II

ABSTRACT

Housing is a very important sector having enormous poten al for saving energy and carbon emissions. With 32% of the people below the interna onal poverty line and 70% of the people below a wage of 2$ per day, there is an enormous lackofsoundhousinginIndia.Prac cesinrecentyearsisseeingahugeshi fromvernaculartotheuseofmodernmaterials argued on basis of be er durability and be er indoor performance compared to natural materials. This research inves gates the applica on of various natural materials, specically earth within rural housing. It tries to improve living condi ons in current built form by using passive design strategies, u lising various building simula on tools and knowledge from tradi onalprac ces. It also looks into the benets of using environmental friendlynatural materials to thatofconven onalones. ThisstudywascarriedoutattheArchitecturalAssocia onSchoolofArchitecture,London,UKin2012.

III

IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iwishtothankmyfamilyfortheiruncondi onalsupportduringthetenureofthisdisserta on. Iwouldespeciallyliketothankmytutor,Dr.RosaSchiano-Phanforprovidingcon nuousguidanceandsupportthroughouttheprocessofthisstudy.Iwouldliketothankthecoursedirector,Dr.SimosYannas,forprovidingintegralandvaluableinsights. Special thanks and acknowledgment to Architect Vasant & Revathi Kamanth and Dhunas Ali for providing and gran ng access to their residence, informa on and literature for the eldwork studies. Id like to thank Humberto M. and Jose Luis B. for there insights and for collabora ng during group work. Finally, thanks to my colleagues, friends and all tutors fortheirvaluedcomments,guidanceandreviewstowardsmyresearchstudy.

VI

TABLEOFCONTENTS
CHAPTER1
1_SCENARIO. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Introduc on.. Popula onbelowthePovertyLine.. RuralLivingCondi ons. CurrentApproachtoHousing.. Classica onofHouses HousingShortage. INDIRA AWAAS YOJNA Shi from Kutcha toPakka.. Conclusion.

01
03 03 03 04 05 05 06 07 08

CHAPTER2
2_ NATURAL MATERIALS 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 EnvironmentalImpactsofConven onalMaterials.. LifeCycleofMaterials EmbodiedEnergyandEmbodiedCarbon.. EmbodiedEnergyandCarbonAssessment... ThermalPerformance ThermalCapacity.. EnvironmentalImpactofBuildingTech.inKutchDistrct,Gujrat,India(NWregionofIndia)... Conclusion.

11
13 14 14 16 17 18 18 20

CHAPTER3
3_CLIMATE ANALYSIS..
VII

23
25 25 28 28 30 30 31 31 32 32

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10

Clima cZoneandLoca on TemperatureandSeasonVaria ons WindStudies Ven la veCooling.. GlobalHorizontalRadia on.. TemporalDistribu onofGlobalHorizontalIrradianceandSolarBins.. DaylightHoursinaYear Ligh ngLevels TemperatureSwings.. GroundTemperature.

VIII

CHAPTER4
4_COMFORT ZONE AND MEANS TO ACHIEVE IT PASSIVELY 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 ComfortBand.. Shading. ThermalMass.. NightTimeVen la on PhysiologicalCooling Evapora veCooling.... DynamicEarthContactBuilding:Poten alHeatSink. CooledSoilasaCoolingSource..

35
37 39 39 39 40 40 41 42

CHAPTER5
5_PRECEDENT.. 5.1 5.2 GenesisCentre CourtyardHouse

45
47 55

CHAPTER6
6_FIELDWORK.. 6.1 6.2 6.3 CAT-WISEAuditorium KamathHouse. BHUNGAArchitecture.

61
63 71 85

CHAPTER7
7_ANALYTICAL WORK... 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Introduc on.. FlowChart.. BasicPrinciplesAppliedtoDesignandforModellinginTASforNWRegionofIndia. ModelInputs VernacularVSNewCSEBStructures Interven ons

93
95 96 97 98 100 103

CHAPTER8
8_CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH..... REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX AppendixA_NaturalMaterials. AppendixB_Clima cAnalysis. AppendixC_ComfortZoneandMeanstoachieveitpassively... AppendixD_Fieldwork... AppendixE_Analy calWork.. 125 129 131 145 149 151 159
IX

119
121 123

8.1 8.2

Conclusion..... FutureResearch..

LISTOFFIGURES Figure1.1_
Figure1.2_PovertyHeadcount$1.25&$2perday Figure1.3_Percentagepopula onlivingonlessthan$1.25/day Figure1.4_Worlddistribu onofeartharchitecture. Figure1.5_RuralRajasthanFamilyHouse Figure1.6_StructureinKhuriVillage Figure1.7_ClusterofhousesinRajasthan Figure1.8_Temporarykutchahouse Figure1.9_Embodiedenergyinvarioustypesofwallconstruc onmaterials. Figure1.10_Carbonemissionsofvarioustypesofwallconstruc onmaterials.

Figure2.1_
Figure2.2_Worldpercapitaproduc onofsteelandcement. Figure2.3_Carbonemissionsofvarioustypesofbricks/blocks. Figure2.4_Materialslife-cycleandemissions. Figure2.5_Industriesdistribu onschemes. Figure2.6_Typicallifecarbon. Figure2.7_Contemporaryscenariosofopera onalandembodiedcarbonaccordingtouse. Figure2.8_Futurescenariosofopera onalandembodiedcarbonaccordingtouse. Figure2.9_Embodiedcarbonandenergycradletogate. Figure2.10_Compara vegraphofU-valuesbasedonaveragedensi esandwallthickness. Figure2.11_Compara vegraphshowingthermalcapacityfordierentmaterials. Figure2.12_GraphShowingTotalEnergyconsump onforconst.andmaintenancefordierentbuildingtechnology.KutchDistrict, Gujrat,India. Figure2.13_GraphShowingTotalNREandREincludingtransporta onfordierentbuildingtechnology.KutchDistrict,Gujrat,India. Figure2.14_GraphShowingCO2emissionsforconstruc onandmaintenanceincludingtransportfordierentbuildingtechnology. KutchDistrict,Gujrat,India. Figure2.15_GraphShowingWaterConsump oninlt/m2fordierentbuildingtechnology.KutchDistrict,Gujrat,India. Figure2.16_Rammedearthprocess

Figure3.1_WorldClimateMap
Figure3.2_Loca onofIndia Figure3.3_Clima cZonesinIndia Figure3.4_Graphicalrepresenta onofthemonthlyaveragetemperaturerangewithdis nctseasonalclassica on. Figure3.5_Rela veHumidity Figure3.6_Yearroundhoursanddirec onofprevailingwinds Figure3.7_HoursandDirec onofwinds Figure3.8_MonthlyWindSpeeds Figure3.9_JanuaryWinds

Figure3.10_AugustWinds Figure3.11_MonthlyGlobalHorizontalRadia onandCloudCover Figure3.12_SolarRadia onFrequency(Upper)&Temporaldistribu on(Lower) Figure3.13_Dailydaylighthours Figure3.14_Daylightavailabilitycurve Figure3.15_Monthlymin/mean/maxtemperatureswings Figure3.16_Groundtemp.at1mand4mdepth.

