EMD homework solutions#11 Due 4/28 13-11, 13-14, 13-19, 13-20 13-11 From problem specications:

Bolt is 1 -13 UNC steel with Su = 101, 000psi, Syp = 85, 000psi, Sf = 50, 000 psi, Ktf = 2 3 (assuming this is the fatigue stress concentration factor and not the theoretical stress concentration factor), and Am = 0.88 in2 . (a) For the case with no pre-load, all of the uctuation stress is supported by the bolt, Fb = Pb = P . The bolt thread, at the inner end of the nut is the critical point because of high tensile stress plus stress concentration from the threads plus a smaller root area supporting the load. From Table 13.1, Ar = 0.1257 in2 . Only an axial load is applied. Remembering that we only apply the stress concentration factor to the alternating stress (here, we assume that the value of Sf given is not already modied by the fatigue stress concentration factor), we obtain maxnom = minnom 2, 500 lb = 19, 889 psi 0.1257 in2 = 0

anom = 0.5(maxnom minnom ) = 9, 944 psi m = 0.5(maxnom + minnom ) = 9, 944 psi a = Ktf anom = (3)(9, 944 psi) = 29, 832 psi First, we see that maxnom < Syp , therefore there is no yield. (Even if we apply the stress concentration factor to the maximum stress, it is less than the yield stress, so there is no large scale and no local yielding.) Now checking fatigue, eqCR = a 29, 832 psi m = 9,944 = 33, 090 psi 1 Su 1 101 ,000

The existing safety factor for this case is then ne = Sf eqCR = 50, 000 = 1.51 33, 090

(b) From (13-16), the minimum preload Fi to prevent loss of compression in the housing (Fm 0) is km Fi Pmax kb + km 1

Since the load carrying portion of the bolt is entirely unthreaded, we can use (13-17) to obtain the spring rate for the bolt kb = d2 (0.5 in)2 (30 106 psi) 5.890 106 lb b Eb = = 4Lef f (4)Lef f Lef f

The clamped members are entirely steel, and the eective load carrying area is specied to be Am = 0.88 in2 . Thus, km = Solving now for Fi Fi 2.64 107 5.89 106 + 2.64 107 2, 500 lb = 2, 044 lb (0.88 in2 )(30 106 psi) 2.64 107 lb Am Em = = Lef f Lef f Lef f

So the minimum pre-load to avoid member separation is 2,044 lb. (c) If Fi = 3, 000lb, then (Fb )max = (Fb )min 5.89 106 5.89 106 + 2.64 107 = 3, 000 lb 2, 500 lb + 3000 lb = 3, 456 lb

For these bolt loads, we now have (following similar analysis as in part (a)): maxnom = minnom anom 3, 456 lb = 27, 494 psi 0.1257 in2 3, 000 lb = 23, 866 psi = 0.1257 in2 = 0.5(maxnom minnom ) = 1, 814 psi

m = 0.5(maxnom + minnom ) = 25, 680 psi a = Ktf anom = (3)(1, 814 psi) = 5, 442 psi Again, we see that maxnom < Syp , therefore there is no yield (even if we applied the stress concentration factor, we would not predict yield, so no local yield is predicted either). Now checking fatigue, a 5, 442 psi eqCR = m = 25,680 = 7, 297 psi 1 Su 1 101 ,000

tA
5 in

rA

rB

C rC

b
5 in

tB

tC

C b

Figure 1: Problem 13-14 The existing safety factor for this case is then ne = Sf eqCR = 50, 000 = 6.85 5, 838

Note that preloading the joint with a 3000 lb preload, not only prevents member separation, but also increases the safety factor by more than a factor of 4 (from 1.51 to 6.85)!! This is because by applying the preload, only a fraction of the uctuating externally applied load (kb /(kb + km ) = 0.1824 or just 18%) is carried by the bolt. So although the mean stress is increased, the alternating part is decreased (comparing with part (a)).

13-14 For the joint conguration of Figure P13-14, both direct shear and torsion-like shear
must be considered. The directions of the direct shear stress (b ) and the torsion-like shear stress (t ) on each bolt is shown in Fig. 1. The shear due to torsion will be higher on bolts A and C because rA = rC > rB , and thus tA = tC > tB . Furthermore, since the shear stresses are more closely aligned at C than at A, the overall shear stress on bolt C will be highest. Thus, bolt C is the most critically loaded bolt. (a) For direct shear, assuming the shear force P = 10, 000 lb to be equally distributed over the 3 bolts and the bolts carry the shear stress on the unthreaded part, then b = P (10, 000 lb)(4) = = 7545 psi 3Ab 3 (0.75 in)2 3

The shear stress acts downward as shown in Fig. 1 and is the same on each bolt. (b) For torsion-like shear, we must rst nd the centroid of the joint. Since the bolts are all the same, each with bolt area Ab , the centroid is located at: 3Ab x = 2Ab (0) + Ab (5 in) x = 1.67 in 3Ab y = 2Ab (0) + Ab (5 in) y = 1.67 in The torque acting about the centroid due to the load P is then T = (10, 000 lb)(11 in + 1.67 in) = 126, 700 in-lb Now, we can compute rC and C . rC = C (1.67 in)2 + (5 in 1.67 in)2 = 3.73 in 1.67 = 26.6 = tan1 5 1.67

