Lab manual

Contents
SL No. TOPICS PAGE No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Command Line Interface Static Routing Wan Protocols RIP and IGRP Protocols TELNET SDM Security Device Manager ACL- Access Control List NAT Network Address Translation OSPF and EIGRP RIP V2 Frame relay Switching Intervlan Virtual Private Network Internet Protocol Version 6 Wireless LAN Booting

2 5 10 14 21 24 27 31 35 43 50 59 63 69 71 79 81

Lab manual COMMAND LINE INTERFACE (CLI)

To enter the hyper terminal

Programs Accessories Communication HyperTerminal (HyperTerminal window opens) -prompts for the screen name (not the router name) -connect to window select com1 ok -com1 properties window select restore default ok

Switch ON the router (if new router that is not configured it will ask ----Would u like to enter initial configuration dialog[yes/no]: no Press return to get started (enter) Router> * User Mode/User Executable Mode Router> enable (enter) Router# * Privileged Mode/Enable Mode Executable Mode. The following commands can be executed in this mode Router#show running-config(enter) Router#debug xxx Router#copy xxx Router#configure terminal(enter) Router(config)# * Global Configuration Mode - Any configuration change in this mode affects the whole router. Router(config)#interface e 0/fastethernet 0/ S0 / S 1(enter) Router(config-if)# * Specific Configuration Mode configuration changes to specific part of the router like lines and interfaces.

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Setting User mode Password

Router(config)#Line console 0(enter) Router(config-line)#password xxxx Router(config-line)#login

To set username & password for the user mode

Router(config)#username xxxx password xxxx Router(config)#Line console 0 Router(config-line)#login local

To change the hostname

Router(config)#hostname HOR(enter) HOR(config)#

T o encrypt all the passwords

Router(config)#service password-encryption

To set password for the privileged mode

Router(config)#enable password/secret xxxx

Lab manual QUESTIONS

1 . What are the different modes in a router? o Router> ------------- User mode or the user executable mode Enable (enter) o Router# ---------- Privileged mode/Enable mode Show running-config Debug xxx Ping A.B.C.D o Router# configure terminal (enter) Router(config)# ----------- Global configuration mode o Router(config)#interface ethernet 0/fastethernet 0/serial 0/ serial 1(enter) o Router(config)# line console 0 Router(config-if/line)# ---------- Specific configuration mode 2 . Difference between Login and Login Local? o Login activates the usermode entry password for a single user without username. o Login local activates the username and password for the same usermode, incase of multiple users. 3 . How to encrypt our passwords? o Router(config)#service password-encryption Encrypts all the passwords at a time. The passwords once encrypted, cannot be decrypted by any command. 4 . How to set password to the user mode? o Router(config)#Line console 0(enter) Router(config-line)#password xxxx Router(config-line)#login - Login activates the usermode entry password for a single user without username. 5 . How to set password to the privilege mode? o Router(config)#enable password/secret xxxx 6 . How to set username and password to the user mode? o Router(config)#username xxxx password xxxx o Router(config-line)#login local - Login local activates the username and password for the same usermode, incase of multiple users.

Lab manual STATIC ROUTING

DTE
10.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2

DCE
30.0.0.1

10n/w

R1

R2

30 n/w

E0 HOR

S0

S0 BOR

E0

R1(config)#interface e 0 R2(config)#interface e 0 R1(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 R2(config-if)#ip address 30.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 R1(config-if)#no shutdown * R2(config-if)#no shutdown R1(config)#interface s 0 R2(config)#interface s 0 R1(config-if)#ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 R2(config-if)#ip address 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 R1(config-if)#no shutdown R2(config-if)#clock rate 64000 R2(config-if)#no shutdown R1(config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.2 ** R2(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.1 ** * All interfaces are administratively down when the router is switched on. We change their status to up by using the command no shutdown. ** In static routing, we are manually adding the destination network to our Routing table. Router(config-if)# ip route <dest. N/W> <DSNM> <next hop addr> Next hop address refers to the address of the next router that receives the packet and then forwards it to the remote location.

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Commands
1 . Router#show running-config This will display the current configuration of the router. 2 . Router#show controllers serial 0 To identify the DCE & DTE ends of the Serial cable. 3 . Router#show interface ethernet 0 This will displays the details of ethernet interface. 4 . Router#show interface serial 0 This will display the details of serial interface. 5. Router#show ip interface brief This will display the interface & line protocol status in a tabular format.

Outputs
Router#sh running-config interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 ! interface Ethernet1 no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial0 ip address 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 clockrate 64000 ! interface Serial1 no ip address shutdown ! IP route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.1 ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login ! End

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Router#sh int e0 Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is Lance, address is 0010.7b80.c3c6 (bia 0010.7b80.c3c6) Internet address is 10.0.0.1/8 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)

Router#sh int s0 Serial0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is HD64570 Internet address is 20.0.0.2/8 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keep alive set (10 sec)

Router#show ip int brief State 1 - When both no shutdown and clock rate is applied to corresponding interfaces Interface Ethernet0 Serial0 IP-Address 30.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 OK? Method Status YES manual YES manual up up Protocol up up

Router#show ip int brief State 2 - When clock rate is not given on DCE end & layer 1 problem Interface Ethernet0 Serial0 IP-Address 30.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 OK? Method Status YES manual up YES manual up Protocol up down

Router#show ip int brief State 3 - When the other end serial interface is shut down Interface Ethernet0 Serial0 IP-Address 30.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 OK? Method YES manual YES manual Status up down Protocol up down

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Router#show controllers s 0 HD unit 0, idb = 0xB883C, driver structure at 0xBDB98 buffer size 1524 HD unit 0, V.35 DCE cable, clockrate 64000 Router#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default Gateway of last resort is not set C 20.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0 C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Ethernet0 S 30.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 20.0.0.1 Router#sh protocols Global values: Internet Protocol routing is enabled Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 10.0.0.1/8 Ethernet1 is administratively down, line protocol is down Serial0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 20.0.0.2/8 Serial1 is administratively down, line protocol is down

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Questions
1 . How to assign an IP address to the Router and configure it? o Router(config)interface e 0 / s 0 Router(config-if)ip address <IP addr> <SNM> Router(config-if)no shutdown We assign our default-gateway as the IP address to the ethernet port. When the router is switched ON, by default all the interfaces are administratively down. To make the interfaces up we give no shutdown 2 . Why and where we use the clock rate? o The serial line has two ends DTE and DCE. This line goes up and down when IP address and no shutdown is configured on both sides and will be in asynchronous state always. To synchronize the link clock rate should be configured at DCE end. 3 . How to find out the DCE end? o Router#sh controllers s 0 4 . Difference between Request timed out Destination host unreachable Reply from <ip add> : <byte= > time<xms TTL=xxx o Request timed out When the packet is lost in transition, we will get request timed out message. o Destination host unreachable If the host doesnt know the route to the destination - Destination unreachable message is displayed i.e., the specified address is not present in the routing table o Reply from <ip add> : <byte= > time<xms TTL=xxx Reply from the destination indicates that the connection exists Time To Live (TTL) a field in an IP header that indicates the no. of routers (hops) the packet can cross. TTL for systems is 128 and for routers it is 255. If the destination is not reached before the TTL expires, then the packet is dropped. This stops IP packets from continuously circling around in the network looking for a home.

WAN PROTOCOLS

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10.0.0.1 10 N/w E0

R1

20.0.0.1 S0

20.0.0.2 S0

R2

30.0.0.1 30 N/w E0

Make sure you are able to ping the destination network before you configure WAN Protocols R1(config)#int s 0 R1(config-if)#encapsulation PPP R1(config-if)#exit When line protocol is not same on both routers, then the state of the link goes up and down i.e. the encapsulation on R1 --- PPP, R2 --- HDLC. R2(config)#int s 0 R2(config-if)#encapsulation PPP R2(config-if)#exit

CHAP
R1(config)#username R2 password 123 R1(config)#int s 0 R1(config-if)#PPP authentication CHAP R2(config)#username R1 password 123 R2(config)#int s 0 R2(config-if)#PPP authentication CHAP In case of CHAP, the user password should be the same. Here 3-way handshake takes place.

PAP
R1(config)#username R2 password 123 R1(config)#int s 0 R1(config-if)#PPP authentication PAP R1(config-if)#PPP PAP sent-username R1 password 321 R2(config)#username R1 password 321 R2(config)#int s 0 R2(config-if)#PPP authentication PAP R2(config-if)#PPP PAP sent-username R2 password 123

In PAP, the username and password is sent manually.

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COMMANDS
1. Router#sh int s 0 To check the encapsulation in the serial interface 2. R1#debug PPP authentication To debug PPP authentication

OUTPUTS
Router#sh int s0 Serial0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is HD64570 Internet address is 20.0.0.1/8 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation PPP, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) LCP Open Open: IPCP, CDPCP

hor#debug ppp authentication ( PAP ) Se0 PPP: Treating connection as a dedicated line Se0 PPP: Phase is AUTHENTICATING, by both Se0 PAP: O AUTH-REQ id 2 len 12 from "hor" Se0 PAP: I AUTH-REQ id 2 len 12 from "bor" Se0 PAP: Authenticating peer bor Se0 PAP: O AUTH-ACK id 2 len 5 Se0 PAP: I AUTH-ACK id 2 len 5

HOR#debug ppp authentication ( CHAP ) Se0 PPP: Treating connection as a dedicated line Se0 PPP: Phase is AUTHENTICATING, by both Se0 CHAP: O CHALLENGE id 21 len 24 from "HOR" Se0 CHAP: I CHALLENGE id 20 len 24 from "BOR" Se0 CHAP: O RESPONSE id 20 len 24 from "HOR" Se0 CHAP: I RESPONSE id 21 len 24 from "BOR" Se0 CHAP: O SUCCESS id 21 len 4 Se0 CHAP: I SUCCESS id 20 len 4

Questions

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1 . Different WAN Protocols? o HDLC High level Data Link Control o PPP Point-to-Point Protocol o Frame-Relay 2 . Difference between PPP and HDLC? PPP Open Protocol Authentication is allowed. HDLC Cisco Proprietary Authentication is not possible

PAP

CHAP

3 . What are the advantages of using PPP encapsulation over ISDN links? o PPP authentication prevents unauthorized callers from establishing an ISDN circuit. o PPP can be implemented among different equipment vendors. 4 . How PAP and CHAP works? o PAP
Username is xxx and password xxxx

HOR

Authentication Request Authentication Acknowledgement

BOR

HOR

BOR

When the username and password are matched in the HOR Database, BOR is allowed. o CHAP HOR
Can I Talk to you

BOR

Challenge Response

Success / Failure

Message Digest (Message Integrity) is one of the forms of Encryption

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Packet + Hash Function =Message Digest 1. MD 5 is one-way process. 2. It is always constant. 3. A small change will result in a big change in MD. 5 . What command would you enter to display the CHAP authentication as it occurs in real time? o debug PPP authentication 6 . Difference between PAP and CHAP? o CHAP is more secure than PAP as the password is encrypted here using MD5, while in PAP the clear text password is sent over the link.

