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UNIT 10 Air Operation Areas Safety Management 199

Unit 10 Notes
__________________
__________________
Air Operation Areas __________________

Safety Management __________________

__________________
__________________

Objectives __________________
__________________
After reading this unit, you will be able to:
__________________
y Understand various Groups of Airside
__________________
y Know about FOD
y Know about de-icing
y Understand Guidelines for Air-traffic Controllers
y Understand Basic Concept of SMS

Airport Operations are complex and diverse, with hazards

and their severity varying by the type of operation.
Accordingly the functional areas of air side can be divided
under the following groups;

l Ramp operations

l Hangars and maintenance shops

l Runway incursions

l Specialized services

v Aviation Fuel Handling

v Aircraft Rescue and Fire fighting (ARFF)

v De-icing (Mostly for European & US Airports)

Ramp operations
The ramp area (Apron) is generally designed for the aircraft,
and not for the vehicles that service and/or operate in the
proximity of the aircraft. On the other hand, the ramp area
sees a diverse collection of high placed activities that involve
aircraft, vehicles and individuals working in close proximity
to one another. This may include activities such as;
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Notes l Aircraft ground handling like taxiing, towing, chocking,

__________________ parking, mooring etc.
__________________
l Refuelling
__________________
__________________ l Aircraft servicing-catering, cleaning, food service
__________________ l Baggage and cargo handling
__________________
l Ground Power supply
__________________
__________________ l Routine checks and maintenance
__________________
Individuals engaged in above activities are exposed to several
__________________
of the occupational hazards like cuts from protruding aircraft
parts, slips, trips, falls, strains from baggage handling,
exposure to hazardous materials like aircraft fuel, hydraulic
fluids, hot oil, high pressure air, electrical hazards, aircraft
noise from engines etc. Accordingly suitable precautions are
to be taken.

Air side Vehicle Operation

A number of incidents take place involving collision of vehicle
with aircraft or with another vehicle. At the busy airports
separate vehicular lanes are drawn for movement of the
vehicles. Similarly yellow lines are drawn and no vehicle is
permitted to cross this line. While plying on the operational
area and while close to an aircraft, all vehicles are required
to move with slow speed.

In addition to watching for moving aircraft, the vehicles are

also required to be careful not to get too close to a parked
aircraft, to prevent collision with the aircraft, and also to
avoid the problem of jet blast or prop wash. There have been
several cases where vehicles have been overturned by jet
blast.

When driving near navigational aids, the vehicles are to stay

out of the protected areas around them to avoid interfering
with their signals.

At "controlled" airports whenever the Control tower is

operating, the vehicles must get permission from the
controller to be on the runway or taxiways, their associated
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UNIT 10 Air Operation Areas Safety Management 201
safety areas, or any other part of the movement area by radio Notes
or with advanced coordination with ATC. __________________
__________________
Night Driving or Bad Weather Driving
__________________
Extra precautions have to be taken by vehicle drivers for __________________
driving at night or in bad weather. They should be driven __________________
with slow speed and with care. __________________

Under winter conditions, signs and marking may be obscured __________________

due fog. Caution has to be taken as there may be extra risks __________________
present. __________________
__________________
Foreign Object Damage (FOD)
FOD or Foreign Object Damage is caused due to ingestion of
loose objects by aircraft engines, or due to hitting of such
material with the aircraft. Trash or rocks sucked into a jet
engine can shred parts of the engine in seconds. A rock caught
by a propeller can damage the propeller, as well as become a
deadly projectile. It should be made sure that all trash is
put in a covered container that won't be blown over. Also all
loose trash, rocks, pebbles, nails, bolts, or pieces of metal
near aircraft movement areas should be picked up and
removed. Also anything that could cause FOD or puncture
tires should be picked up and tracking mud and rocks onto
the pavement surfaces should be avoided.

Aviation Fuel Handling

Fuel handling is an important safety issue not only to fuel
handlers but also to other airport personnel, passengers, and
to the operations of the aircraft. Failure to adhere to safe
operating procedures during refuelling of the aircraft, or
transporting the fuel from one location to other, may result
into major disasters.

A few vulnerable areas concerning the fuel handling are

health hazards to refuellers, Fuel contaminations, explosions
and fires due fuel, hazards from spill etc. Thus strict
precautions are to be taken by the concerned officials in order
to avoid such incidents. As aircraft fuel is highly flammable,
strict precautions are to be taken not to use ignition system
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Notes (Like starting of vehicles) and not to use even RT (Radio

__________________ Transmitter) as it may create fire. Electrical equipment
__________________ should be earthed properly.
__________________
__________________
De-icing
__________________ The problem of de-icing occurs mainly at US or European
__________________ airports, and at places where temperature goes normally
__________________ below freezing point.
__________________ Presence of ice and snow on the control surfaces, airfoil and
__________________ sensor surfaces can create serious problems for the aircraft
__________________ operations, and hence the same has to be removed before
the take off of the aircraft, by the spray of de-icing fluid. The
fluid should be used with care failing which, it may cause
damage to sensitive aircraft controls like angle of attack
sensors, pitot & static sensors, engines etc. It is also
hazardous for the health of personnel.

