developed Countries Economy

Economy 2000 2004 2005

GDP (current US $) 182.1 billion 261.0 billion 298.4 billion
GDP growth (annual %) 4.3 6.2 6.1
Inflation 5.3 5.8 6.5
Agriculture, value added(%
33.2 28.4 27.8
of GDP)
Industry, value added (% of
23.8 26.1 27.3
GDP)
Services, etc. ,value
43.0 45.5 44.6
added(% of GDP)
Exports of goods &
22.3 22.9 22.1
services(% GDP)
Imports of goods &
29.5 31.8 31.5
services(% GDP)
Gross capital formation (%
20.0 21.4 21.6
of GDP)

19
 TABLE 3.6 Percentage share of developing countries in global

trade

Indicators 1990 2000 2003 2004

Exports 24.21 31.97 32.38 33.46

Imports 22.53 28.99 29.27 30.43

The share of developing countries in global exports has

gone up from 24.21% in 1990 to 33.46% in 2004 and their share in

imports increased from 22.52% to 30.43% during this period thus

the developing countries taken as a group have done well in

terms of their share in global trade. But this performance can

easily be attributed to relatively advanced developing countries

(Korea, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc).

The evolution of developing countries' share of world trade

in total merchandise and in manufactures and gives a snapshot

of their current position in services trade.

The increase in the share of developing country

merchandise exports accounted for by manufactures, from 7 per

cent in 1963 to 65 per cent in 1995 and 1997, reflects a shift in

the export structure of developing countries away from primary

products and raw materials. Again, regional differences are very

marked: the share of merchandise exports from China accounted

for by manufactures rose from 25 per cent to 88 per cent

20
between 1963 and 1995, while the share of manufactures in

African merchandise exports rose from 2 per cent to 28 per cent

over the same period

During the period 1970-1997, the openness of all regions to

trade (as measured by the share or merchandise trade in GDP at

constant prices) has increased considerably. For the world as a

whole, the trade-to-GDP ratio has risen from 13.8 to 26.5 per cent

in this period, with the most rapid increase between 1984-87

(when the ratio stood at approximately 18 per cent) and 1997. In

the same period, the trade-to-GDP ratio for developing countries

rose from 23 to 35 per cent; most of this increase again took

place since the mid-1980s.

Some of developing countries like Brazil, China, India etc.

the percentage growth rate of their capital is very high but for

the most of developing countries it is low.

21
 TABLE 3.7 Cumulative Percentage Annual Growth Rate (1995-

2005)

Total Factor
Population Capital
Productivity
North
1.05 3.33 Low
America
Western
0.10 0.83 High
Europe
Australia/Ne
0.97 1.84 Low
w Zealand
Japan 0.20 0.37 Low
China 0.83 9.08 Very High
Taiwan 0.73 4.52 Very High
Indonesia 1.31 1.82 Low
India 1.59 8.01 Medium
Other South
2.10 3.39 Medium
Asia
Brazil 1.26 -0.69 High
Rest of World 1.65 4.15 Medium

22
3.3 Developing Countries' Participation in

Trade and Services

Based on balance-of-payments data, the total value of world

exports of commercial services was estimated at USD 1,310

billion in 1997. The United States and Canada were estimated to

account for approximately one-fifth of this total; Western Europe

for 45 per cent; Latin America for some 4 per cent; Africa for 2.1

per cent and Asia, other than Japan and Australia, for some 16

per cent. Roughly, therefore, developing countries accounted for

about 21 per cent of world exports of commercial services.

3.4 Developments since the

Establishment of The WTO

The trend towards fuller participation of the developing

countries in the multilateral trading system has continued since

the establishment of the WTO. Negotiations under the GATS

which were carried forward from the Uruguay Round have

resulted in substantial commitments from these countries.

Another noteworthy area of their participation has been the

Information Technology Agreement. The WTO Members have

also taken further initiatives for the benefit of the least-

developing countries in the following fields:

23
 1. Telecommunications

2. Financial services

3. Movement of natural persons

3.5 The Implementation of the WTO

Agreements: Developing Countries'

Concerns

In reviewing the implementation of the WTO Agreements,

developing country Members have identified a variety of issues

reflecting their diverse interests and priorities. These relate

mainly to the following areas: (i) trade opportunities for products

of interest to developing countries; (ii) provisions that require

WTO Members to safeguard the interests of developing countries;

(iii) transitional periods; and (iv) technical assistance to

developing countries.

1. Increased trade opportunities

The persistence of impediments to market access in areas

of export interest to developing countries has been identified as

a major policy concern. Developing country Members have cited

the adverse effects of tariff escalation and tariff peaks both in

relation to agricultural products and industrial goods.

24
 There are also concerns that burdensome administrative

and customs procedures, changes to rules of origin and frequent

use of safeguard measures are adversely affecting exports of

textiles and clothing products from developing countries.

2. Recognition and safeguard of interests

As noted, most of the WTO Agreements contain provisions

for the recognition and safeguard of developing countries'

interests. Developing countries have claimed that these

provisions have been largely ineffectual. Concerns have been

also raised that initiatives are lacking to facilitate the active

participation of developing countries in the relevant standard

setting organizations.