7 . The output shown below was taken from two directly connected routers. Based on the output of these two routers, What happen when the below command Router#show interface serial 0 is entered? Corp#show running-config ! Isdn switch-type basic-5ess Username Remote password cisco ! interface s0 ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp Remote#show running-config ! Isdn switch-type basic-5ess Username Corp password Cisco ! interface s0 ip address 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication chap
o

The passwords in the username do not match, so the link will not come up and the line protocol will be down, which would make LCP closed. Both the usernames and the passwords are case sensitive.

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RIP AND IGRP Protocols

DCE
10.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2

DTE
30.0.0.1

10 n/w

E0

R1
HOR

S0

S0

R2
BOR

E0

30 n/w

RIP
R1(config)#router RIP * R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 R2(config)#router RIP R2(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 R2(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0

IGRP
R1(config)#router IGRP 123 ** R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 R2(config)#router IGRP 123 R2(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 R2(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0

* In RIP, we specify only those networks that belong to us. RIP sends routing table updates to its neighbors for every 30secs. RIP uses hop count as a unit of metric. The administrative distance of RIP is 120 ** IGRP uses autonomous number system. Here, only the networks that come under the same autonomous system number will communicate with each other. Autonomous number is provided by ISP. (By default, networks in different Autonomous system will not communicate, for different Autonomous systems to communicate redistribution should be done - CCNP concept).

IGRP sends updates for every 90secs and uses bandwidth and delay as unit of metric. IGRP has an administrative distance of 100

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Time Intervals

RIP

IGRP

Update Interval Hold-down timer Invalid after Flushed after

30 180 180 240

90 280 270 630

Commands
1 . Router#debug ip rip It shows the updates sent to the neighbor routers for every 30 sec. 2. Router#Clear ip route * This allows the routing table to switch to the new updates by clearing the old entries. 3 . Router#debug ip igrp transactions Displays the routing table updates that is sent for every 90sec 4 . Router#Undebug all (u all) To stop all debug commands those are active. 5 . Router#debug ip routing Displays the dynamic changes made in the routing table

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Outputs
Router#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Router# 00:29:26: RIP: received v1 update from 20.0.0.1 on Serial0 00:29:26: 30.0.0.0 in 1 hops 00:29:30: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (10.0.0.1) 00:29:30: network 20.0.0.0, metric 1 00:29:30: network 30.0.0.0, metric 2 00:29:30: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0 (20.0.0.2) 00:29:30: network 10.0.0.0, metric 1 00:29:55: RIP: received v1 update from 20.0.0.1 on Serial0 00:29:55: 30.0.0.0 in 1 hops

Router#debug ip igrp transactions IGRP protocol debugging is on Router# 00:26:16: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (10.0.0.1) 00:26:16: network 20.0.0.0, metric=8476 00:26:16: network 30.0.0.0, metric=8576 00:26:16: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0 (20.0.0.2) 00:26:16: network 10.0.0.0, metric=1100 00:26:32: IGRP: received update from 20.0.0.1 on Serial0 00:26:32: network 30.0.0.0, metric 8576 (neighbor 1100)

Router#debug ip igrp events IGRP event debugging is on Router# 00:22:47: IGRP: received update from 20.0.0.1 on Serial0 00:22:47: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:22:47: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1 00:23:40: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (10.0.0.1) 00:23:40: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:40: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2 00:23:40: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0 (20.0.0.2) 00:23:40: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:40: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1

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Router#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set C 20.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0 C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Ethernet0 R 30.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 20.0.0.1, 00:00:06, Serial0

E:\ftp 30.0.0.10 connected to 30.0.0.10 220 mohan Microsoft FTP service <version 5.0>. user <30.0.0.10:<none>>:anonymous 331 Anonymous access allowed, send identity <e-mail name> as password. Password: 230 Anonymous user logged in ftp> dir 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls. 09-17-07 07:41PM 26 Frame.txt 09-17-07 07:41PM 9 Igrp.txt 09-17-07 07:41PM 32 Isdn.txt 09-17-07 07:40PM 10 Rip.txt 226 Transfer complete. ftp:247 bytes received in 0.00seconds 284000.00kbytes/sec. ftp>get frame.txt 200 PORT command successful. 226 Transfer complete. ftp:28 bytes received in 0.00seconds 26000.00kbytes/sec. ftp>bye

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Questions
1. Difference between Static Routing & Dynamic Routing? o In static routing, we are manually adding the destination network to our Routing table. o In Dynamic Routing, the protocols build the routing table automatically.

2. Difference between RIP and IGRP?

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Uses autonomous number system. Works only on Cisco routers. Sends updates for every 90secs. Bandwidth, delay and distance as a unit of metric. Administrative distance is 100

Routing Information Protocol Does not use autonomous number system. Works on multi-vendor routers. Sends updates for every 30secs. Hop count as a unit of metric.

Administrative distance is 120

Has a maximum hop count of 100

Has a maximum hop count of 16

Time Intervals

RIP

IGRP

Update Interval Hold-down timer Invalid after Flushed after .

30 180 180 240

90 280 270 630

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3 . What is Routing loop and when it occurs? Distance-vector routing protocols sends routing table updates at regular intervals to keep track of any changes in the Internetwork. Routing loops can occur when a network outage happens and no router is updated with the change in routing table. Ra Rb n/w 3 Rc n/w 4 Re n/w 5

Rd o Assume that the first update has been received by every router and now they are in the due of 29sec. o Now, the interface to Network 5 is down and also all routers know about Network 5. Then Re prompts Rc to stop routing to Network 5 through it. But Ra, Rb and Rd dont know about Network 5 yet, so they keep sending the updates. o Rc will be sending its update and cause Rb to stop routing to Network 5, but Ra and Rd are not updated. To them, it appears that Network 5 is still available through Rb. o Ra will continue to send its updates for every 30secs and unfortunately Rb and Rd receives a message that Network 5 can be reached from Ra. So Rb and Rd sends the information that Network 5 is available. o Any packet destined for Network 5 will go from Ra to Rb and then back to Ra. This leads to a routing loop.

3. Methods to avoid Routing loop? Maximum hop count: When the routing loop occurs, the hop count increases indefinitely each time a packet passes through a router. To resolve this maximum hop count was defined. RIP permits hop count up to 15, so anything that requires 16th hop will be considered as unreachable. Split horizon: Split horizon defines that the routing information cannot be sent back in the direction from which it was received i.e., the routing protocol determines which interface a network route was learned on and it wont advertise the route back to that same interface.

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Route poisoning: This helps to avoid routing loops in a meshed structure even if split horizon works out. E.g. when Network 5 goes down, Re initiates route poisoning by advertising Network 5 as 16 hops or unreachable, this poisoning of the route to Network 5 keeps Rc from being susceptible to incorrect updates about the route to Network 5. When Rc receives a route poisoning from Re; it sends an update, called Poison reverse back to Re. This ensures all routes on the segment have received the poisoned route information. 4. Define Hold down timer o This sets the amount of time for which the routing information is suppressed. Routes will enter into the hold down state, when an update packet is received indicating the route as unreachable. This continues, either till it receives an update packet with a better metric or till the hold down timer is expired. By default Hold down timer is for 180 seconds. 5. You type debug ip rip on your router console and see that 172.16.10.0 is being advertised to you with a metric of 16. What does this mean? o The route is inaccessible.

6. What command is used to stop RIP routing updates from exiting out an interface but still receive RIP route updates? o Router(config-router)#passive-interface s0

7. A network that is advertised by both RIP and IGRP appears in the routing table flagged as an IGRP route. Why is the RIP route to this network not used in the routing table? o IGRP has a lower administrative distance

8. Which parameters does IGRP use to find out the best path to a remote network? o Bandwidth and Delay.

9. Which command displays RIP routing updates? o Router#debug ip rip

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TELNET
10.0.0.1 10 n/w 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 20 n/w 30.0.0.1

R1

R2

30 n/w

Make sure you are able to ping the destination network before you configure WAN Protocols R2(config)#line vty 0 4 R2(config-line)#password xxx R2(config-line)#Login R2(config)#enable password xxx

R1(config)#line vty 0 4 R1(config-line)#password xxx R1(config-line)#Login R1(config)#enable password xxx If vty password is not configured in R2 R1#telnet 20.0.0.2 Password required, but none set Connection to 20.0.0.2 is closed

After password is configured on R2, try to telnet R2(20.0.0.2) R1>telnet 20.0.0.2 User access verification Password:

If password is not enabled for the privileged mode R2>enable %No password set

If the password is set R2>enable Password: R2# R2>exit R1#

----------- Will disconnect the session.

R2>(Press) ctrl + shift + 6 and x R1# ----------- Will suspend the session.

