CE 384 DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES

Chapter 2 BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Main Reference: "Steel Structures", Fourth Edition William T. Segui

Prof. Dr. Nesrin YARDIMCI TRYAKOLU

2.1 INTODUCTION
A steel structure may be considered to be an assemblage of various members that must be fastened together to make the finished product (Connections and splices). If the necessary connections are inadequate, the result could be collapse. At the beginning riveting was the accepted method used for connecting the members of steel structures. For the last few decades bolting and welding used for making structural steel connections. Selection of type of fasteners involves many factors, including requirements of local building codes.

 Ordinary bolts are economical for small static loads and for secondary elements (purlins, girts, bracing, etc.). Bolting of steel structures is very rapid field erection process and requires less skilled labour than riveting and welding. For bolted connections it is possible to alter or disassemble the structures and changes in connections are quite simple. High-strength bolts and welds are used for fatigue loading. Bolting is satisfactory for fieldwork. To use welds for very thick members requires extra care, and bolted connections may be used instead.

Types of bolts
Ordinary or common bolts: Easy to turn and need less turning space. Used in structures subjected to static loads and for secondary members. (Machine bolts and unfinished bolts.) High strength bolts: Tensile strength is two or more times greater than ordinary bolts. Used for all types of structures. (Pre-tension and high strength bolts.)

Hole types

 Common bolts : 4.6; 5.6; 6.8 High strength bolts: 8.8; 10.9 Mechanical Bolt type Fyb (N/mm2) Fub (N/mm2) properties of bolts 4.6 5.6 6.8 240 300 480 400 500 600

8.8 640 800

10.9 900 1000

Fub : Tensile strength Fyb : Yield stress ; 5= Fub /100 ; 6=10(Fyb / Fub)

Bolts M12, M16, M20, M24, M30, M36

d: Bolt diameter M12~M14 : d=(12~14)mm M16~M24 : d=(16~24)mm M 27 : d=27mm M12~M14 : d=(12~14)mm M16~M24 : d=(16~24)mm M 27 : d=27mm h: Standard hole diameters h=d+1mm h=d+2mm h=d+3mm h=d+1mm h=d+2mm h=d+3mm

Load transfer of bolts

Bolt is required to prevent the movement of connected material in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the bolt. Bolt in single shear The bolt has a tendency to shear off along the single contact plane.

Bolt in double shear There are two contact planes. Plates slip in the direction of applied force until they bear against the bolt (Bearing type of connection).

Bolts may be transmit the load in shear but if the material is not capable of transmitting the loads into bolts the connection fails.

Types of joints
The lap joint : The simplest form but not commonly used because of the tendency to deform Centre of gravity of the members are not in line. This causes bending in the connection. Used only for minor connections. Should be design with at least two fasteners in each line parallel to the length of the member.

The butt joint: More common type, may be used for tension member splices. Total shearing force is split into two parts; bolts are in double shear; the load-carrying ability twice as great as single shear connections. A more symmetrical loading condition is provided.

Hangar connection In hanger type of connections, the effect of the prying action is to increase the tension in bolts and it should be considered in the calculations.
More than three members are being connected The bolts are in multiple shear. (Loads are tending to shear on four separate planes.) Shear failure can occur on four planes. tmin= (t1+ t3+ t5) or (t2+ t4)

2.2 FAILURE OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Failure Modes
Failure of fasteners Failure of parts being connected

Failure of fasteners (Shear connections)

Single shear : fv=P/Ab=P/(d2/4) and Double shear : fv=P/2Ab=P/(2(d2/4)) and fv : Average shearing stress Ab: Cross-sectional area of the fastener d : Diameter of the fastener P : Applied force on bolt

P=fvAb P=2fvAb

Other modes of failure in shear connections involve failure of the parts being connected:
1. Failure resulting from excessive tension, shear or bending in the parts being connected. Tension on gross area and on effective net area must be investigated. Block shear must be considered

2. Failure of connected part because of bearing exerted by the fasteners. For simplicity an average stress is used in computing the bearing stress Bearing stress: fp =P/(dtmin) Bearing load : P =fp dtmin tmin: Thickness of the part subjected to bearing

Failure Modes

2.3 SHEAR STRENGTH

Shear strength is dependent of the type of fasteners The shear load on one bolt is : P =mfvAb Nominal strength of one bolt is : Rn=mFnv Ab fv : Shearing stress Fnv: Nominal shear stress of bolt material Ab : Cross-sectional area of unthreaded part of the bolt m : Number of shear planes Fub: Tensile strength of bolt material For high strength bolts If the threads are not in the shear plane: Fnv =0.5 Fub If the threads are in the shear plane :Fnv =0.8 (0.5 Fub)=0.4 Fub For ordinary bolts: Fnv =0.4 Fub For ASD: Ra Rn / = Fnv Ab /2.00 Ra= Allowable strength; =Safety factor for bolts

Threads are in the shear plane

Threads are not in the shear plane

If

(n) is the number of the bolts in the connection, the total load carried by the bolts is (nP), the Nominal strength of the connection is (nRn), allowable load of the connection is (nRa) and nRa nRn /