3. Transitional periods

Transitional periods are intended to facilitate the

implementation of WTO Agreements by developing countries. It

has been claimed, however, that the transitional periods do not

always give sufficient time to deal with specific shortfalls in

capacity that are faced by individual Members, or with their

precise development needs. Specific areas in which a need for

extension has been referred to by some include those related to

export subsidies for industrial products, TRIMS and TRIPS.

25
4. Technical assistance

Many Members have stressed the critical and continuing

need for assistance to strengthen the technical capacity of

developing countries in order to permit them to meet their WTO

obligations. In addition, Members have emphasized the

importance of matching assistance more closely to the specific

technical or legal needs of individual developing countries. For

this purpose, while recognizing the efforts made by the

international community, especially in the context of the LDCs,

there have been calls not only for an increase in technical

assistance, but also for more effectively co-ordinate technical

assistance from all sources.

Now considering PAKISTAN

Pakistan today meets most of the essential requirements

that the foreign businesses and investors are looking for.

Macroeconomic stability, deep-rooted structural reforms, high

standards of economic governance, outward looking orientation,

liberalized trade and investment regime, easy access to policy

makers, low production costs, sophisticated financial sector and

its location as a regional hub make it a highly attractive country

for business and investment.

26
 TABLE 3.8 Overview of the Economy After Military COUP

Change in the
October 1999 October 2004
Indicator
GDP Growth
4.2% 6.4% Positive
Rate
Inflation 5.7% 4.6% Positive
External
52% 37% Positive
Debt/GDP
Exports US$ 7.8 billion US$ 13 billion Positive
Foreign Direct
US$ 472 million US$ 950 million Positive
Investment
Unemployment 6% 8% Negative

At the time of army coup, October 1999 in Pakistan the

economic condition was not very good. Soon after the military

takeover Pakistan was forced to become the part of alliance

against the terrorism in the world. Pakistan had a dramatic

economic changes after military takeover. It is not because of

good economic policies but it is because of external aid which

Pakistan received after becoming the part of global alliance

against terrorism.

At the time of army coup the GDP growth rate of Pakistan

was 4.2% which exceeded to 6.4% in 2004. Similarly, the exports

has risen from US $ 7.8 billion to US $ 13 billion. But the

unemployment level has risen from 6% to 8%. So if Pakistan

27
adopts more policies for trade liberalization there is a risk of

more unemployment.

Considering the case of Pakistan especially, we come to

know that the imports of Pakistan were always greater than its

imports, but the ratio of trade balance shows that it is going

towards negative side, just before the liberalization of trade

Pakistan had very high trade balance.

TABLE 3.9 EXPROTS, IMPORTS, & TRADE BALANCE AT

CONSTANT PRICES OF 1960-70 ( $ US Million )

Years Exports Imports Trade Balance

1949-50 176 595 -419

1959-60 176 479 -303
1969-70 338 690 -352
1979-80 855 1714 -859
1989-90 1167 1634 -467
1995-96 2509 3402 -893

If there is liberalization of trade, there will more deficit in

foreign trade because before liberalization Pakistan local

industry was unable to cover the import/export deficit and if

there is free trade there will be more losses.

28
3.6 New tr ade liber aliza tion polices

adopted by P akistan (Cu r r ent Issues)

Now considering Pakistan’s current agreements on free

trade we come to know that the Pakistan has just signed

(November 2006) free trade agreement with China. China being a

friendly neighbor is always very supportive to Pakistan especially

in economic field. China is also going to open its first ever

economic zone (Outside China) in Pakistan which is an example

of corporation in trade between developing countries.

On the other hand India is asking Pakistani government to

award it as a most favored nation status for trade. Pakistani

government has liberalized trade to some extent and has

removed duties and lifted ban on some of daily household (almost

150 products) use products (2005-06). So Pakistani government

is not allowing complete free trade with India because if

Pakistani government does so then their will be bombardment of

Indian made products which are low in price as compared to

products which are manufactured in Pakistan. This will cause the

local producers to suffer a lot. Pakistani government has to

decide at what level, when and how much liberalized trade with

India.

4. Conclusion and Recommendations

29
 Free trade no doubt, increases the size of the pie but the

distribution of enlarged pie is uneven with bigger and relatively

more advanced countries getting the lion’s share. Hence no

surprisingly in the wake of liberalization bigger or relatively more

advanced developing countries have performed far better than

smaller or less advanced developing countries.

Developed countries have moved towards service based

economy and their growth have showed, the demand for primary

commodities has fallen.

So developing countries have moved towards the

production of value-added exports and these exports have

increased.

Even in case of South-South trade beneficiary are again

bigger and relatively advanced economies.

Two types of developing countries are beneficiaries of trade

liberalization:

 China and India competitiveness is based on price.

Enjoying economies of large scale.

 Korea and Singapore are beneficiaries because their

exports are high tech value added products.

Complementary measures must be taken, such as

 Improvement in the quality of education.

30
  Investment in rural roads and other infrastructure.

 Support for agricultural research and extension.

 Creation of effective social safety nets for poor.

Developing country like Pakistan must liberalize to make WTO

regime PRO POOR.

Press must be allowed to overview the hearing of different

disputes among the member countries. Make WTO more

democratic. More authority must be given to developing

countries to participate in different functioning of WTO.

It needs the policy space of Pakistan (developing countries) to

decide What, When and How much to liberalize.

In order to make WTO regime more PRO POOR Pakistan need

to explore non-traditional market like that of Latin America and

South Africa.

31