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Commands
1. R1#sh sessions - To display the sessions opened by a particular user. 2. R1#(enter)(enter) - To move to the lastly opened session 3. R1#sh users - To display the users logged on 4. R1#clear line 3 - To disconnect a user [Confirm] R1# 5. R1#sh cdp Works only on directly connected Cisco routers CDP runs every 60 sec. 6. Hold time 180 sec. 7. R1#sh cdp neighbors R1#sh cdp neighbors Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater Device ID Router Local Intrfce Ser 0 Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID 143 R 2500 Ser 0

8. R1#show cdp neighbors detail ------------------------Device ID: Router Entry address(es): IP address: 20.0.0.2 Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router Interface: Serial0, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial0 Holdtime : 122 sec Version : Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-IS-L), Version 12.3(13), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2) Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport Copyright (c) 1986-2005 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Thu 10-Feb-05 11:49 by ssearch advertisement version: 2

9. R1(config)#ip host <NAME> 20.0.0.2 Creates Host Table.

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Outputs
Router#sh sessions Conn Host 1 20.0.0.1 * 2 20.0.0.1 Router#sh users Line User * 0 con 0 2 vty 0 Host(s) 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 idle Idle 00:06:03 00:05:42 00:07:45 Location Address 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 Byte Idle Conn Name 0 0 20.0.0.1 0 0

20.0.0.1

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Security Device Manager (SDM) GUI

Security Device Manager (SDM) is a web-based device-management tool for Cisco routers that can simplify router deployments by allowing us to manage and troubleshoot complex network and connectivity issues and also supports a wide range of Cisco IOS Software releases to set up advanced configurations. It is used to configure a router through a HTTP service. To do this make sure your router is configured with atleast one ip address on a LAN interface and connects a host to the router. Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: n Press RETURN to get started! Router>en Router#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#int f0/0 Router(config-if)#ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 Router(config-if)#no shut Router(config-if)#do ping 1.1.1.2 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 1.1.1.2, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! From here, you just open a browser & type http://1.1.1.1, SDM gets loaded and open a window.

Clicking the Configure button at the top of the page, choose the type of interface we want to configure and then click the Create New Connection button at the bottom of the page (fig.1a). This opens the LAN or WAN wizard, depending on which interface we chose to configure. By clicking the Edit Interface/Connection tab, you get to see your interface status. (fig.1b).

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Fig.1a

Fig.1b You can double-click to edit that particular interface. Click on the Additional Tasks Button at the bottom left portion and then select Router properties icon. Here, you can set the hostname, MOTD banner, and enable secret password.

You can also create a DHCP pool on your router. Click on the DHCP folder, then the DHCP pool icon and then click Add button.

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Questions
1. Difference between exit and using ctrl+shift+6 x? Using exit command will disconnect the current session Using ctrl+shift +6 x command we can suspend a session without disconnecting that session

2. Differentiate between show sessions and show users? Show sessions will show the sessions we opened by telnet ting to the corresponding Destinations. Show users will show the sessions opened by other destinations to us.

3. What are two characteristics of Telnet? (Choose two.) It sends data in clear text format. It is no longer supported on Cisco network devices. It is more secure than SSH. It requires an enterprise license in order to be implemented. It requires that destination device be configured to support Telnet connections. A and E 4. What happens if we try to open a 6th session to a destination? If 6th session is opened an error message is displayed. R1#telnet <destination IP address> Trying Telnet < destination IP address > % connection refused by remote host.

5. What are two reasons a network administrator would use CDP? (Choose two.) to verify the type of cable interconnecting two devices to determine the status of network services on a remote device to obtain VLAN information from directly connected switches to verify Layer 2 connectivity between two devices when Layer 3 fails to obtain the IP address of a connected device in order to telnet to the device to determine the status of the routing protocols between directly connected routers D and E

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ACCESS CONTROL LISTS (ACL)

In E0 Out LAN1 30.0.0.0

Out

R1

S0 In

S0

R2

E0

LAN2 10.0.0.0

An access list is a list of conditions that classify the packets (or) the packet definition). Unauthorized access can be blocked by using access list. These lists can be used to control the traffic passing through the router. Following are different types of access lists.

Standard ACL - Access-list No.1-99

Action, ACL number, Source IP, SWCM (Source Wild Card Mask) are the parameters to be considered while configuring standard ACL which considers only the source address when rules are defined and to be checked. Syntax: R1(config)#Access-list <Al No> <Action> <SIP> <SWCM> R1(config)#Access-list 5 deny 30.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 R1(config)#Access-list 5 permit 30.0.0.15 0.0.0.0 - Here it considers the source address only Once you have defined the access-list, binding should be done at the interface required (E0 or S0). For an interface at any time there are maximum of two binding (in and out). R1(config)#int e 0 / s0 R1(config-if)#ip Access-group 5 in/out For binding we consider two directions: In & Out. This specifies the direction in which the data packets are moving with respect to the Router.

Extended ACL - Access-list No. 100-199

Action, ACL number, Source IP, SWCM (Source Wild Card Mask), Destination IP, DWCM, Protocol, interface and the destination port number are the parameters considered while configuring Extended ACL.

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Syntax: R1(config)#Access-list<AlNo><Action><protocol><SIP><SWCM><DIP><DWCM>eq <PORT No./Name> Port no - can be replaced by the port names. Source IP From IP address. Destination IP To IP address. Eq equivalent to. Action permit or deny.

R1(config)#Access-list 101 deny TCP 10.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 30.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 eq 80 R1(config)#Access-list 101 permit TCP 10.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 30.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 eq 23 R1(config)#Access-list 101 deny ICMP any any Syntax: R1(config)#Access-list<AlNo><Action><protocol><SIP><SWCM><DIP><DWCM>eq <PORT No./Name>log R1(config)#Access-list 101 deny TCP 10.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 30.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 eq ftp log Log - gives information about the port no of source, number of packets send, number of matches made etc.,

NAMED ACCESS LIST Standard

R1(config)#IP Access-list standard <Name> R1(config)#IP access-list standard moon R1(config-std-nacl)# <Action> <SIP> <SWCM> R1(config-std-nacl)#deny 30.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 R1(config-std-nacl)# permit 30.0.0.15 0.0.0.0

Extended
R1(config)#IP Access-list Extended <Name> R1(config)#ip access-list extended sun R1(config-ext-nacl)#<Action><protocol><SIP><SWCM><DIP><DWCM>eq<PORT No./Name> R1(config-ext-nacl)#deny TCP 10.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 30.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 eq www R1(config-ext-nacl)#permit TCP 10.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 30.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 eq telnet R1(config-ext-nacl)#deny ICMP any any

Command

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1 . Show access-lists This displays all the access lists created.

Output
Router#sh access-lists Extended access-list 123 10 deny tcp host 10.0.0.10 host 30.0.0.10 eq telnet

Questions
1 . Different types of Access lists? o Standard Access Lists - Standard access list considers only the source address. Deny/Permit actions are applied on the source address. Once the access list is defined, binding can be done at any one of the interface (Ethernet or serial). o Extended Access Lists - This considers source address, Destination address, protocol, destination ports etc .In Extended access list we can specify the applications that are to be permitted or denied from the source to destination. o Named Access Lists - As the name suggests, we can define an access list using a name instead of number wherein we can modify (or delete) the list by individual conditions which is not possible in the numbered lists. 2 . Difference between numbered access lists and named access lists? o In numbered access lists, if we try to delete an individual statement from the access list, the whole list will be deleted. In named access lists, we can edit the list by individual statement. 3 . what are the benefits provided by access control lists (ACLs)? o ACL helps to define the packet parameters o ACLs classify and organize network traffic o ACLs provide IP route filtering 4 . Which command is required to apply an access list on a virtual terminal line of a router? o Router(config-line)# access-class 10 in

5 . Which single access list statement will combine all four of these statements into a single statements that will have exactly the same effect?

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access-list 15 permit 172.29.16.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 15 permit 172.29.17.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 15 permit 172.29.18.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 15 permit 172.29.19.0 0.0.0.255 o access-list 10 permit 172.29.16.0 0.0.3.255

6 . If you want to deny all Telnet connections to the network 192.168.10.0, which Command will you use? o access-list 100 deny tcp any 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 eq 23 7 . What are the possible ways to refer to a host 172.16.30.55 in an IP access list? o 172.16.30.55 0.0.0.0 o host 172.16.30.55

8 . Which access lists will allow only HTTP traffic into network 196.15.7.0? o access-list 100 permit tcp any 196.15.7.0 0.0.0.255 eq www 9. Which command connect access list 110 inbound to interface ethernet0? o Router(config)#interface ethernet 0 o Router(config-if)#ip access-group 110 in

NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT)

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20.0.0.2

R1
Private 10.0.0.10

Public 30.0.0.20 Inside local Inside global

R1(config)#Ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S0 -------------- Default Network R1(config)#access-list 15 permit 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 -------- Defining the range of hosts R1(config)#int e 0 R1(config-if)#ip NAT inside R1(config)#int s 0 R1(config-if)#ip NAT outside

1.

Dynamic NAT configuring R1(config)#IP NAT inside source list 15 int S0 overload *

2.

Pool NAT R1(config)#IP NAT pool MOHAN 20.0.0.30 20.0.0.35 netmask 255.0.0.0 R1(config)#IP NAT inside source list 15 pool MOHAN overload **

3.

Static NAT R1(config)#IP NAT inside source static 10.0.0.10 20.0.0.5 ***

* Router translates source addresses reaching inside (say e0) if it matches the list, to the same public address at serial interface. ** Router translates source addresses reaching inside (say e0) if it matches the list, from the range of addresses mentioned in the pool. *** When a packet comes from 10.0.0.10 through inside source, then source is always translated to only one address (20.0.0.5) and vice versa.