Figure4.1_Graphshowingyearlyclima ccondi onsoverlaidwiththeadap vecomfortband

Figure4.2_Graphshowingyearlyclima ccondi onsoverlaidwiththeadap vecomfortbandandstrategies. Figure4.3_GraphshowingtheAverageDailyIncidentSolarRadia on(Wh/m)forallorienta onsforNewDelhi Figure4.4_Dierentearth-structurecongura onswithdierentboundaryinterfaces Figure4.5_DBTandsoiltemperaturesofthetreated(bo om)&untreatedsoil Figure4.6_Alayerofgravelblockssolarradia onawayfromthesoilsurfaceandreducesconvec veexchange.

Figure5.1_Genesiscentreentrance
Figure5.2_EarthPavilioninterior(GenesisCentre) Figure5.3_StrawPavilion(GenesisCentre) Figure5.4_GlassPavilion(GenesisCentre) Figure5.5_TimberPavilion(GenesisCentre) Figure5.6_ClayPavilion(GenesisCentre) Figure5.7_Schema cplanoftheGenesisCentreinSomerset Figure5.8_Schema cPlanoftheGenesisCentrehighligh ngtheearthpavilion. Figure5.9_Rammedearthwallunderconstruc on.(GenesisCentre) Figure5.10_Cobblocksusedonsite(GenesisCentre) Figure5.11_Massedcobwallunderconstruc on(GenesisCentre) Figure5.13_EarthPavilionFloorPlan(GenesisCentre) Figure5.14_EarthPavilionRoofPlan.(GenesisCentre) Figure5.15_RubbleRoof(GenesisCentre) Figure5.15_RubbleRoof(GenesisCentre) Figure5.16_Rammedearthwallsunderconstruc on.(GenesisCentre) Figure5.17_ExternalInsula on:WoodwasteFibreboards(GenesisCentre) Figure5.18_DetailofGlassPavilionroofmee ngEarthPavilionandVen la onslots(GenesisCentre) Figure5.19_Connec onbetweentheroofandthecobwall.(GenesisCentre) Figure5.20_Streetfaadeofthecourtyardhouse Figure5.21_Courtyardresiden alUnits(CourtyardHouse) Figure5.22_CourtyardhouseInterior(CourtyardHouse) Figure5.23_CoolingToweronWestwalls(CourtyardHouse) Figure5.24_TransparentRoofonSouth(CourtyardHouse)

XI

Figure6.1_Cat-wisepremises
Figure6.2_Centreofalterna vetechnologies,WalesIns tuteofSustainableEduca on Figure6.3_GeneralPlanofCat-Wise Figure6.4_Sec onshowingthebuerspacesandtheinteriorofauditorium Figure6.5_Sec onshowingdierentloca onofthesensors Figure6.6_Recordedtemperaturesandhumidityon25thand26thofMay Figure6.7_SpotMeasurementstakenon245thand26thofMay Figure6.8_RecordedtemperaturesfromtheinstalledsensorsonSouthWall Figure6.9_RecordedtemperaturesfromtheinstalledsensorsonNorthwall Figure6.10_UpperFloorLivingRoomKamathHouse Figure6.11_Mainentrancetohouse(KamathHouse) Figure6.12_Northeastfaade(KamathHouse) Figure6.13_Upperlivingroom(KamathHouse) Figure6.14_Lowerlivingroom(KamathHouse) Figure6.15_Imagesshowingadobeandstoneconst.(KamathHouse) Figure6.16_Courtyardnearlowerlivingcumdining(KamathHouse) Figure6.17_Mistersinstalledinthecourtyardprovideevapora vecooling.(KamathHouse) Figure6.18_ImagesshowingopeningsinupperLivingandstaircasespaces(KamathHouse) Figure6.19_GreenroofsupportedonbambooCreteandroughwood.(KamathHouse) Figure6.20_Sketchshowingcrossven la onthroughthehouse.Smallopeningsatvariouslevelsreducethermal stra ca on.(KamathHouse) Figure6.21_Sketchshowingsec onofhousewithvarioustechniquesandstrategiesincorporatedintothehandsofdesignofthe house(KamathHouse) Figure6.22_Upperoorplan(KamathHouse) Figure6.23_Loweroorplan.(KamathHouse) Figure6.24_Posi onofdataloggerinUpperlivingroom(KamathHouse) Figure6.25_Posi onofdataloggerinLowerlivingroom(KamathHouse) Figure6.26_Posi onofdataloggerinBedroom(KamathHouse) Figure6.28_Graphshowingtemperatureandrela vehumidityreadingsintheupperlivingroom.(KamathHouse) Figure6.29_Graphshowingtemperatureandrela vehumidityreadingsinthelowerlivingroom.(KamathHouse) Figure6.30_Graphshowingtemperatureandrela vehumidityreadingsinthemasterbedroom.(KamathHouse) Figure6.31_Graphshowingsurfacetemperaturemeasurementsoftheinnersurfaceofanadobewallorientedsouth west.(KamathHouse)

Figure6.32_Graphshowingspotmeasurementinvariousplacesofthehouseon16thJuly12.(KamathHouse) Figure6.33_Graphshowingspotmeasurementinvariousplacesofthehouseon16thJuly12.(KamathHouse) Figure6.34_SketchshowingindoorsurfacetemperaturemeasurementsintheUpperLivingRoom.(KamathHouse) Figure6.35_StoneSlatesinKamathHouse Figure6.36_Graphshowingspotsurfacetemperaturemeasurementsofstoneslatecoveringroofsurfacetakenon16thJuly12. (KamathHouse)

