HES5340 Fluid Mechanics 2

Dr. Basil TL Wong

Faculty of Engineering, Computing & Science Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus

Surface Resistance
Part II

Fully Developed Flow between Parallel Plates Using the Navier-Stokes Equations

Navier-Stokes Equations without Body Forces

( u ) ( v ) ( w ) + + + = Continuity: 0 t x y z

( u ) ( u + x-momentum: t x

) + ( uv ) + ( uw) = p +
y z x
2

( v ) ( uv ) ( v + + y-momentum: t x y

) + ( vw) = p +
z y

1 xx xy xz + + Re x y z 1 xy yy yz + + y z Re x

2 ( w ) ( uw ) ( vw ) ( w ) p 1 xz yz zz z-momentum: + + + = + + + t x y z z Re x y z

( ET ) ( uET ) ( vET ) ( wET ) ( up ) ( vp ) ( wp ) Energy: + + + = t x y z x y z 1 qx q y qz + + Re Pr x y z 1 u v w u v w u v w + + + + + + + + + ( ) ( ) ( ) xx xy xz xy yy yz xz yz zz Re y z x +

Fully Developed Flow between Parallel Plates Using the Navier-Stokes Equations
The governing equation for laminar flow over a surface can also be derived using the Navier-Stokes equations. Introduce the new variables x is the coordinate in the direction of flow (same as s) and y perpendicular to the plates.
x

Fully Developed Flow between Parallel Plates Using the Navier-Stokes Equations
The flow field is fully developed, so the derivatives

v =0 x
Also the flow is steady, so

u =0 x u =0 t

v =0 t

The components of the gravity force are

x -direction g sin y -direction g cos

The continuity equation is Therefore

v = 0 v = constant v = 0 y

u v 0 + = x y

Continuity equation is automatically satisfied!

Fully Developed Flow between Parallel Plates Using the Navier-Stokes Equations
Momentum equation in the y direction is
2 p 2 v ) g cos v u v v v ( v y 2 y x t y x 2

As v is zero everywhere, there is no acceleration of the fluid in the y direction and equation reduces to p = g cos y By integrating last equation we can get

p = yg cos + p y =0 ( x)
where py=0(x) is the pressure distribution along the lower wall. We can see that pressure is decreasing with the elevation in the duct. We can rewrite this equation as p + z = p y =0 ( x) where y cos = z

Fully Developed Flow between Parallel Plates Using the Navier-Stokes Equations
The gradient of pressure in the x direction is Momentum equation in the x direction is
u p 2u 2u u u = + ( 2 + 2 ) + g sin + u + v y y x x x t
p dp y =0 dp = = dx dx x

For steady, fully developed flow all the terms in the left-hand side of the equation equal zero and the equation becomes 2 p u pg sin = 2 x y As u is a function of y and p / x is function of x only we can dp d 2u rewrite this equation in this form g sin = 2 dx dy dz As the slope is sin = dx d d 2u We can rewrite the last equation as ( p + z ) = 2 dx dy

Fully Developed Flow between Parallel Plates Using the Navier-Stokes Equations

From N-S Equations

d p z d 2u dx dy 2

From Simple d u 1 d = ( p + z ) 2 Force Balance dy ds

Surface Resistance
Boundary Layer

Surface Resistance
Solution of Laminar Boundary Layer by Blasius

Surface Resistance
Turbulent Velocity Profile

Turbulent Boundary Layer

Turbulent Boundary Layer

Surface Resistance
Shear Stress at Turbulent Region

Boundary Layer

Boundary Layer