Commands

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1. Router#debug ip nat ------------- To debug NAT 2. Router#sh ip nat translations ----------- To display translations( Displays Inside local, Inside Global, Outside local and Outside Global ) 3. R1#clear ip nat translations * ----------To clear translations

OUTPUTS
Router#debug ip nat IP NAT debugging is on Router# 01:10:59: NAT*: s=10.0.0.10->20.0.0.5, d=30.0.0.1 [205] 01:10:59: NAT*: s=30.0.0.1, d=20.0.0.5->10.0.0.10 [205] 01:11:00: NAT*: s=10.0.0.10->20.0.0.5, d=30.0.0.1 [206] 01:11:00: NAT*: s=30.0.0.1, d=20.0.0.5->10.0.0.10 [206] Router#sh ip nat translations Pro ICMP Inside global Inside local 20.0.0.5 10.0.0.10 Outside local --Outside global ---

Questions

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1. What is NAT? Network Address Translation involves re-writing the source and destination address of packets as they pass through a router. NAT is done in order to enable multiple hosts on a private network to access the Internet using a single public IP address.

2. What does the Inside Global address represent in the configuration of NAT? A registered address that represents an inside host to an outside network

3. Why we use access-list in NAT? Access-list defines the range of the hosts that can access the global address.

4. A network technician at Mohans would like to implement NAT in the network shown in the exhibit. Inside hosts are allowed to use a private addressing scheme. Where NAT should be configured?

R3 Internet

R2

R1

Pc1 Router R3

Pc2 Pc3

Pc4

5 . Type of NAT that utilizes different ports to map multiple IP addresses to a single globally registered IP address? Overloading

6. What is the function of the Cisco IOS command ip nat inside source static 10.1.1.5 172.35.16.5? It creates a global address pool for all outside NAT transactions. It establishes a dynamic address pool for an inside static address. It creates dynamic source translations for all inside local PAT transactions. It creates a one-to-one mapping between an inside local address and an inside global address. D

7. What flavor of Network Address Translation can be used to have one IP address

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allow many users to connect to the global Internet? E NAT Static Dynamic PAT Overloading

8. Which of the following are disadvantages of using NAT? (Choose three.) Translation introduces switching path delays. Conserves legally registered addresses. Causes loss of end-to-end IP traceability. Increases flexibility when connecting to the Internet. Certain applications will not function with NAT enabled. Reduces address overlap occurrence.

A,C and E

OSPF & EIGRP

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10.0.0.0

10.0.0.1

R1

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2

R2

30.0.0.1

30.0.0.0

OSPF
Router(config)#router OSPF <process-id> ------- [Process-id 1 to 65535] Router(config-router)#network <NID> <WCM>area <area no>

R1(config)#router OSPF 15 R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 R2(config)#router OSPF 12 R2(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 R2(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 Between two OSPF routers the process-ids need not be the same

EIGRP
R1(config)#router EIGRP <autonomous-no> ---------- [autonomous-no 1 to 65535] R1(config-router)#network <NID> R1(config)#router EIGRP 123 R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 R2(config)#router EIGRP 123 R2(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 R2(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 The autonomous system numbers should be the same while communicating EIGRPs In OSPF, area should be same. between

Loop back interface

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Its a logical interface i.e., not a real router interface. When the Router ID of a routerinterface with the highest address, goes up and down, re-election for the new DR will not get completed. Loop back interface resolves this problem, as it never goes down & router id never changes.

Types of network using OSPF

Broadcast (multi-access) networks provide a broadcast ability in which every single broadcast is delivered to all nodes on the network. This can be avoided in OSPF by electing a DR and BDR for each broadcast multi-access networks.

LSA

LSA

LSA

Non-broadcast multi-access network allows for multi-access, but have no broadcast ability. So, NBMA networks require special OSPF configuration to function properly and neighbor relationships must be defined.

Rb Here, Information of Ra is not sent to Rc Information of Rc is not sent to Ra But Rb knows about Ra and Rc

Ra

Rc

Point-to-point refers to a type of network topology consisting of a direct connection between two routers that provides a single communication path. This type of configuration eliminates the need for DRs or BDRs, but neighbors are discovered automatically.

Ra

Rb

Commands

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OSPF
Router#sh ip ospf interface e 0 Router#sh ip ospf int f 0 Router#sh ip ospf int s 0 Router#sh ip ospf neighbor shows neighbor router-id. Router#sh ip protocols

EIGRP
Router#sh ip eigrp neighbors Router#sh ip eigrp topology Router#sh ip eigrp traffic

OUTPUTS

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Router#debug ip ospf events OSPF events debugging is on Router# OSPF: Rcv hello from 100.0.0.1 area 0 from Serial0 20.0.0.2 OSPF: End of hello processing OSPF: Rcv hello from 100.0.0.1 area 0 from Serial0 20.0.0.2 OSPF: End of hello processing OSPF: Rcv hello from 100.0.0.1 area 0 from Serial0 20.0.0.2 OSPF: End of hello processing

Router#sh ip ospf int e0 Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up Internet Address 30.0.0.1/8, Area 0 Process ID 5, Router ID 30.0.0.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10 Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1 Designated Router (ID) 30.0.0.1, Interface address 30.0.0.1 No backup designated router on this network Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5 Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0 Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

Router#sh ip ospf int s0 Serial0 is up, line protocol is up Internet Address 20.0.0.1/8, Area 0 Process ID 5, Router ID 30.0.0.1, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 64 Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT, Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5 Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1 Adjacent with neighbor 100.0.0.1 Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

Router#sh ip eigrp topology IP-EIGRP Topology Table for process 5 Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply, r - Reply status P 20.0.0.0/8, 1 successors, FD is 2169856 via Connected, Serial0 P 30.0.0.0/8, 1 successors, FD is 281600 via Connected, Ethernet0 P 100.0.0.0/8, 1 successors, FD is 2195456 via 20.0.0.2 (2195456/281600), Serial0

Questions

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1. Differentiate between Distance vector and Link state Protocol?

Sl. No 1

Distance vector

Link state

Considers only distance.

Bandwidth, delay, load, Reliability and MTU.

Sends the routing table.

Sends the state of the link.

Learns about the adjacent routers.

Learns the entire topology.

2. Differentiate between OSPF and EIGRP? Sl. No 1 2 3 Supports only IP protocol. 4 5 6 7 8 Cost = 108 / Bandwidth. Link State Advertisement (LSA) is made. (State of Link is broadcasted). For every 10 sec a Hello packet is sent. For every 30 min LSA is broadcasted. When the Link goes down OSPF needs to run the SPF algorithm again. Area is used for administrative convenience of a large network Uses Dijsktra algorithm to find the best path (Shortest path).

OSPF Link state. Open protocol (multi-vendor).

EIGRP Hybrid(DV + LS). Cisco Proprietary Protocol. Supports multiple protocols like IP, IPX, Apple Talk etc., Cost is calculated based on the Bandwidth, Delay etc., Routing Table is sent. For every 5 sec a Hello packet is sent. Broadcast is sent only when there is a change in the Routing table. When the link goes down EIGRP proceeds with the Next Best Path (Feasible Successor). Autonomous System is used for administrative convenience of a large network Uses DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) is used to find the best path.

10

Backbone Router

Switch

3. How OSPF works out? ABR

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Area 1

Area 1

Area 0
ABR

ABR

Area 3

Area 2

ASBR

Internal Router AS 200 Area 1

AS 100

ABR Area Border Router. ASBR Autonomous System Border Router. AS Autonomous System.
OSPF is designed to have a hierarchical structure as large networks are a bit difficult to manage. This allows to decrease routing overhead and to confine n/w instability to single area of n/w. OSPF must have an area 0 (backbone area) and all routers should connect to this area. But routers (i.e., ABRs) that connect other areas to backbone area should have at least one interface connecting to area 0.

4. Show commands that will display the state of the OSPF DR/BDR election process? Router# show ip ospf interface

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5. Which command will display all the EIGRP feasible successor routes known to a router? Router# show ip eigrp topology

6. When designing OSPF networks; what is the purpose of using a hierarchical design? To speed up convergence To confine network instability to single areas of the network To reduce routing overhead

7. If routers in a single area are configured with the same priority value, what value router use for the OSPF Router ID? The highest IP address of any physical interface

does a

8. Which one of the following EIGRP commands can check the IP addresses of the adjacent neighbors? R1#show ip eigrp neighbors

9 . Which commands will place network 10.2.3.0/24 into area 0? Router(config)# router ospf 10 Router (config_router) # network 10.2.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

10. With which network type will OSPF establish router adjacencies but not perform DR/BDR election process? Point-to-point

the

11. Which is true regarding EIGRP successor routes? A successor route may be backed up by a feasible successor route. A successor route is used by EIGRP to forward traffic to a destination. o A

12. A network administrator typed the following into his router:

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Router(config)# router ospf 1 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 area 0 But still he cant see any routes in the routing table. What configuration error did administrator make? The wildcard mask is incorrect. The wildcard should have been 0.255.255.255. the

13 . Which EIGRP information is held in RAM and maintained through the use of Hello and update packets? Neighbor table Topology table o A

ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL VERSION 2

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10.0.0.1 10.0.0.0 E0
R1

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2
R2

30.0.0.1 30.0.0.0 E0

S0

S0

R1(config)#router RIP R1(config-router)#version 2 R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0

R2(config)#router RIP R2(config-router)#version 2 R2(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 R2(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0

Here the command version 2 is added to the RIP protocol to change it to RIPv2.

Authenticating Packets using RIPv2

R1(config)#Key chain ABC R1(config-keychain)#key 2 R1(config-keychain-key)#key-string 123 // Key chain <name> // Key Identifier // Key-string Line

R2(config)#Key chain XYZ R2(config-keychain)#key 2 R2(config-keychain-key)#key-string 123 The Key identifier and the Key-string should be same on the both end routers. R1(config)#int s0 R1(config-if)#ip rip authentication key-chain ABC R1(config-if)#ip rip authentication mode text / md5 R2(config)#int s0 R2(config-if)#ip rip authentication key-chain XYZ R2(config-if)#ip rip authentication mode text / md5 Text and md5 are the two authentication methods used in RIPv2. By default RIPv2 can send & receive only version 2 updates. RIPv2 also allows sending and receiving version 1 updates on any of the interface. R1(config)#int s0 R1(config-if)#ip rip send / receive version 1 2 R2(config)#int s0 R2(config-if)#ip rip send / receive version 1 2

RIP version 2 has all its characteristics same as RIPv1 except some changes.