XII

Figure6.37_StonewallinKamathHouse Figure6.38_Graphshowingspotsurfacetemperaturemeasurementofstonewalltakenon16thJuly12. Figure6.39_Tradi onalBhungainKutchregionofGujrat.NWregionofIndia. Figure6.40_TypicalVernacularbhunga. Figure6.41_Centreof2001EarthquakeBhuj. Figure6.42_Damagetoconven onalstructures.(Bhunga) Figure6.43_PlanandEleva onviewofatypicalBhungashowingkeydetails(Withwoodenpost). Figure6.44_CircularandrectangularhouseunderConstruc onin2001 Figure6.45_CompletedstructuresbuiltbyNGOsandthegovernment. Figure6.46_Housethatwasmeasured.Author(ingreen)withtheoccupantofthehouse(inpurple).(Bhunga) Figure6.47_WindowopeninginBhunga Figure6.48_PyramidalroofstructureoftheBhunga Figure6.49_NewCSEBhouseadjacenttothevernacularbhunga Figure6.50_Graphshowingspottemperatureandrela vehumidityreadingsofthe(Bhunga) Figure7.1_FlowchartofAnaly cWork Figure7.2_Flowchartofthemethodologyfollowedforanalyticwork. Figure7.3_Sketchshowingorienta onandbuiltformincorporatedindesignandformodelinginEDSLTAS. Figure7.4_SketchshowingroofformincorporatedindesignandformodelinginEDSLTAS. Figure7.5_Sketchshowingadvantageofusingpitchedatroofanddierentgroundcovering. Figure7.5a_Sketchshowinghowvegeta oncanhelpinaidingven la onbydirec ngandincreasingwindspeeds. Figure7.6_Housewifewaitingforherhusbandtoreturnfromfarm,Rajasthan. Figure7.7_Housewiveswiththeirchildrenduringtheday.Gujrat. Figure7.8_Schedulesofvariousmemberofthistypeofhousing. Figure7.9_Averageoccupancypattern Figure7.10_Vernacularstructure Figure7.11_ModernCSEBstructure Figure7.12_TASgraphofatypicalsummerweekcomparingperformanceofvernacularstructuretothatofnewbuiltCSEB structures. Figure7.13_TASgraphofatypicalmonsoonweekcomparingperformanceofvernacularstructuretothatofnewbuiltCSEB structures. Figure7.14_Graphshowingtemp.abovecomfortbandinvernacularandCSEBstructures. Figure7.15_Elevationandsectionshowingchangenwindowopeningwithouttowithglazing Figure7.16_Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetotheapplicationofglazedshutterstoopeningswithaNTVschedule.(MS) Figure7.17_Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetotheapplicationofglazedshutterstoopeningswithaNTVschedule(MS). Figure7.18_ElevationandSectionshowingchangeindooropeningwithouttowith0.5%opening Figure7.19_Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetoopeningdoorsfornighttimeventilation.(SS)

XIII


Figure7.20_Graphshowingeffectonindoortemp.duetoopeningdoorsfornighttimeventilation.(MS) Figure7.21_Additionofinsulationonthelowerpartoftheroof Figure7.22_Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoinsulatingtheroof.(SS) Figure7.23_Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoinsulatingtheroof.(MS) Figure7.24_ElevationandSectionshowingchangeinwindowsize Figure7.25_Daylightdistributionwithinthespacewithdifferentwindowtofloorratio.. Figure7.26_Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoincreasedwindowsize(WFRoriginal2%,increasedto10%).(SS) Figure7.27_Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoincreasedwindowsize(WFRoriginal2%,increasedto10%).(MS) Figure7.28_Graphshowingeffectonindoortemperaturesduetoadditionofsmallopenings.(SS) Figure7.29_Graphshowingeectonindoortemperaturesduetoaddi onofsmallopenings.(MS) Figure7.30_Sectionshowingopeningintheroof Figure7.31_Graphshowingtheeffectonindoortemp.duetoprovisionofanopeningontopofroof.(SS) Figure7.32_Graphshowingtheeffectonindoortemp.duetoprovisionofanopeningontopofroof.(MS) Figure7.33_IncreaseofAlbedovaluesonwallandroofsurfaces. Figure7.34_Graphshowingtheeffectofusinghighalbedopaintsonthesurfaceofthebuilding.(SS) Figure7.35_Graphshowingtheeectofusinghighalbedopaintsonthesurfaceofthebuilding.(MS) Figure7.36_EarthSheltering Figure7.37_Graphshowingeffectofearthshelteringonindoortemperatures.(SS) Figure7.38_Graphshowingeectofearthshelteringonindoortemperatures.(MS) Figure7.39_RoofScenarios Figure7.40_Graphcomparingeffectofdifferentroofconfigurationsonindoortemperatures(SS). Figure7.41_Graphcomparingeffectofdifferentroofconfigurationsonindoortemperatures(MS). Figure7.42_Graphshowingtotalno.ofhoursthetemp.isabove33Cintwoseasons. Figure7.43_Graphshowingtotalno.ofhoursthetemp.isabove33Cinthetwoseasonsduringday&night. Figure7.44_Graphshowingeffectofcumulativeeffectofinterventionsonindoortemperaturescomparedtovernacularandnew builtpresentsituation.AlsoplottedareWBTandTpdectemperatures.(SS) Figure7.45_Graphshowingcumulativeeffectofinterventionsonindoortemperaturescomparedtovernacularandnewbuilt presentsituation.(MS) Figure7.46:Sketchshowingoccupantwateringthesurroundingareaofthehouseearlyinthemorninginsummerseason. Figure7.47_Sketchshowingstrategiesappliedduringday meinsummerandmonsoonseasontoreduceindoortemperaturerise. Figure7.48_Sketchshowingstrategiesappliedduringlateeveningandnighthourstoreduceindoortemperatureduringsummer andmonsoonseason

Figure7.49_Sketchshowingsolargainindoorsduringwinterseason.Openingsareclosedtoretainheatduringeveningandnighthours.

Figure8.1_ImageshowingIndiahasmediumtohighvulnerabilitytoclimatechange.

XIV

LISTOFTABLES Table1_RuralandUrbanPopula on,India Table2_Classica onofdierenttypesofhousingaccordingto2001Census Table3_Es matedShortageofHousinginIndia Table4_Construc onassistanceprovidedunderIndira Awaas Yojna (IAY) Table5_Graphoflocalandconven onalmaterialscomparingvariouscharacteris csofthematerial. Table6_WeatherreadingsforNewDelhi Table7_GroupWiseregressionanalysisforNeutralTemperatures Table8_MorningandA ernoonRH(%) Table9_AveragewindspeedduringtheDayandnight. Table10_Temperaturegradientfordierentearthshelteredstructure Table11_Heatuxacrossoorsindierentearthshelteredstructures. Table12_Physicalcharacteris csofdierentearthconstruc ons Table13_Costofconstruc ngcircularrammedearthstructureatHastkalaNagar,Kutch,Gujrat,India. Table14_Costofconstruc ngrectangularrammedearthstructureatHastkalaNagar,Kutch,Gujrat,India. Table15_Sensibleheatgaininthestructure.