Runway Incursions
A runway Incursion is defined as an occurrence at an
aerodrome involving the incorrect or unauthorized presence
of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a
surface, designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

A large number of cases of runway incursions take place at

many airports in some form or the other. There are many
reasons for occurrence of runway Incursions. Main reasons
can be divided into the following groups;

l Operational Error: This is due to failure of ATC system

l Pilot Error: This is due to violation of flight procedure

or incorrect procedure by the pilot.

l Vehicle/ Pedestrian Mistake: Due to unauthorized or

faulty entry or movement of any vehicle or person on
the active runway.

l Miscellaneous: Due to any reason not covered under any

of the above mentioned groups (e.g. due equipment
failure).
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UNIT 10 Air Operation Areas Safety Management 203
Runway incursion prevention programme involves 4 groups Notes
of persons/services. __________________
__________________
1. Pilots of aircraft.
__________________
2. Drivers of vehicle /Pedestrians/Personal working at the __________________
airports. __________________

3. Aerodrome owner/operator. __________________

__________________
4. Air Traffic Controllers.
__________________
Miscommunication between controller and pilot, improper __________________
use of ICAO phraseology, read back and hear back error, __________________
lack of knowledge of the operational area by airport staff
engaged in different airport operations were found to be the
contributory factors.

In order to avoid Runway incursion causing safety hazard

which may eventfully lead to serious incident/accident DGCA
has issued guidelines in the form of Aeronautical Information
Circular No. 06 of 2006, Dt 14th Oct 2006, to be observed by
all concerned while operating at Indian Airports. Extracts
from AIC 06/2006 are given below. Complete AIC is enclosed
as Appendix.

Extracts from AIC 06/2006

I. Guidelines for Pilots:
Detailed investigations of runway incursions have identified
three major areas where pilots can help.

l Communications

l Airport knowledge

l Cockpit procedures for maintaining orientation.

1. Communications: Effective pilot/controller

communications are key to safe surface operations. Clear
understanding of instructions should never be
compromised, especially during busy times when the
frequency is congested.

a) Listen before you transmit.

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Notes b) If able, monitor RT communication to have mental

__________________ picture of Airport activity.
__________________
c) Keep communications with the controller clear and
__________________
concise.
__________________
__________________ d) Ensure you understand all instructions. Never
assume.
__________________
__________________ e) Read back runway hold short instructions verbatim.
__________________
2. Airport knowledge: Ground operations can be the most
__________________
demanding and complex phase of the flight.
__________________
a) Review airport diagrams before taxing or landing.

b) Keep the airport diagrams including taxi routings

readily available.

c) Be alert to airport vehicle and pedestrian activity.

d) Maintain situational awareness of proximity to

Runway at all times.

e) Comply with Holding Point markings/signage

3. Cockpit procedures: Pilots can use proven and

effective procedures in the cockpit to help conduct safe
operations on the ground and during take-off and
landing.

a) Avoid unnecessary conversation, during

movements, takeoff, and landing.

b) Constantly scan outside the cockpit, especially

when on runways.

c) If lost notify Air Traffic Control immediately.

d) Make your aircraft visible by proper use of aircraft

lights.

e) If unfamiliar with the airport do not hesitate to

request progressive taxi instructions.

f) Insure proper radio telephony operation and check

audio panel, volume control and squelch settings.
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UNIT 10 Air Operation Areas Safety Management 205
4. Stay alert especially when visibility is low: Extra Notes
vigilance is required when visibility decreases and the __________________
ability for pilots and controllers to maintain desired __________________
level of situational awareness becomes significantly __________________
more difficult. __________________

5. Report confusing or deteriorating surface __________________

markings and signs: Report confusing or deteriorating __________________
surface markings and signs and inaccurate airport __________________
diagrams to the tower or airport manager. __________________
__________________
II. Guidelines applicable to Airport owners/ Operators and
Airside vehicle Drivers: __________________

1. The term ground aids commonly refers to Aerodrome

Signs, Markings, Lightings and any other appearance
or object that is utilized to help guide the users of the
Airport.