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Difference between Routing Protocols: RIPv1 Distance vector Yes IGRP Distance vector No OSPF Link state Yes EIGRP Hybrid ( DV + LS ) No RIPv2 Distance vector yes

Protocol Multi vendor support Metric Sends

Hop count Routing table updates 30 sec

Bandwidth & Delay Routing table updates 90 sec

Cost Link state advertiseme nt 30 min

Bandwidth & Delay Routing table updates Whenever a change occurs

Hop count Routing table updates 30 sec

Routing table Update intervals Supports VLSM Supports Uses

No Classful 255.255.255.2 55

No Classful 255.255.255.255

Yes Classless 224.0.0.5 224.0.0.6

Yes Classless 224.0.0.10

Yes Classless 224.0.0.9

Outputs
After RIPv2 is configured on both the routers

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Router#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Router# RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Ethernet0/0 (10.0.0.1) RIP: build update entries 20.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 30.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 2, tag 0 RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Serial0/1 (20.0.0.1) RIP: build update entries 10.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 RIP: received v2 update from 20.0.0.2 on Serial0/1 30.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops

RIPv2 on one router & the other end is configured with RIPv1 Router#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Router# RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Serial0 (20.0.0.2) RIP: build update entries 30.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Ethernet0 (30.0.0.1) RIP: build update entries 10.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 2, tag 0 20.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 RIP: ignored v1 packet from 20.0.0.1 (illegal version)

Using debug command on the other end. Router#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Router# RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0/0(30.0.0.1) RIP: build update entries network 10.0.0.0 metric 2 network 20.0.0.0 metric 1 RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/1 (20.0.0.2) RIP: build update entries network 30.0.0.0 metric 1 RIP: received v2 update from 20.0.0.1 on Serial0/1 10.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops

Router#show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 21 seconds

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Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 2, receive version 2 Interface Send Recv Triggered RIP Key-chain Ethernet0/0 2 2 Serial0/1 2 2 Routing for Networks: 20.0.0.0 30.0.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 20.0.0.1 120 00:00:03 Distance: (default is 120) [ By default RIPv2 can send & receive only version 2 updates ] Authentication modes is text on both routers Router#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Router# RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Ethernet0 (30.0.0.1) RIP: build update entries 10.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 2, tag 0 20.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 RIP: received packet with text authentication abc RIP: received v2 update from 20.0.0.1 on Serial0 10.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Serial0 (20.0.0.2) RIP: build update entries 30.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 md5 is the authentication mode on both routers Router#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Router# RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Serial0 (20.0.0.2) RIP: build update entries 30.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Ethernet0 (30.0.0.1) RIP: build update entries 10.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 2, tag 0 20.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0

RIP: received packet with MD5 authentication RIP: received v2 update from 20.0.0.1 on Serial0 10.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops

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Different Authentication modes on both ends i.e., md5 authentication on one end & text on the other end. Router#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Router# RIP: ignored v2 packet from 20.0.0.1 (invalid authentication) RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Ethernet0 (30.0.0.1) RIP: build update entries 20.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Serial0 (20.0.0.2) RIP: build update entries 30.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0

Questions
1. Which three statements are correct about RIPv2?

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It has the same maximum hop count as version 1 It uses broadcasts for its routing updates It is a classless routing Protocol It has a lower administrative distance than RIPv1 It supports authentication o It has the same maximum hop count as version 1 o It is a classless routing Protocol o It supports authentication 2. Which statement is true regarding classless routing protocols? (Choose two.) The use of discontinuous networks is not allowed. The use of variable length subnet masks is permitted. RIPv1 is a classless routing protocol. IGRP supports classless routing within the same autonomous system. RIPv2 supports classless routing. o The use of variable length subnet masks is permitted o RIPv2 supports classless routing. 3. RIPv2 uses ---- to send the routing table updates Broadcast Multicast Unicast o Multicast

4. The network shown in the exhibit is running the RIPv2 routing protocol. The fastEthernet0/0 interface on R1 goes down. In which two ways will the routers in this network respond to this change? (Choose two.)

A. All routers will reference their topology database to determine if any backup routes to the 192.168.1.0 network are known. B. Routers R2 and R3 mark the route as inaccessible and will not accept any further

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routing updates from R1 until their hold down timers expire. C. Because of the split-horizon rule, router R2 will be prevented from sending erroneous information to R1 about connectivity to the 192.168.1.0 network. D. When router R2 learns from R1 that the link to the 192.168.1.0 network has been lost, R2 will respond by sending a route back to R1 with an infinite metric to the 192.168.1.0 network. E. R1 will send LSAs to R2 and R3 informing them of this change, and then all routers will send periodic updates at an increased rate o C and D 5. What does the below output depicts? Router#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Router# RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Serial0 (20.0.0.2) RIP: build update entries 30.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Ethernet0 (30.0.0.1) RIP: build update entries 10.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 2, tag 0 20.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 RIP: ignored v1 packet from 20.0.0.1 (illegal version) o The above output depicts that the other end router is using RIPv1 and the routing protocol used on this router is RIPv2. As RIPv2 cannot receive version 1 by default, it is ignoring version1 packets sent by the router that is configured with RIPv1

Frame Relay

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X X

HO

hor Frame-relay switch Y

bor Y

HO

Frame-relay is an example of a Packet Switched Network. This network enables end-stations to dynamically share the existing connection Frame relay connections are often given a Committed Information Rate (CIR) and an allowance of burstable bandwidth known as the Extended Information Rate (EIR). The provider guarantees that the connection will always support the CIR rate, and sometimes the EIR rate. Frames that are sent in excess of the CIR are marked as "discard eligible" (DE) which means they can be dropped when congestion occurs within the frame relay network. Frames sent in excess of the EIR are dropped immediately. Congestions in the network are reported by 1. FECN=Forward Explicit Congestion Notification bit 2. BECN=Backward Explicit Congestion Notification bit 3. DE=Discard Eligibility bit provides the network with a signal to determine which frames to be discarded, when there is a congestion on the line. The Frame-relay switch will discard frames with a DE value of 1 before discarding other frames.

R(config)#int s 0 R(config)#encapsulation frame-relay // Defining the wan protocol

Once Encapsulation Frame-relay is given, serial interface requests the Frame-relay switch for the LMI type it uses and accordingly it changes. Then a DLCI is allocated to the link by the Frame Relay Switch. Then inverse arp maps destination ip address to the links DLCI No. .

Frame Relay mapping

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R3 S0 s1

100 20.0.0.1 R1 20.0.0.2

200

R2

R(config)#int S 0 R(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 20.0.0.2 100 broadcast Frame-relay mapping can be used in partially meshed topology or Hub & Spoke. If R1 wants to communicate with R2, which is not directly connected, we map R1 to R2 through the source DLCI number i.e, 100.

Point-to-point (Sub-interface) R3 Frame Switch

100

200

R1

R2

We can have multiple virtual circuits on a single serial interface, treating each and every single virtual circuit as a separate interface. This is achieved by creating sub interfaces in a Frame Relay network to avoid split horizon issues from preventing routing updates. We can configure separate sub interfaces for each PVC with a unique DLCI and subnet assigned to the sub interface. . R3(config)#int S 0 R3(config-if)#no ip address R3(config-if)#exit R3(config)#int S 0.5 point-to-point // logically dividing the physical interface R3(config-subif)#ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 // Assigning the IP address to the sub-interface R3(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-DLCI 100

Lab Setup :

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S1 DCE 20 .0.0.1 S0 HOR
Frame switch

S0 DCE 20.0.0.2 S0

DTE E0

DTE E0 BOR

Step : 1 Configure Frame-Relay Switch FRSW (config)#Frame-relay switching Frsw(config)#int S 0 Frsw(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay * Frsw(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce ** Frsw(config-if)#frame-relay route 100 int S 1 200 *** Frsw(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Frsw(config-if)#no shutdown Frsw(config)#int S 1 Frsw(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay Frsw(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce Frsw(config-if)#frame-relay route 200 int S 0 100 Frsw(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Frsw(config-if)#no shutdown * FRSW (config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay ietf ( for non Cisco routers) ** By default Routers serial interface is DTE. *** Routing the packets from S0 (DLCI=100) to S1 (DLCI no=200)

Step : 2 Configuring Head Office & Branch Office Routers

Configure HOR & BOR using routing protocols. Then HOR(config)#int s0 BOR(config)#int s0 HOR(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay BOR(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay

Step : 3

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HOR#sh frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 20.0.0.2 dlci 100(0xC8,0x3080), dynamic, broadcast,, status defined, active BOR#sh frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 20.0.0.1 dlci 200(0xC8,0x3080), dynamic, broadcast,, status defined, active

Step : 4 Statically mapping - IP address to DLCI number (frame-mapping)

HOR(config)#int s0 HOR(config-if)#no frame-relay inverse-arp HOR(config-if)# ^z HOR#clear frame-relay-inarp

BOR(config)#int s0 BOR(config-if)#no frame-relay inverse-arp BOR(config-if)# ^z BOR#clear frame-relay-inarp

This will remove the dynamic address resolution done by Frame Relay Switch HOR(config)#int s0 HOR(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 20.0.0.2 100 broadcast * BOR(config)#int s0 BOR(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 20.0.0.1 200 broadcast

* Here we are mapping Branch office IP address to the Head office DLCI number manually. If dynamic routing protocols are used, we use the keyword broadcast.