Table16_Specica onsofmaterialsusedinEDSLTASModel. Table17_MorningandA ernoonRH(%)

XV

XVI

APPENDIX

129

130

APPENDIX A
NATURAL MATERIALS
Earth: a stable, dense, non-vola le inorganic substance found in the ground.(TheNewOxfordDic onaryofEnglish,1998) Masonry: the art of shaping, arranging and uni ng stone, brick, building blocks, etc, to form walls and other parts of a building. (Dic onary ofArchitectureandConstruc on,1975)
Earth buildings have been very popular and prevalent worldwide with a third of the worlds popula on living in earth buildings. Also 20% of UNESCO world heritage sites were constructed from unred earth. StructuresliketheGreatWallofChina[Fig.A.1],FridayMosqueinMali[Fig.A.2] and buildings in Taos Pueblo - are the oldest, con nuously inhabited structures,areallconstructedofearth. There are many good reasons to use earth masonry. Apart from being a naturally abundant material, it is environmentally sustainable, cheap, requires low maintenance, provides thermal stability compared to itscounterpartsandisagoodmoderatorofhumidity.Zamicompiledalist of advantages of using earth which were published by dierent authors [TableT1]. Theidealbuildingmaterialwouldbeborrowedfromtheenvironmentand replaceda eruse.Therewouldbeli leornoprocessingoftherawmaterial and all the energy inputs would be directly, or indirectly, from the sun. This ideal material would also be cheap. Mud bricks can come close to this ideal.PaulDowton ADOBE Adobe is generally prepared worldwide by mixing earth with waterandplacingthemixtureintomoulds.A erini aldryinginoutdoorair,it is removed from the moulds and allowed to dry in direct sun. The drying process can last from a week to 3 weeks depending upon clima c condions. The rst earth bricks were hand moulded and dried in the sun in theNeolithicera.Theywereat mesmixedwithstrawandanimaldungto create a stronger bond however, a well dried mud-brick can provide sucientstrengthfora1-2storeystructures. Contemporary earth construc on exists in two formats which includes un-stabilized and stabilized earth construc on. In stabilized earth construc on,earthisusuallymixedwithstabilizerstoenhancetheirpotenals such as compressive strength, water resistance, etc. Some of these stabilizers are natural - rice husk, straw, bagasse, etc. leading to the creaon of adobe bricks containing agricultural by-products with improved strength and lower moisture absorp on. This is an environmentally sound andsustainableprac ceresul nginlowembodiedenergyandverylowto zerocarbonemissionproducts. On the other hand, builders world over have experimented with man-made products such as yash, bitumen, emulsion, portland cement and a combina on of these materials to create a stronger by-product. AccordingtoKing,thestrongestbinderamongstalltheseisfoundtobe
FigureA.1:Greatwallofchinamainlymade outofearthmasonry,albeitclad withstoneatitseasternend
Source:Morton,T.2008

FigureA.2:19thcenturyFridayMosque, Djenne,Mali;withgrainstoresand housesinfront,allbuiltofearth masonry.

Source:Morton,T.2008

131


TableT1:Tableshowingadvantagesofusingearth.

EarthAdvantages

Authors
Lal,1995;Easton,1996;Minke,2006;Zami&Lee,2007;Morton, 2007;Katereggaetal,1983;Cassell,1993;Walkeretal,2005;Hadjri etal,2007;MorrisandBooysen,2000;AdamandAgib,2001,p11; Kateregga,1983;Easton,1996;Minke,2006,p15;Hadjrietal,2007; MorrisandBooysen,2000;AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Maini,2005; Kateregga,1983;Minke,2006,p15; Lal,1995,p119;Houben&Guillaud,1989;Walkeretal,2005; Morton,2007;Lal,1995,p119;Minke,2006;Hadjrietal,2007;Adam andAgib,2001,p11;Maini,2005;

Earthconstruc oniseconomicallybenecial.

Itrequiressimpletoolsandlessskilledlabour. Itencouragesselfhelpconstruc on Suitableforverystrongandsecuredstructure Itsavesenergy

Cassell,1993;Howieson,2005;Alphonseetal,1985;Minke,2006; It balances and improves indoor air humidity and Katereggaetal,1983;Lal(1995,p119);Walkeretal,2005;Hadjriet temperaturewhichensuresthermalcomfort. al,2007;AdamandAgib,2001,p11; Alphonseetal,1985;Walkeretal,2005,p43;Hadjrietal,2007;AdamandAgib,2001,p11;

Earthisverygoodinreresistance

Earth construc on is regarded as a local job crea AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Moreletal,2001; onopportunity. Minke,2006;Easton,1998;Walkeretal,2005;Hadjrietal,2007; Earth construc on is environmentally sustaina AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Maini,2005;Ngowai,2000.Reddy,2007, ble. p194;Moreletal,2001; Loam preserves mber and other organic materi Minke,2006,p15;(Mohler1978,p.18). als. Earthwall(loam)absorbspollutants. Easytodesignandhighaesthe calvalue Cassell,1993;Minke,2006; Morton,2007;Houben&Guillaud,1989;Walkeretal,2005;Hadjriet al,2007. Kateregga,1983;Alphonseetal,1985;Hadjrietal,2007;

Earthbuildingprovidesnoisecontrol

Earth construc on promotes local culture and Frescura,1981. heritage. Earth is readily available in large quan mostregion. es in AdamandAgib,2001,p11;Easton,1996;Lal,1995;Hadjrietal,2007; MorrisandBooysen,2000;AdamandAgib,2001,p11;

Source:CompiledbyZamietal.-ContemporaryEarthConstruc oninUrbanHousingStabilisedorUnstabilised(2010).

portland Cement (King, B. 1996). Prac ce includes mixing earth with 58% of Portland cement resul ng in the crea on of Cement Stabilised Earth Blocks (CSEB). In comparison to kiln red bricks, CSEB provides carbon and energy savings and are more durable and strong compared to adobe however, cannot be returnedtoearthattheendofabuildingslifecycle.