2.4 BEARING STRENGTH, SPACING AND EDGE DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS

Bearing strength is independent of the type of fasteners A possible failure mode from excessive bearing is: Shear tear-out at the end of connected element 0.6Fu LC t Fu Rn/2=0.6FuLCt :Shear fracture stress of connected part :Clear distance from edge of hole to the connected part :Thickness of connected part :Ultimate tensile strength of the connected part

The nominal strength of one bolt is: Rn=1.2FuLCt 2.4dtFu For ASD : Ra Rn / b=2.00 Rn / = Rn / 2 s h Le 1.2FuLCt 2.4dtFu

: Center to center spacing of holes : Hole diameter : Edge distance to center of the hole

For the edge bolts Lc=Le-h/2 For other bolts Lc=s-h The bearing strength of the connection is the total of the bearing strength of each bolt.

Spacing and edge distance requirements

Minimum spacing and edge distances: s 3d Le 1.5d Maximum spacing and edge distances For corrosion protected elements s 24t or 305mm For non-protected elements s 14t or 180mm Le 12t or 150mm t=tmin d=bolt diameter

2.5 TENSILE STRENGTH

Rn=FubAn=Fub(0.75Ab) (An= 0.75Ab) Fub: Tensile strength of bolt material Ab : Gross area of one bolt

Rn=An Fub =Ab(0.75) Fub Fnt =0.75 Fub Rn=Ab Fnt

For ASD : b=2.00 Tensile strength : RaRn/

Tensile stress: Ft= Fnt/ = 0.75 Fub /2=0.375 Fub ftFt , ft= Ra/Ab Ft

Fv=Fnv / Ft=Fnt /

2.6 INSTALLATION OF HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS

As a nut is turned and advanced along the threads of a bolt, the connected parts undergo compression and bolt elongates. If an external load P is applied , a friction force will develope between the connected parts. The maximum value of this force is: F=N : Coefficient of static friction

As long as the static frictional force is not exceeded, there is no bearing or shear. If P>F slippage occurs
Calibrated wrench tightening Twist-of-type bolts Direct tension indicators Turn-of-the-nut method

2.7 SLIP-CRITICAL AND BEARING-TYPE CONNECTIONS

High strength bolts is classified as Slip-critical connection (No slippage-Friction force must not be exceeded) and Bearing-type connection (Slip is acceptable; shear and bearing occur) The nominal slip resistance of a bolt: Rn= Du hsc Tb Ns : Mean slip coefficient Du :1.13 hsc : Hole factor=1.0 (for standard holes) Tb : Minimum fastener tension Ns : Number of slip planes

Slip can be considered either a serviceability limit state or a strength limit state. Shear and bearing must also checked in slip critical connections.

Minimum fastener tension (kN) (8.8) (10.9) M16 91 114 M20 142 179 M22 176 221 M24 205 257 M27 267 334 M30 326 408 M36 475 595 Serviceability limit state: For ASD: =1.50 Strength limit state : For ASD: =1.76 For standard holes always =1.50

2.8 HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS IN TENSION

T=F+N

Prying action

2.9 COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION IN FASTENERS

Bearing type connections:
(ft / Ft)2 + (fv / Fv)2 = 1.0 ft : Required tensile strength (stress) Ft : Available tensile strength (stress) fv : Required shear strength (stress) Fv : Available shear strength (stress) (ft / Ft)2 + (fv / Fv)2 1.0

If three straight line segment curve is used:

(ft / Ft)2 + (fv / Fv)2 1.3 Required tensile strength: ft =1.3 Ft - (fv / Fv) Ft Available strength=Nominal strength /

Fnt=Nominal tensile stress in the presence of shear Fnt=Nominal tensile stress in the absence of shear Fnv=Nominal shear stress in the absence of tension fv : Required shear stress Fnt must not exceed Fnt and fv must not exceed Fnv The nominal tensile strength is: Rn=Fnt Ab Fnt ' Fnt 1.3Fnt f v Fnt 2.00 Fnv

Slip-critical connections: In the slip-critical connections interaction of shear and tension need to be investigated. A reduction is made by multiplying the slipcritical strength by a factor ks :

ks

Ta 1 D u Tb N b

Ta= Service tensile load on the connection Du =1.13 Tb = Minimum fastener tension Nb =Number of bolts

Analysis of bolted connections loaded in both shear and tension can be summarized as follows: Bearing type connections: Check shear and bearing against the usual strengths Check tension against the reduced tensile strength Slip-critical connections: Check tension, shear and bearing against the usual strengths Check the slip-critical load against the reduced slip-critical strength

2.10 ECCENTRIC BOLTED CONNECTIONS

2.10.1 SHEAR ONLY

Pe Md J dis tan ce. from .centroid polar.moment.of .inertia Ad 2 Md A d2 pm Af v Md d2 A d2

Elastic Analysis

fv d J J

A bolt .area fv

Shear. force .in.each. fastener px pcx ...and... pcy n d2 x2 y2 pmx p y pm d px

2

py n Mx x2 y2

px py

pcx pcy

pmx pmy

My ....and.... pmy 2 2 x y py
2

2.10.2 SHEAR+TENSION