Step : 5 HOR#sh frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 20.0.0.2 dlci 100(0xC8,0x3080), Static, broadcast,, status defined, active BOR#sh frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 20.0.0.1 dlci 200(0xC8,0x3080), Static, broadcast,, status defined, active

Step : 6 Creating Sub-interface

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HOR(config)#int s0 HOR(config-if)#no ip address HOR(config-if)#exit HOR(config)#int s0.100 point-to-point HOR(config-subif)#ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 HOR(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 100 BOR(config)#int s0 BOR(config-if)#no ip address BOR(config-if)#exit BOR(config)#int s0.200 point-to-point BOR(config-subif)#ip address 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 BOR(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 200

Commands
Router#sh frame-relay LMI To show frame-relay LMI type (CISCO, ANSI, Q933a) Router#sh frame-relay PVC To show frame-relay PVC (Shows the FECN, BECN, DE, etc bits in the frame ) Router#sh frame-relay map To show frame-relay mapping (Shows the DLCI number assigned)

Outputs
Router#sh frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 20.0.0.2 dlci 200(0xC8,0x3080), dynamic, broadcast,, status defined, active Router#sh frame-relay lmi LMI Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE) LMI TYPE = CISCO Invalid Unnumbered info 0 Invalid Prot Disc 0 Invalid dummy Call Ref 0 Invalid Msg Type 0 Invalid Information ID 0 Invalid Report IE Len 0 Num Status Enq. Sent 13 Num Status msgs Rcvd 9

Router#sh frame-relay pvc PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE)

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Active Local 1 Switched 0 Unused 0 Inactive 0 0 0 Deleted 0 0 0 Static 0 0 0

DLCI = 200, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial0 input pkts 13 output pkts 12 in bytes 1104 out bytes 1090 dropped pkts 1 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 7 out bcast bytes 570 pvc create time 00:02:21, last time pvc status changed 00:02:01

Questions
1 . What is frame-relay?

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o Frame-relay is an example of a Packet Switched Network. This network enables endstations to dynamically use the available bandwidth and share the connection. Frame relay connections are often given a Committed Information Rate (CIR) and an allowance of burst able bandwidth known as the Extended Information Rate (EIR). Frames that are sent in excess of the CIR are marked as discard eligible(DE) which means they can be dropped when congestion occur in the network

2 . What is Link Management Interface (LMI)? o LMI manages the link between frame switch and the router WAN port. Once the line is encapsulated to frame-relay, it requests frame switch which LMI it is using and accordingly WAN port also changes.

3 . Difference between Inverse ARP, ARP & RARP o Inverse ARP helps to map destination IP address to local DLCI number at the frame Switch o ARP helps to get the MAC address from the corresponding IP address. o RARP helps to get the IP address from the corresponding MAC address

4 . What is DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier)? o The DLCI serves to identify the virtual connection so that the receiving end knows which information connection a frame belongs to.(Range=16 to 1007). This helps in Layer 2 identification.

5 . You are troubleshooting a frame relay connection and wish to view the LMI traffic status. Which command should you issue? o Show frame-relay lmi

6 . When setting up Frame Relay for point-to-point subinterface, what should not be configured? o An IP address on the physical interface.

7 . You need to configure a router for a Frame Relay connection to a non-Cisco router. Which command will prepare the WAN interface of the router for this connection?

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o Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay ietf

8 . How should a router that is being used in a Frame Relay network be configured to avoid split horizon issues from preventing routing updates? o Configure a separate subinterface for each PVC with a unique DLCI and subnet assigned to the subinterface.

9 . What does the term dynamic in the below output refers to : Router#sh frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 20.0.0.2 dlci 200(0xC8,0x3080), dynamic, broadcast,, status defined, active o The mapping between DLCI 100 and the end station IP address 20.0.0.2 was through Inverse ARP learned

10. In Frame Relay; what is the purpose of Inverse ARP? o It is used to map a known DLCI to an IP address

11. By looking at the graphic below, what functions does the Frame Relay DLCI provide with respect to Router A?

DLCI 100 Router A

DLCI 200 RouterB

o Router A would use DLCI 100 to get to the RouterB networks. RouterB would use DLCI 200 to get to the Router A networks.

12 . What does the STATUS=ACTIVE refers to in the output of the show frame-relay pvc command?

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Router#sh frame-relay pvc pvc statistics for interface serial0 (frame relay dte) dlci = 200, dlci usage = local, pvc status = active o Active state - Indicates that the connection is active and that routers can exchange data. This is the state of an operational Permanent virtual Connection

13 . A default Frame Relay WAN is classified as what type of physical network? o Non-broadcast multi-access

SWITCHING

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Trunk Port

Trunk Link Switches Hosts Access Link

Would you like to start initial configuration [yes/no]: no Press return to get started Switch>enable Switch#configure terminal Switch (config) #int vlan 1 * By default all ports are in the VLAN1 Switch (config-if) #ip address 10.0.0.5 255.0.0.0 Switch (config-if) #no shutdown Switch (config-if) #exit Switch (config) #ip default gateway 10.0.0.1

Configuring different VLANs Switch (config) #vlan 2 Switch (config-vlan) #name finance Switch (config-vlan) #exit Switch (config) #vlan 3 Switch (config-vlan) #name production Switch (config-vlan) #exit [VLAN-no ranges from 2 to 1001] [VLAN name (xxx) is optional] // Creating the vlan

Allocating the ports to the VLANs Switch(config)#int f 0/1 Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 3 Switch(config-if)#exit Switch(config)#int f 0/2 Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 2 Switch(config-if)#exit Configuring the trunk Port ** Switch(config)#int f 0/24

// allocating ports to vlan

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Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk Switch(config-if)#exit // creating the trunk port

By default, trunk port of the switch is in VLAN1. So this port should be configured as trunk port to carry all Vlan information.

Domain Name Switch(config)#VTP domain <domain name> Switch(config-if)#VTP domain MOHAN All the switches should be in the same domain

Switchs operating mode Switch(config)#VTP server/client/transparent

Commands

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1. Switch#sh MAC-address-table Displays the MAC address of the device and the corresponding port nos. to which the devices are connected. 2. Switch#sh vlan Displays the vlan information including port nos. that are in use, existing vlans & which port belongs to which vlan. 3. Switch#sh VTP status Displays configuration register, operating mode, domain name, etc.., 4. Switch#sh spanning-tree Displays priority, Root ID, Bridge ID, Mac address, Root Bridge

OUTPUTS
Switch#sh vlan

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VLAN Name Status Ports ---- -------------------------------- --------- ------------------------------1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4, Fa0/5, Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8 Fa0/9, Fa0/10, Fa0/11, Fa0/12 Fa0/13, Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16 Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19, Fa0/20 Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23, Fa0/24 1002 fddi-default act/unsup 1003 token-ring-default act/unsup 1004 fddinet-default act/unsup

SwX#sh vtp status

Switch#sh spanning-tree VLAN0001 Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee Root ID Priority 32769 Address 0014.a845.7280 This bridge is the root Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Bridge ID Priority 32769 (priority 32768 sys-id-ext 1) Address 0014.a845.7280 Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Aging Time 300 Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type ---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- -------------------------------Fa0/4 Desg FWD 100 128.4 Shr Fa0/17 Desg FWD 100 128.17 Shr

Intervlan Routing

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By default, only hosts that are within the same VLAN can communicate. To allow inter-VLAN communication, we need a router or a layer 3 switch. Intervlan switching using two fast Ethernet interfaces of the Router Router

f 0/0 f 0/4 f 0/3

f 0/1 f 0/9 f 0/8

PC 1 IP address: 10.1.0.10 SNM : 255.255.0.0 DG : 10.1.0.1 Vlan 2

Switch

PC 2 IP address: 10.2.0.10 SNM : 255.255.0.0 DG : 10.2.0.1 Vlan 3

Configuring Switch
Switch(config)#vlan 2 Switch(config-vlan)#name Fin Switch(config)#vlan 3 Switch(config-vlan)#name mktg

Allocating Ports Switch(config)#int f0/3 Switch(config-if)#switchport access vl 2 Switch(config)#int f0/4 Switch(config-if)#switchport access vl 2 Switch(config)#int f0/8 Switch(config-if)#switchport access vl 3 Switch(config)#int f0/9 Switch(config-if)#switchport access vl 3

Configuring Router Router(config)#int f0/0 Router (config-if)#ip add 10.1.0.1 255.255.0.0 Router (config-if)#no shutdown Router(config)#int f0/1 Router (config-if)#ip add 10.2.0.1 255.255.0.0 Router (config-if)#no shutdown

Intervlan communication using single fast Ethernet interface of the Router is achieved by creating sub interfaces.

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Router

f 0/0 f 0/5 PC 1 IP address: 10.1.0.10 SNM : 255.255.0.0 DG : 10.1.0.1 Vlan 2 Configuring Switch Switch(config)#vlan 2 Switch(config-vlan)#name Fin Switch(config)#vlan 3 Switch(config-vlan)#name mktg f 0/3 f 0/8 PC 2 IP address: 10.2.0.10 SNM : 255.255.0.0 DG : 10.2.0.1 Vlan 3

Allocating Ports Switch(config)#int f0/3 Switch(config-if)#switchport access vl 2 Switch(config)#int f0/5 Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk Switch(config)#int f0/8 Switch(config-if)#switchport access vl 3

Configuring Router Router(config)#int f0/0 Router (config-if)#no ip address Router (config-if)#no shutdown Router (config-if)#exit Router(config)#int f0/0 .1 Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q <vlan no.> Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 2 Router(config-subif)#ip add 10.1.0.1 255.255.0.0 Router(config)#int f0/0 .2 Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q <vlan no.> Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 3 Router(config-subif)#ip add 10.2.0.1 255.255.0.0

Questions

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1. Difference between Switch and Hub? Switch Switch is a layer-2 component Switch learn MAC address Has one Broadcast Domain Has multiple collision domain Hub Hub is a layer-1 component Hub doesnt learn MAC address Has one Broadcast domain Has only one collision domain

2 . Different forwarding trends in switch? o Store & forward-- stores the frame, checks for the errors and forwards only the error free frames. o Cut-through No error checking; just receives and forwards the frames. o Fragment free is also called as Modified Cut-through. The minimum ip packet size is of 64 bytes. The 1st 64 bytes of frame is checked for errors, where this 64 bytes include the frame header, Destination MAC add (DMAC), Source MAC add (SMAC) and some data. So, if these 64 bytes seem to be a good frame set then it is forwarded or else it dumps the packets.