132

 Addingcementnotonlyreducesearthsinherentproper estoactas a temperature and humidity regulator but its produc on is labour intensive and requires professional guidance for appropriate soil selec on and proporonofcementtobeaddedtoit. Therefore the predicament lies in a debate between choosing stabilizedandun-stabilizedearthmasonry.EventhoughCSEBoersalowenergy alterna ve to kiln fried bricks, its accessibility to the rural/urban poor is far from sa sfactory. According to Jagdish (2007), stabilized earth construc on is less expensivethan brick masonry, howeverit is s ll expensive than what the poor can aord. Moreover, its suitability for self-build by uneducated, poor individuals in developing countries is of major concern and cannot be taken forgranted. However, one cannot overlook the increased strength a stabilized earth block provides. This is the view of the author that by using natural stabilizers whichdo notreducethe inherentproper es of adobe signicantly, is thewayforward.InthenorthwestregionofIndia,theruralpoorareinvolved mainly in farming or have access to families involved in farming. Therefore obtainingricehusk,bagasseorstrawwouldnotonlybeeasierbuttouseitas stabilizerwillbeenvironmentallyfriendlycomparedtoPortlandcement. Research carried out by Lertwa anaruk et al. (2011) concludes on the benets of using natural stabilizers such as rice husk and bagasse. Lertwa anaruk found that the use improved the compressive strength of adobe [Fig A.3], reduced shrinkage and thermal conduc vity. In addi on it reduced moisture accumula on in comparison to concrete and when subject to loading adobe stabilized with bagasse eroded less in comparison to the rest of thetestproducts. Current prac ces in the villages of developing na ons where selfbuildistheprimarymodeofconstruc onbythepoor,emphasisonthestandards for construc on are very li le to none. In order to make adobe qualify for use as soil block for construc on in India, IS 1725 states that it should have a minimum compressive strength of 20 kg/cm. By mixing adobe with 1%bagasseandaboveor3%ricehusk,thesestandardscanbemet[FigA.3]

80.00 RiceHusk CompressiveStrength(Kg/cm) 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Adobe 0%Fiber Adobe+ 1%Fiber Adobe+ 2%Fiber Adobe+ 3%Fiber Adobe+ CSEB(510% cement) 6%Fiber
Masonry Brick
Minimum required compressive strength for class 20 bricks. [Source: Indian Standard Specica on for soil based blocks used in Concrete general building construc on(IS1725)]

Bagasse

FigureA.3:Compressivestrengthofadobecontainingricehuskandbagasse.
Source:A erLertwa anaruketal.(2011)

133

 2.8ADOBEVSRAMMEDEARTH Adobeandrammedeartharebothbornefromtheearthandtheirpracces have existed since ancient mes. One involves making bricks in moulds whereas the later involves compac ng moist sub soil inside formworks by using metalorwoodenrammers.[FigA.4]

FigureA.4:Rammedearthprocess
Source:h p://bartle year1architecture.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/rammed-earth-construc on.html

Rammed earth requires tools such as those required to assemble and disassemble the formwork, compac on of earth using rammers, etc. The soil is compressed and would require greater strength to create niches forelectricalducts,lightsandsanitaryhardware. On the other hand, Adobe has lower embodied energy and carbon ascomparedtorammedearth.Itneedsnotechnicalknowledge,requiresno specialized tools and no formwork for itsproduc on and can be easily managedandmovedabout.Crea ngnichesandmakingaltera onstothestructure is much easier than rammed earth. Hence, the use of adobe seems appropriate when tools and technical knowledge to produce rammed earth arenotavailable.

134

HEMPLIMEASCONSTRUCTIONMATERIAL
Along history many vegetal bers have been used as construcon materials. For instance, in many countries around the world straw and linen bers are used to lighten concrete and improve its performance1. Hemp-lime is one example of this building technique. Hemplime is the combina on of hemp bers, lime based binder and water. Thismixtureformsasolidcompositematerialthatcanbeusedinawide variety of elements in construc on2. This material is referred by its genericnameofhempcrete. The use of hemp hurd has some environmental benets. First, hemp plant has a very fast growth rate. For example, 30,000 tonnes of hemp have been harvested in 2003, and this number has been duplicated in 2005. Also, due to its fast growth rate hemp plant can adapt easily to most clima c condi ons what is benecial for agricultural purposes. Furthermore,hempplantcouldgroworganically.Compara velytoother berslikeco oncouldspendupto7.4millonUSdollarsperyearinpescides for its cul va on3. Finally, the most important environmental benet of hemp plant is it CO2 sequestra on during its cul va on period. It has been said that every cubic meter of hemp-lime sequestrate 110kgofCO2. Hemp-lime materials have also signicant thermalperformance advantages. A er simula ons shown in literature, it has been said that hemplime construc on has important insula on proper es, and it regulatesextremeindoortemperaturevaria ons.Forinstance,insomecases Uvaluesof0.3W/mKinwallshavebeenachieved4. However, the thermal proper es of hemp-lime materials have been tested in dry condi ons within laboratory environments. Further studies,usingspecializedso warefordynamicsimula ons,haveproved thatmoisturecontentcouldaectitsthermalproper es.Forexample,a raise in the rela ve humidity of the material also increases its thermal conduc vity. This issue also helps the material to regulate the internal rela vehumiditywithbenecialimprovementinairqualityfortheoccupants. Using this material, indoor rela ve humidity could remain within therangeof40to60%.5

FigureA.5:Simula oninternaltemperaturecon-

FigureA.6:BRERenewablehouse/innova on

ThismaterialanditsprecedentstudyisadaptedfromthereportLocalTechniquessubmi edin May12attheAAschool.Itwasproducedbytheauthorandhispeers. Source:Barros,J.L.etal.(2012).LocalTechniques.AASchool

1 2

EvrardA.(2008).TransienthygrothermalbehaviourofLime-HempMaterials EvrardA.(2008).TransienthygrothermalbehaviourofLime-HempMaterials 3 BevanRandWolleyT(2008).Hemplimeconstruc onguidetobuildwithhemplimecomposites 4 BevanRandWolleyT(2008).Hemplimeconstruc onguidetobuildwithhemplimecomposites 5 BevanRandWolleyT(2008).Hemplimeconstruc onguidetobuildwithhemplimecomposites

135

 BUILTPRECEDENTSBRESRENEWABLEHOUSE[Fig.A.7] The main objec ve of this project was to achieve a low cost and lowcarbonbyusingalterna vebuildingtechniqueswithoutcompromising theaordability.Thehouseislabelledassustainablehousecode4,andits developersclaimedthatitscostisaround75,000.However,thedesignof thehouseenablesenhancementtomeetLevel5and66. The brief provides a 3 bedroom detached house built en rely on hempcrete with mber frame structure. Built in only 12 weeks, the construc on contemplates key factors as triple glassed windows and renewableinsula onmaterialsinordertoachievethecode4. The appropriate construc on with these materials prevents innecesary heat losses through minimizing the thermal bridges in the joints FigureA.7:BRERenewablehouse/innova on [Fig: A.8]. The visit to the project shows the few thermal bridges through thebuildingenvelop. Finally,thehouseisverythermalecient,byusingtheproper es of the materials and reducing the thermal bridging the energy consumpon is very low. Nevertheless, it uses hea ng system is basically provided byheatpumpsandairrecoverysystems7.Inmanyaspectsthehousecould beaninteres ngbuiltprecedentforfurtherdevelopments.