To compute Jj , we need rB too. rB = (1.67 in)2 + (1.67 in)2 = 2.36 in

Now, we compute Jj for the joint, Jj =

2 Ab (rA

2 rB

2 rC )

(0.75 in)2 (2)(3.73 in)2 + (2.36 in)2 = 14.75 in4 = 4

The shear stress due to torsion at C is then tC = (126, 700 in-lb)(3.73 in) T rC = = 32.04 ksi Jj 14.75 in4

The overall shear stress at C is then (vector sum): C = 7.545j 32.04(cos(26.6 )i + sin(26.6 )j ) = (28.65i 21.87j ) ksi Thus, the magnitude of C is then |C | = 36.0 ksi. (c) The uniaxial equivalent stress, using the distortion energy theory and assuming the only stress acting on the critical bolt at C is the shear stress found in part (b), then eq = 3C = 62.4 ksi

For SAE grade 8 bolts (Table 13.3), Syp = 130 ksi. Thus, the safety factor against yield is n= Syp 130 = = 2.1 eq 62.4

(d) Find the bearing stress. The bearing stress is the force that is acting on the surface of the bolt divided by the projected area over which the force is acting. That bearing force is the same as the force that is shearing the bolt. Thus, F = C Ab = (36, 000 psi) b = (0.75 in)2 = 15, 904 lb 4

F 15, 904 lb = = 21.2 ksi db t (0.75 in)(1 in)

where t is the thickness of the plate.

13-19 In this case, we have 2 parallel welds and a transverse weld. This is a fatigue problem,
so we will need to consider the fatigue stress concentration factors for these types of welds. From Table 13.9, at end of parallel llet weld: Kf = 2.7, and at the toe of transverse llet weld: Kf = 1.5. The load will be equally carried on all parts of the weld for this loading conguration, so failure will occur at the end of the parallel llet weld, which has the higher fatigue stress concentration factor. The loading is completely reversed and using (13-48) (w )nommax = (w )nommax = (w )nommin = (w )m = (w )a = eqm = eqa = eqCR = 18, 000 N Fmax = 0.707sLw (0.707)(s)(0.17 m) 5 1.50 10 N/m s 1.50 105 N/m s 0 1.50 105 N/m (Kf )(w )anom = (2.7) s 0 7.00 105 N/m 3(w )a = s eqa

4.04 105 N/m s

The electrode strength, for E60 series (Table 13.13) is Sut = 427 MPa. Assuming a cast microstructure (reasonable since welding involves melting and solidication), Sf = 0.4Sut = 171 MPa (p 248). Comparing this to the base metal, 1020 steel, where Sf = 228 MPa (Fig. 5.31), we see that the electrode material is weaker. So we will base our calculation on 5

the weaker material for safety. Sf = k Sf = (0.75)(171 M P a) = 128 M P a For a design safety factor of 2.5 then nd = (128 106 N/m2 )(s) = 2.5 eqCR 7.00 105 N/m s = 0.014 m = 14 mm Sf =

A llet weld size of 14 mm is recommended. This is not compatible with the 10 mm plate thickness. Either a stronger electrode material is needed or a thicker plate. A stronger electrode material is recommended (E 90).

13-20 Direct shear and torsion lead to shear stress. The welds are along A-B and B-C. The
furthest points from the weld centroid are points A and C, so these are where the torsion induced shear stress will be highest. At both points, the direct shear stress acts straight down. Based on the direction of the torsion, at A, the torsion induced shear stress will act up and to the right, and at C, it will act down and to the left. Thus, point C will be the critical point as the direct shear and torsion induced shear stress are more closely aligned and will have a higher vector sum. The throat is t = 0.707s, and s = 0.375 in from diagram. The weld length is Lw = 10 in. So the shear stress due to direct shear is w = 5000 lb P = = 1, 886 psi tLw (0.707)(0.375 in)(10 in)

Using the weld table for torsional properties of llet welds (Table 13.14), we can nd that the centroid of the weld is located 1.25 in down and 1.25 in to the left of point B. The unit second polar moment of area can also be computed (noting that in this case b = d = 5in) Ju = (2b)4 6b4 5b3 = = 52.08 in3 24b 12

T = (5000 lb)(5.25 in) = 26, 250 in lb The shear stress due to the torque at C acts down and to the left at an angle of 18.4 from

the horizontal. t = Tr (26, 250 in lb)(3.953 in) = = 7, 515 psi tJu (0.707)(0.375 in)(52.08 in3 )

= w j t (cos(18.4 )i + sin(18.4 )j ) = (7, 130i + 4, 260j ) psi | | = 8, 300 psi The direction is at an angle of = tan1
4260 7130

= 30.9 above the leftward horizontal.