3 . Facts of Vlans o o o o o o Vlan is created to avoid unnecessary broadcasts Vlans are created without changing the physical set up By default each switch is in vlan 1 Only systems in same vlan will communicate For inter-vlan communication we need Router/Layer 3 Switch VLAN setup is controlled by VTP(VLAN Trunk Protocol)

4 . Difference between Access link and Trunk link? o Systems are connected to the switch through the access link and the switches are connected each other through the trunk links.

5 . Different Operating modes in switch?

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o Server By default, all switches are in Server mode.Vlans can configured in created in this mode. o Clients No changes can be made in client mode. o Transparent will not take any condition; it just forwards the conditions to the other switches. 6. Why spanning-tree Protocol is used? o Spanning-tree Protocol is been run to avoid the routing loops in a switched network. It elects the Root Bridge and the Non-Root Bridge with the help of bpdu. The one with the lesser bpdu will be elected as the Root Bridge. Root Bridge will be having every port in forwarding mode of a frame on interface. 7 . What does a switch do when it receives a frame on interface and destination address is unknown? o It floods the network with the frame looking for the device 8 . How to manually elect a switch as root bridge? o We could manually elect a switch as root bridge by changing the priority as Switch(config)#spanning-tree vlan1 priority<value> 8 . Different Spanning-tree port states? o o o o o Blocking: It wont forward frames, prevent looping and by defaults all ports are blocked. Listening: Listens no loop has formed on N/W before passing frame. Learning: Listens and learns all paths in the N/W and updates MAC table. Forwarding: Sends and receives frames. Disabled: Does not participate in forwarding frame.

9 . What are the different functions of Switch? o Address Learning: Learns the source hardware/Mac address of each frame received and stores it in MAC address table. o Forwarding/Filtering Decision: When received a frame on an interface, switch looks the destination hardware address and finds the exit interface in the MAC table. o Loop Avoidance: When more connection are made on switch for redundancy, BC loops occur. Spanning-tree Protocol is used to stop BC loops.

10 . What is the result of segmenting a network with a switch?

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o It increases the number of collision domains and will be smaller collision domains 11 . What will occur if two Cisco LAN switches are connected with a single crossover cable? o The switch port link lights will be green, indicating normal operation. 12 . What are the three distinct functions of layer 2 switching that increase available bandwidth on the network? Address learning Forwarding and filtering Loop avoidance o A 13 . What technology is used by Catalyst switches to resolve topology loops and ensure that data flows properly through a single network path? o Spanning Tree Protocol (STP ) 14 . Your core switch needs to be set as the root bridge of your network. What will make our core switch the root bridge? o Setting the bridge priority to less than 32,768 15 . What purpose in a switched LAN does STP perform? o Prevent switching loops in a network with redundant switched paths. 16 . Which LAN switch type waits for the collision window to pass before looking up the destination hardware address in the MAC filter table and forwarding the frame? o Fragment Free looks at the first 64 bytes of a frame to make sure a collision does not occur. It is sometimes referred to as modified cut-through.

17 . When a new trunk link is configured on an IOS-based switch, which VLANs are allowed over the link? o By default, all Vlans are allowed on the trunk.

18 . What VTP mode allows you to change VLAN information on the switch? o Server

19 . These two switches are not sharing VLAN information. From the output below,

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what is the reason. why these switches are not sharing VTP messages? SwitchA#sh vtp status VTP Version :2 Configuration Revision :0 Maximum VLANs supported locally : 64 Number of existing VLANs :7 VTP Operating Mode : Server VTP Domain Name : RouterSim VTP Pruning Mode : Disabled SwitchB#sh vtp status VTP Version :2 Configuration Revision :1 Maximum VLANs supported locally : 64 Number of existing VLANs :7 VTP Operating Mode : Server VTP Domain Name : GlobalNet VTP Pruning Mode : Disabled o The VTP domain names are not configured correctly.

20 . What is the benefit of creating Vlans? o o o They allow logical grouping of users by function. They can enhance network security. They increase the number of broadcast domains while decreasing the size of the Broadcast domains. A

21 . How many broadcast domain exist in the exhibited topology?

o Three

VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)

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A virtual private network (VPN) allows the creation of private networks across the Internet. VPNs are used daily to give remote users and disjointed networks connectivity over a public medium like the Internet instead of using more expensive permanent means. Virtual private network is a method of encrypting point-to-point logical connections across a public network, such as the Internet. This allows secure communications across a public network.

Questions

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1. What are the two security appliances that can be installed in a network? (choose 2) A. B. C. D. E. F. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) IDS (Intrusion Detection System) IOS (Internetwork Operating System) IOX IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) SDM (Security Device Manager)

o B and E 2. What are the 3 typical categories of VPNs? Remote access VPNs Site-to-site VPNs Extranet VPNs Remote access VPNs allow remote users like telecommuters to securely access the corporate network wherever and whenever they need to. Site-to-site VPNs or intranet VPNs, allow a company to connect its remote sites to the corporate backbone securely over a public medium like the Internet instead of requiring more expensive WAN connections like Frame Relay. Extranet VPNs allow an organizations suppliers, partners, and customers to be connected to the corporate network in a limited way for business-to-business (B2B) communications. 3. To provide security in your VPN tunnel, what protocol suite would you use? o IPSec IPSec is an industry-wide standard suite of protocols and algorithms that allows for secure data transmission over an IP-based network that functions at the layer 3 Network layer of the OSI model.

4. Which of the following describes the creation of private networks across the Internet, enabling privacy and tunneling of non-TCP/IP protocols? A. HDLC B. Cable C. VPN D. IPSec E. xDSL o C

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

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Ipv4 is a 32 bit addressing scheme, whereas IPv6 is a 128 bit hexa decimal addressing scheme, represented in 8 combinations of 4 hexa decimal numbers each separated by a colon. Hence IPV6 is called a 16-bit Hexadecimal Colon-delimited Block.

Representation:
An IPV6 address is represented as shown below:

2003:1234:ABCD:0001:5678:DCBA:4321:EFGH

Global Unicast Subnet Global Prefix

Interface ID

1. Global Unicast recognizes the particular Region or Zone. It is a publicly routable address. 2. Global Prefix is provided by ISP, its of 48 bits. 3. Subnet tells you to which particular organization it belongs. 4. Interface id is of 64 bits, where the 48 bit MAC address is padded with FFFE which is of 16 bits and is placed exactly in the middle of the MAC address to make it a 64 bit interface id. Ex: 2000:12ab:34cd:00ef:1234:4295:0000:00cd In the above expression 00ef can be represented as ef and the continuous zeros can be replaced by double colons( :: ).It can be re-written as 2000:12ab:34cd:ef:1234:4295::cd Ex : 2000:0000:0000:00ef:1234:kf34:eef0:cd4e => 2000::ef: 1234:kf34:eef0:cd4e

Ex : 2001:0000:0000:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab And you cant do this:

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2001::12::1234:56ab Instead, the best way you can do is 2001::12:0:0:1234:56ab

Difference between IPv4 & IPv6:

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 This is the equivalent of IPv4s 0.0.0.0 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 The equivalent of 127.0.0.1 in IPv4 2000::/3 The global Unicast address range. FC00::/7 The unique local Unicast range. FE80::/10 The link-local Unicast range. FF00::/8 The multicast range. 3FFF:FFFF::/32 Reserved for examples and documentation. 2001:0DB8::/32 Also reserved for examples and documentation.

Extended Uniform Identification (eui-64):

You can specify the entire 128-bit global IPv6 address or you can use the eui-64 option. The eui-64 format allows the device to use its MAC address and pad it to make the interface ID. Router(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:3c4d:1::/64 eui-64 The Globe is divided into 5 Zones and each zone will be assigned a number range to identify them. Here the /64 represents the identification of the Zone and the IP of the company in that zone.Eui64 will pad an extra FFFE to the MAC address exactly to its center.

E.g. MAC address 0060.d673.1987 after padding would look like 0260.d6ff.fe73.1987

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In the above e.g. 0 0000 0 0000 6 0 D 6 7 3 1 9 8 7

7th bit is 0 then the address is locally unique. 0 2 6 0 D 6 F F F E 7 3 1 9 8 7 0000 0010 After padding the 7th bit changes to 1, now the address is Link local address. It is globally unique address. This padding process is called as EUI-64 i.e. Extended Uniform Identifier. EUI-64 is an IEEE standard that is given to the MAC address of any particular system where every systems MAC address will be automatically assigned. MAC address is the part of IPV6 address which makes it a unique address.

LAB

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DTE E0 R1 S0 DCE S0 E0 R2

R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing // By default ipv6 is disabled R1(config)#int e0 R1(config-if)#ipv6 add 2004:abcd:1234:0001::/64 eui-64 R1(config-if)#ipv6 rip 1 enable R1(config-if)#no shutdown R1(config)#int s0 R1(config-if)#ipv6 add 2005:abcd:1234:0002::/64 eui-64 R1(config-if)#ipv6 rip 1 enable R1(config-if)#no shutdown R2(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing R2(config)#int e0 R2(config-if)#ipv6 add 2003:abcd:1234:0001::/64 eui-64 R2(config-if)# ipv6 rip 1 enable R2(config-if)#no shutdown R2(config)#int s0 R2(config-if)#ipv6 add 2005:abcd:1234:0002::/64 eui-64 R2(config-if)#no shutdown R2(config-if)# ipv6 rip 1 enable R2(config-if)#clock rate 64000

Outputs

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R2#sh ipv6 int brief Ethernet0 [up/up] FE80::210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA 2003:ABCD:1234:1:210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA Serial0 [up/up] FE80::210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA 2005:ABCD:1234:2:210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA Serial1 [administratively down/down]

For each interface IPv6 will create a Link local & Global Unicast address. Global unicast addresses These are publicly routable addresses, and theyre the same as they are in IPv4. Link-local addresses These are like the private addresses in IPv4, that means theyre not routable on a public network. R2#sh ipv6 int e0 Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA Global unicast address(es): 2003:ABCD:1234:1:210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA, subnet is 2003:ABCD:1234:1::/64 Joined group address(es): FF02::1 FF02::2 FF02::1:FF7F:B8EA MTU is 1500 bytes