FigureA.8:Thermalpicturetoshowtheheat lossesthroughthebuildingenvelope

ThismaterialanditsprecedentstudyisadaptedfromthereportLocalTechniquessubmi edin May12attheAAschool.Itwasproducedbytheauthorandhispeers. Source:Barros,J.L.etal.(2012).LocalTechniques.AASchool

6 7

h p://www.renewable-house.co.uk/news/2/-BRErenewablehousewebsite h p://www.renewable-house.co.uk/news/2/-BRErenewablehousewebsite

136

STRAWBALE
Oilandfossilfuelshavepoweredthedevelopedna onsforthe past 150 years resul ng in an enormous release of greenhouse gases. Earths climate is changing and carbon emissions must be reduced. As building regula ons go forward with regula ons to curb opera onal energy in buildings, their embodied energy and embodied carbon becomes a big concern. Using natural renewable materials which sequesterscarbon during theirgrowth and lock it in the buildings fabric is benecial from both embodied carbon and embodied energy point of view. Straw is a renewable material oering much lower embodied energy impact than many current mainstream materials. It is very suitable for inll insula on in lightweight structures with render on either side. It provides a vapour permeable construc on, however careful detailingandconstruc onneedstobedonetoavoidtheingressandretenon of moisture. In-situ construc on as well as prefabrica on can be donewiththismaterial. Strawconsistsofdrieddeadstemsofcerealgrainssuchasrice, wheat, oats, barley, rye, spelt, ax etc, a er they have been harvested. Straw itself is the plant structure between the root crown and the grain head. Bales can also be made from other brous materials such as bean orcornstalks,pineneedles,oranykindofgrass(TLS,1994:5).Chemically,strawiscomposedmainlyofcellulose,hemicelluloseandligninvery similartowood,yetcontainshigheramountsofsilica(Eisenberg,1998). Many of the rst bale buildings were constructed from what was abundantly available within the local area: baled meadow or prairie grass (Marks, L.R., 2005) According to the research done by Carol Atkinson (Energy Assessment of Straw Bale Buildings, 2008) straw bale buildingswererstconstructedinthelate1800sintheUSAasaresultofthe invent of the baling machines (Jones, 2002). A remake of an early 19th century home can be seen in Figure: A.9. The oldest bale house s ll standing in the Nebraska plains was built in 1903 (King, 2006) and the oldest European straw bale house was built in France in 1921 (Steen, 2000).TherststrawbalebuildingintheUKwasbuiltin1994andthere arenowover yofthem18.Oneofthelatestbuildingsbuiltwithstraw baleistheSwordersauc onrooms,Essex,2008[Fig:A.10]

Figure A.9: Re-make of an early 19th century strawbale home. Now an exhibit at a historical tourist a rac on, which informs its visitors of the lifestyles, homes, and work of the eras homesteaders.

Figure A.10: Sworders auc on rooms, Stansted Moun itchet, Essex a single-storey 1100 m building, constructed in 2008 using straw bale wallconstruc on.
Source:BREpublica on:StrawBale

ThismaterialanditsprecedentstudyisadaptedfromthereportLocalTechniquessubmi edin May12attheAAschool.Itwasproducedbytheauthorandhispeers. Source:Barros,J.L.etal.(2012).LocalTechniques.AASchool

137

FigureA.11:ThermalywheelofSMS(SparMembraneSystem)wall.
Source:h p://www.integratedstructures.com/sms/sustainability.html

ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFSTRAWBALEASBUILDINGMATERIAL ADVANTAGES

Avoidsthermalbridgingandprovidesgoodair ghtnesswithsimpledetailing. Goodinsula onquali es Lightweightmaterialwithsimpleconstruc ondetailsandprocesses. Lightweightreducesloadonfounda ons,reducingtheneedformaterialswithhighembodiedenergy(egconcrete) Low-costrenewablematerial,widelyavailablefromlocalsources,thatstorescarbonthroughoutitslife. Simplebuildingskillssuitedtoself-buildandcommunityprojects Suitableforinsituandprefabricatedapproaches Vapour-permeableconstruc onenvelope

DISADVANTAGES Asanagriculturalco-product,inconsistentproper es(egdimensions,densityandmoisturecontent)canbeproblema cduringconstruc on. Detailsrestrictedbyneedtoprotectthestrawfromwateringress;carefuldetailingneededforexposedareas Limitedtorela velylightweightxings Limitedwaterresilience(givingrisetoconcernsoverooddamage)andproblemsforrepairifwaterdamaged (especiallyloadbearingwalls). Requiresshelterbeforenishescanbeapplied Suitabilityofrenderedexternalnisheslimitsapplica oninsomeareas Uselimitedtoabovedamp-proofcourseorequivalentlevel

TYPICALPROPERTIESOFSTRAWBALE

Minimumrecommendedbaledrydensity:110-130kg/m Thermalconduc vity:0.055-0.065W/mK(density110-130kg/m) Recommendedini almoisturecontent:10-16% Recommendedmaximumin-servicemoisturecontent:normallynottoexceed20-25%. 138

 BUILTPRECEDENTSTRAWBALECABINEASTYORKSHIRE

Construc onJune2006toMarch2007 Temperatureandrela vehumiditymonitoringFebruary2007 January2008 Conduc vityofStrawBale:0.06W/mK UvalueofWall:0.123W/mK Temperatureinsidethestrawbalecabinisgreatlydampenedcomparedtooutsidediurnaltemp.swings[Fig:A.15].However,itisnot clearwhetherthisisdueto:

Ahighlevelofinsula on Verythickwalls(525mm), ThermalMass(25mm)providedbyclayplaster Acombina onofalloftheabove

FigureA.12:Plan(Dimension4mx10m)

LimePlasterontheCabinsexteriorhasahighvolumespecicheat capacity[Fig.A.13].Ithelpstokeepthebuildingcoolinsummerby absorbingheatduringthedaythenreleasingittothecoolnightair.

FigureA.16:Graph showing energy embodied in the

wallsoftheStrawBaleCabinandtheenergythatwould have been embodied if the walls had been made of conven onalproducts.