R2#sh ipv6 int s0 Serial0 is up, line protocol is up IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA Global unicast address(es): 2005:ABCD:1234:2:210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA, subnet is 2005:ABCD:1234:2::/64 Joined group address(es): FF02::1 FF02::2 FF02::1:FF17:2 FF02::1:FF7F:B8EA MTU is 1500 bytes R2#sh ipv6 route ( without configuring RIP ) IPv6 Routing Table - 6 entries Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP

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C 2003:ABCD:1234:1::/64 [0/0] via ::, Ethernet0 L 2003:ABCD:1234:1:210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA/128 [0/0] via ::, Ethernet0 C 2005:ABCD:1234:2::/64 [0/0] via ::, Serial0 L 2005:ABCD:1234:2:210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA/128 [0/0] via ::, Serial0 L FE80::/10 [0/0] via ::, Null0 L FF00::/8 [0/0] via ::, Null0 R2#sh ipv6 route (configuring RIP ) IPv6 Routing Table - 6 entries Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP U - Per-user Static route I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summary C 2003:ABCD:1234:1::/64 [0/0] via ::, Ethernet0 L 2003:ABCD:1234:1:210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA/128 [0/0] via ::, Ethernet0 R 2004:abcd:1234:1::/64 [120/2] Via FE80::200:CFF:FE91:811E, serial 0 C 2005:ABCD:1234:2::/64 [0/0] via ::, Serial0 L 2005:ABCD:1234:2:210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA/128 [0/0] via ::, Serial0 L FE80::/10 [0/0] via ::, Null0 L FF00::/8 [0/0] via ::, Null0 R2#debug ipv6 rip RIP Routing Protocol debugging is on R2# RIPng: response received from FE80::200:CFF:FE91:811E on Serial0 for 1 src=FE80::200:CFF:FE91:811E (Serial0) dst=FF02::9 .. Multicast address sport=521, dport=521, length=52 command=2, version=1, mbz=0, #rte=2 tag=0, metric=1, prefix=2003:ABCD:1234:2::/64 tag=0, metric=1, prefix=2003:ABCD:1234:3::/64 RIPng: Sending multicast update on Ethernet0 for 1 src=FE80::210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA

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dst=FF02::9 (Ethernet0) sport=521, dport=521, length=72 command=2, version=1, mbz=0, #rte=3 tag=0, metric=1, prefix=2003:ABCD:1234:1::/64 tag=0, metric=1, prefix=2003:ABCD:1234:2::/64 tag=0, metric=2, prefix=2003:ABCD:1234:3::/64 RIPng: Sending multicast update on Serial0 for 1 src=FE80::210:7BFF:FE7F:B8EA dst=FF02::9 (Serial0) sport=521, dport=521, length=52 command=2, version=1, mbz=0, #rte=2 tag=0, metric=1, prefix=2003:ABCD:1234:1::/64 tag=0, metric=1, prefix=2003:ABCD:1234:2::/64

Dual Stacking : It allows our devices to communicate using either IPv4 or IPv6. Itll look something like this: Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0 Router(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:3c4d:1::/64 eui-64 Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.255.1 255.255.255.0

Questions

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1. How long is an IPv6 address? A. 32 bits B. 128 bytes C. 64 bits D. 128 bits D 2. To enable RIPng, which of the following would you use? A. Router1(config-if)# ipv6 ospf 10 area 0.0.0.0 B. Router1(config-if)#ipv6 rip 1 enable C. Router1(config)# ipv6 router eigrp 10 D. Router1(config-rtr)#no shutdown E. Router1(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp 10 B

3. What two statements about IPv6 addresses are true? (Choose two.) A. Leading zeros are required. B. Two colons (::) are used to represent successive hexadecimal fields of zeros. C. Two colons (::) are used to separate fields. D. A single interface will have multiple IPv6 addresses of different types. B,D 4. What two statements about IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are true? A. An IPv6 address is 32 bits long, represented in hexidecimal. B. An IPv6 address is 128 bits long, represented in decimal. C. An IPv4 address is 32 bits long, represented in decimal. D. An IPv6 address is 128 bits long, represented in hexidecimal. C,D

WIRELESS LAN (WLAN)

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1. A single 802.11g access point has configured and installed in the center of a square office. A few wireless users are experiencing slow performance and drops while most users are operating at peak efficiency. What are three likely causes? A. mismatched TKIP encryption B. cordless phones C. mismatched SSID D. metal file cabinets E. antenna type or direction B,D,E 2. Which two statements best describe the wireless security standard that is defined by WPA? (Choose two.) A. It specifies use of a static encryption key that must be changed frequently to enhance security. B. It requires use of an open authentication method. C. It specifies the use of dynamic encryption keys that change each time a client establishes a connection. D. It requires that all access points and wireless devices use the same encryption key. E. It includes authentication by PSK. C, E 3. You and a co-worker have established wireless communication directly between your wireless laptops. What type of wireless topology has been created? A. BSS B. ESS C. IBSS D. SSID C 4. Which two devices can interfere with the operation of a wireless network because they operate on similar frequencies? (Choose two.) A. copier B. microwave oven C. toaster D. cordless phone E. IP phone B, D

5. What is the maximum data rate specified for IEEE 802.11b WLANs? A. 10 Mbps

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B. 11 Mbps C. 54 Mbps D. 100 Mbps B 6. Which spread spectrum technology does the 802.11b standard define for operation? A. IR B. DSSS C. FHSS D. DSSS and FHSS E. IR, FHSS and DSSS B 7. What is one reason that WPA encryption is preferred over WEP? A. A WPA key is longer and requires more special characters than the WEP key. B. The access point and the client are manually configured with different WPA key values. C. WPA key values remain the same until the client configuration is changed. D. The values of WPA keys can change dynamically while the system is used. D 8. What two facts can be determined from the WLAN diagram (choose 2)?

A. B. C. D. E.

The area of overlap of the two cells represents a basic service set (BSS) The network diagram represents an extended service set (ESS) Access points in each cell must be configured to use channel 1 The area of overlap must be less than 10% of the area to ensure connectivity The two APs should be configured to operate on different channels

B and E

BOOTING

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1. Refer to the exhibit. For what two reasons has the router loaded its IOS image from the location that is shown(choose two)?

A. B. C. D. E.

Router 1 has specific boot system commands that instruct it to load IOS from a TFTP server Router 1 is acting as a TFTP server for other routers. Router 1 cannot locate a valid IOS image in the flash memory. Router 1 defaulted to ROMMON mode and loaded the IOS image from a TFTP server. Cisco routers will first attempt to load an image from TFTP for management purpose

A and C 2. During startup, the router displays the following error message. Boot cannot open flash. What will the router do next? A. B. C. D. because of damaged flash memory, router will fail the POST. It will attempt to locate the IOS from a TFTP server, if it fails it will initiate the setup dialog. It will attempt to locate the IOS from a TFTP server, it will load a limited IOS from ROM. It will attempt to locate the configuration file from a TFTP server, if it fails it will initiate the setup dialog E. It will attempt to locate the configuration file from a TFTP server, if it fails it will load a limited configuration from ROM C

3. When upgrading the IOS image, the network administrator receives the exhibited Error message. What could be the cause of error?

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A. B. C. D. E.

The new IOS image is too large for the router flash memory. The TFTP server is unreachable from the router The new IOS is not correct for this router platform. The IOS image on the TFTP server is corrupt. There is not enough disk space on the TFTP server for the IOS image.

B 4. There are no boot system commands in a router configuration in NVRAM. What is the fallback sequence that the router will use to find an IOS during reload? A. B. C. D. E. TFTP server,Flash,NVRAM ROM,NVRAM,TFTP server NVRAM,TFTP server,ROM Flash,TFTP server<ROM Flash,NVRAM,ROM

D 5. What does the command o/r 0x2142 provide? A. It is used to restart the router. B. It is used to bypass the configuration in NVRAM. C. It is used to enter ROM Monitor mode. D. It is used to view the lost password. B 6. Which command will copy the IOS to a backup host on your network? A. transfer IOS to 172.16.10.1 B. copy run start C. copy tftp flash D. copy start tftp E. copy flash tftp E

7. The corporate office sends you a new router to connect, but upon connecting the console cable,you see that there is already a configuration on the router. What should be done before a new configuration is entered in the router?

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A. RAM should be erased and the router restarted. B. Flash should be erased and the router restarted. C. NVRAM should be erased and the router restarted. D. The new configuration should be entered and saved. C 8. What should the configuration register value be after you successfully complete the password recovery procedure and return the router to normal operation? A. 0x2100 B. 0x2101 C. 0x2102 D. 0x2142 C 9. Which command displays the configuration register setting? A. show ip route B. show boot version C. show version D. show flash C 10. The configuration register setting of 0x2102 provides what function to a router? A. Tells the router to boot into ROM monitor mode B. Provides password recovery C. Tells the router to look in NVRAM for the boot sequence D. Boots the IOS from a TFTP server E. Boots an IOS image stored in ROM C 11. You copy a configuration from a network host to a routers RAM. The configuration looks correct, yet its not working at all. What could the problem be? A. You copied the wrong configuration into RAM. B. You copied the configuration into flash memory instead. C. The copy did not override the shutdown command in running-config. D. The IOS became corrupted after the copy command was initiated. C

12. You save the configuration on a router with the copy running-config startup- config command and reboot the router. The router, however, comes up with a blank configuration. What can the problem be?

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A. You didnt boot the router with the correct command. B. NVRAM is corrupted. C. The configuration register setting is incorrect. D. The newly upgraded IOS is not compatible with the hardware of the router. E. The configuration you save is not compatible with the hardware. C 13. Which command loads a new version of the Cisco IOS into a router? A. copy flash ftp B. copy ftp flash C. copy flash tftp D. copy tftp flash D 14. Which command will show you the IOS version running on your router? A. sh IOS B. sh flash C. sh version D. sh running-config C