FigureA.13:Acrosssec onthroughthecompletedstrawbalewall(nottoscale). TableT2:Energyembodiedinthestrawwallsof theStrawBaleCabin

Rela vehumiditybetween40-70%isgoodforthehumanhealthashumidity levelbeloworaboveacceleratesbacteriaintheair,mouldgrowth,etc. (Minke,G.,2009).Clayplasteronstrawbalewalls(inside)appearstoregulate indoorhumiditylevelstoprovideahealthyindoorenvironment[Fig.A.14]

FigureA.14:Rela vehumidityrecordedattheStrawBaleCabinbetween 11:25amon21stSeptember2007and thesame meon21stDecember2007.

FigureA.15:Temperatureinsidethe unoccupiedStrawBaleCabin(blueline) andoutsidetheCabin(pinkline)on8th and9thAugust2007 Figure A.18: Graph showing energy embodied in the walls of the Straw Bale Cabin and the energy that would have been embodied if the walls had been madeofconven onalproducts.

DATAFrom: Atkinson,C.2008.EnergyAssessmentofaStrawBaleBuilding.UniversityofEastLondon.

139

5.3THERAUCHHOUSE[Fig.A.21]
ThehouseislocatedinCentralEuropeina villagecalledtheShlins, Austria. The dwelling is made up of three storeys - the two upper oors are the living rooms and bedrooms whilst the ground oor is the entrance and storageroomsrespec vely.Itismainlybuiltbyusingearthentechniquesfor the walls, oors, roofs and plastering whilst the furnitures and nishes are madeupofclayandearthmaterials. ENVIRONMENTALFEATURES Embodied energy of the house was signicantly reduced by using FigureA.21:RauchHouse Source:Mar nRauch natural materials. Furthermore, the preven on from using plas c, silicones orsynthe caddi veswastoavoidanyindoorairpollu on.

FigureA.22:RauchHouse Source:Mar nRauch FigureA.19:EmbodiedEnergyComparison Source:Kapnger,O,Simon,A(2011).

Internally, the wood used for oors originated from woods within this locality reducing transpor ng distances. In addi on, the use of earthen materials helped to improve the thermal comfort of the house in comparison to conven onal materials. This advantage is in the materials ability to regulate internal air temperatures and humidity voiding any large uctuaonsbetweendayandnighttemperatures[FigA.20].
FigureA.23:InteriorofRauchHouse Source:BoltshauserArchitektenandBuhler.B
(Photographer)(2013)

FigureA.20:Thermalmass;Rauchhousethermalperformance,summerweek Source:Kapnger,O,Simon,A(2011).

FigureA.24:ExteriorRammedEarth Source:BoltshauserArchitektenandBuhler.B
(Photographer)(2013)

140

 The signicance was enhanced by adding 30mm earth plaster onto theinteriorwallsofthedwellingwithoutpain ngasthiswouldhavehindered the earths hygroscopic eect. Through this the regula on of humidity was reduced to a range of 40% to 60% [Fig A.25]. The combina on of dierent localmaterialsandearthmaterialsinthebuildingenvelopewasalsoaccounted for resul ng in U values of around 0.3 W/m2k for walls and 0.1 w/m2k for theroofasshowninFigureA.26.

FigureA.25:Hygricmass;Rauchhouserela vehumidity,summerweek.
Source:Kapnger,O,Simon,A(2011)

FigureA.26:Earthenmaterialsapplicabilityonhousingenvelope.
Source:AdaptedfromKapnger,O,Simon,A(2011). ThismaterialanditsprecedentstudyisadaptedfromthereportLocalTechniquessubmi edin May12attheAAschool.Itwasproducedbytheauthorandhispeers. Source:Barros,J.L.etal.(2012).LocalTechniques.AASchool

141

FINDINGSANDCONCLUSIONS
Embodied energy of the house was significantly reduced by using naturalmaterials. The prevention from using plastic, silicones or synthetic additives was toavoidanyindoorairpollution. Materialswereextractedlocallyreducingtransportingcostsandcarbon emissions. Rammed earth has the ability to regulate temperature withininternal spaces limiting diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the day andnight. Humiditylevelsarekeptwithinaconstantrangeof40%to60%within the internal spaces due to the rammed earth with less respect to the external environmental conditions in comparison to conventional con structionmaterialswherebyfluctuationsarestillpresent. Resulting U values due to the thickness and combinations of earthen construction materials led to the good thermal performance of the buildingenvelope.

142

143

144

APPENDIX B
LIGHTINGLEVELS FormulaE=Ein/(102XD.F.) Source:Robinson,D.(2003).ClimateasaPre-designTool where: E=Thresholdexternalilluminance Ein=Indoordesignilluminance D.F.=Averagedaylightfactoraimortoachieve ThereforeforEin=300luxandD,F.2.5 E=12Klux

CLIMATIC ANALYSIS

FigureB.1:Frequencyandcumula vefrequencyofwindspeeds
Source:Climpro.DatafromMeteonormv6.1.

Hoursofoccurrence

Cumula veHoursofoccurrence

FigureB.2:FrequencyofGlobalHorizontalSolarIrradiance
Source:Climpro.WeatherdatafromMeteonormv6.1.

FigureB.3:Frequencyofairtemperatureswings
Source:Climpro.WeatherdatafromMeteonormv6.1.

145

 ANNUALDAILYAVERAGEOFGLOBALHORIZONTALIRRADIANCE(GHI)

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

Source:SolarEnergyCentre,Na onalRenewableEnergyLaboratory

146

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

Source:SolarEnergyCentre,Na onalRenewableEnergyLaboratory

147

148

APPENDIX C

COMFORT BAND AND PASSIVE STRATEGIES

COMFORTBANDCALCULATION[FigureC.1&Tablet3]
Tc=17.6+0.38To(ReferenceNicoletal.1996) MaxTc=29.5C Min.Tc=22.0C

Result

Adap vecomfortrange:3.5K MaxTCH=33.0CMinTCL=18.5C

TableT3:Thermalneutralityandthermalupperandlowerlimit.(Adap verange3.5K).

Result-

Ta Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec (C)
13.1 17 23 29.3 33 32.6 31.2 30.2 29.2 25.5 19.9 14.4

TadminTadmax (C)
8.1 11.3 16.9 22.3 27.1 27.7 28.0 27.1 25.0 20.1 13.2 8.8

Tc (C)
22.0 23.5 25.7 28.1 29.5 29.4 28.9 28.5 28.1 26.7 24.6 22.5

TCL (C)
18.5 20.0 22.2 24.6 26.0 25.9 25.4 25.0 24.6 23.2 21.1 19.0

TCH (C)
25.5 27.0 29.2 31.6 33.0 32.9 32.4 32.0 31.6 30.2 28.1 26.0

(C)
18.9 23.3 29.8 35.8 39.1 36.7 34.8 33.6 32.9 31.6 27.0 21.3

TaMeanoutdoorairtemperature TadminAveragedailymin.airtemperature TadmaxAveragedailymax.airtemperatureTcThermalcomfortneutraltemperature TCLThermalcomfortlowerlimit TCHThermalcomfortupperlimit

50 45 40 35 30

TemperatureC

25 20 15 10 5 0

Jan

Feb Ta

Mar

Apr Tamin

May

Jun Tamax

Jul

Aug Tc

Sep

Oct TCL

Nov

Dec

TCH

FigureC.1:Preliminarycalcula onsofcomfortband(3..5K).

149

150

APPENDIX D
FIELDWORK
ANSWERSTOTHEINTERVIEWQUESTIONNAIRECONDUCTEDBYAUTHORWITHAR.REVATHIKAMATHON7THJULY12.

Source:Author

151

Source:Author

152

Source:Author

153

 ANSWERSTOTHEINTERVIEWQUESTIONNAIRECONDUCTEDBYAUTHORWITHMR.DHUNASALION10THJULY12. DUETOISSUEWITHLANGUAGEANDFAILURETOUNDERSTANDCERTAINQUESTIONSBYOCCUPANT,SOMEOF THEMREMAINUNANSWERED.

154

Source:Author

155

Source:Author

156

157

158

APPENDIX E
ANALYTICAL WORK TASMODELS

FigureE.1:ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(2%WFR) Source:EDSLTAS

FigureE.2:ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(10%WFR) Source:EDSLTAS

FigureE.3:ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(Addi onalSmallOpenings) Source:EDSLTAS

FigureE.4:ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(RoofTopOpening) Source:EDSLTAS

FigureE.5:ViewofmodelinEDSLTAS(0.5mUndergroundand1m highwallaroundexceptatwindowopenings) Source:EDSLTAS

FigureE.6:Solargainduringsummerandmonsoonseasonwithdierentwindowtooorra o.
Source:RadianceusingEcotectv2011.

159


TableT4:Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33CduringsummerandmonsoonDayandNight.

Source:A erEDSLTAS

FigureE.7:Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringsummerdayforvariousinterven ons.
Source:EDSLTAS

FigureE.8:Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringsummernightforvariousinterven ons.
Source:EDSLTAS

FigureE.9:Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringmonsoondayforvariousinterven ons.
Source:EDSLTAS

FigureE.10:Graphshowingno.ofhourstheindoortemp.isabove33Cduringmonsoonnightforvariousinterven ons.
Source:EDSLTAS

160

INTERVENTIONSTOBASECASEINORDER
A B C D E F G H I J Jb Jc Eectonindoortemperaturesinthesummerandmonsoonseasoncanbeseenon thenextpage. I+Thatchroofover les(nowhitepaintandnoinsula on) I+Thatchroof(minuswhitepaintandnoinsula on) I+Tilespaintedwhite(minusinsula on) H+Pu ngstructure0.5mundergroundandcrea ngabermallaround exceptatopenings.(earthsheltering) G+Pain ngtheroofandwallswhite F+Crea ngcircularopeningintheroofmeasuring0.60m. E+Crea ngsmallopeningmeasuring0.15mx0.15m(15inno.)onthe envelope. D+Increasingwindowtooorra oto10%fromcurrent2% C+Adding50mmMineralWoolInsula ontotherooffrominside. B+OpeningdoorsduringnighttoprovideNTV A+AddingglazingtoopeningswithNightTimeVen la onSchedule(NTV) NewCSEBBhungawithTiledRoof(BaseCase)

161

FigureE.11:Graphshowingeectonindoortemperatureswithseveralinterven ons(Cumula ve)insummerseason

Source:EDSLTAS

162

FigureE.12:Graphshowingeectonindoortemperatureswithseveralinterven ons(Cumula ve)inmonsoonseason.

163

Source:EDSLTAS

MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS
TableT5:DetailsofCSEBblocksusedintheTASmodel.

TableT6:DetailsofcementrenderingusedintheModel.

Source:EDSLTAS

Source:EDSLTAS

TableT7:DetailsofdoorusedintheTASmodel.

TableT8:DetailsofglazingusedintheTASmodel.

Source:EDSLTAS

Source:EDSLTAS

TableT9:DetailsofmudwallsusedinTASModel.

TableT10:DetailsofthatchroofusedintheTASModel.

Source:EDSLTAS

Source:EDSLTAS

164

TableT11:Detailsofceramic leusedintheTASModel

TableT12:Detailsofstoneplinthusedinthemodel

Source:EDSLTAS

Source:EDSLTAS

SCHEDULES
TableT13:24hourschedule TableT14:NTVschedule TableT15:Fanschedule TableT16:Lightschedule

Source:EDSLTAS

Source:EDSLTAS

Source:EDSLTAS

Source:EDSLTAS

INTERNALCONDITIONS
TableT17:Detailsofinternalcondi onsusedintheTASmodel

Source:EDSLTAS

165

 SHADINGSTUDY ShadingstudywascarriedoutusingAutodeskEcotectv2011fortwowindowsizes(0.30x0.30mand0.70x0.70 m)Currentroofoverhangis0.45mwhichprovestobesucientinblockingthehighanglesuninthesummermonthsand allowingthelowanglesuninwintersinbothwindowsizes.Theseresultsallowmodica onstobemadetothewindow size(abovethecurrentsillheightonly).

6:00AM

9:00AM

12:00PM

3:00PM

6:00PM

FigureE.13:Shadingonsouthfaade(2%WFR)producedby0.45mroofextensiononSummerSols ce(21stJune)
Source:AutodeskEcotectv2011

6:00AM

9:00AM

12:00PM

3:00PM

6:00PM

FigureE.14:Shadingonsouthfaade(2%WFR)producedby0.45mroofextensiononWinterSols ce(22ndDecember)
Source:AutodeskEcotectv2011

166

6:00AM

9:00AM

12:00PM

3:00PM

6:00PM

FigureE.15:Shadingonsouthfaade(10%WFR)producedby0.45mroofextensiononSummerSols ce(21stJune)
Source:AutodeskEcotectv2011

6:00AM

9:00AM

12:00PM

3:00PM

6:00PM

FigureE.16:Shadingonsouthfaade(10%WFR)producedby0.45mroofextensiononWinterSols ce(22ndDecember)
Source:AutodeskEcotectv2011

167