2. It is important to emphasize that effective and consistent

training in the use of aerodrome ground aids is crucial
in reducing the runway incursion problem. It is
therefore important that all personnel having access to
aerodrome operational areas and aerodrome ground
aids undergo training in correct interpretation of
information provided by signs markings and lightings.
The training programme should be well coordinated and
should make ample use of SARPS and guidance material
as outlined in Annex 14 and associated technical
manuals. A runway includes a runway strip, it is not
just the pavement surface, but includes grass/gravel
areas. Edge of the strip is marked, which needs to be
always followed.

3. One of the primary causes of runway incursion is the

lack of familiarization with the aerodrome lay out, it is
important for the ground vehicle drivers to have on sight
training experience in getting to know the aerodrome
signs, markings and lighting. Maintain situational
awareness of proximity to Runway at all times

4. All operations by vehicles on the runways or taxiways

require individual authorization from control tower,
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Notes even for pass holders in each individual case.

__________________
5. Pilots of aircraft and vehicles operating on or near the
__________________
runway are expected to keep watch for light or other
__________________
signals that might be issued from control tower
__________________ according to local procedures. Radio equipped aircraft
__________________ and vehicles should maintain continuous listening watch
__________________ on Tower or Ground Control frequencies.
__________________
6. Faded signs and incorrectly placed signs often lead to
__________________
runway incursion. Frequent and random inspection shall
__________________ be carried out to prevent the above.
__________________
7. Deficiency in the aerodrome marking and visual aids
often lead to runway incursion.

8. All runway markings are white. This is to differentiate

them from taxiway markings.

9. Equip all airside vehicles with ICAO compliant

markings and lighting.

10. Provide airside escort vehicle to, vehicles/ aircraft

unfamiliar with aerodrome layout/ procedure.

11. Runway side strip markings shall always be provided

for precision approach runway.

12. All taxiway markings are yellow to differentiate them

from runway markings.

13. Runway holding position marking shall be in yellow

colour.

14. Aerodrome signs are divided in to mandatory instruction

signs and information signs.

15. Mandatory instruction signs are made in red background

with white inscriptions. Aircraft and vehicles are not
allowed to proceed beyond these points unless
specifically authorized by control tower. These include
runway designation sign, runway holding position sign,
no entry sign and road holding position sign.

16. Information signs are made of combination of yellow and

black colours. Information sign includes location signs,
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UNIT 10 Air Operation Areas Safety Management 207
destination signs and direction signs. Location sign is Notes
in black background with yellow inscription and when __________________
it is stand-alone will have yellow border. All other __________________
information signs will have black inscription on yellow __________________
background. __________________

17. A location sign shall be provided in conjunction with a __________________

direction sign except it may be omitted when __________________
aeronautical studies indicate that it is not needed. __________________
__________________
18. Aerodrome lights include the stop bar lights or runway
guard lights. All traffic shall stop and hold at all lit stop __________________

bars and only proceed when specifically authorized by __________________

aerodrome control tower.

III. Guidelines for Air Traffic Controllers:

1. Apply existing ICAO standards and recommended
practices and procedures.

2. Vehicles and aircraft shall not be permitted to hold

closer to the runway than the applicable runway holding
positions.

3. Do not use conditional phrases such as: - "behind landing

aircraft" or "after departing aircraft" for movements
affecting active runways unless appropriate pilot or the
controller both see the aircraft concerned.

4. Controller shall listen to the read back of clearances

and instructions to enter, land on, take-off, hold short
of, cross and back-track on any runway whether active
or not to ascertain that the clearance or instruction has
been correctly acknowledged by the flight crew and shall
take immediate action to correct any discrepancy
revealed by the read back.

5. ROGER and WILCO do not constitute a read-back.

Correct read-backs are mandatory.

6. Controller shall listen to the read back instructions

carefully to avoid Read back and Hear back error i.e.
controller confirming instructions as right although it
is wrong.
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Notes 7. Be alert for similar call signs, change call signs

__________________ temporarily if required.
__________________
8. Avoid expectation bias i.e. hearing what is expected
__________________
instead of what is really said.
__________________
__________________ 9. In poor visibility conditions visual surveillance may be
augmented by Radar if available.
__________________
__________________ 10. If Surface Movement radar is either not provided or
__________________ unserviceable during low visibility operations, all
__________________ aircraft and vehicles must report having vacated active
__________________
runway. Also by having the aircraft report airborne, the
controller can be assured that the aircraft is no longer
on the active runway.

11. When a taxi clearance contains a taxi limit beyond a

runway, it shall contain an explicit clearance to either
"cross" or "hold short" of that runway.

12. To reduce the potential for misunderstanding, the take-

off clearance shall include the designator of the
departure runway.

13. If the control tower is unable to determine, either

visually or by Radar that a vacating or crossing aircraft
has cleared the runway, the aircraft shall be requested
to report when it has vacated the runway. The report
shall be made when the entire aircraft is beyond the
relevant runway holding position.

14. One of the reasons for misunderstanding due to

differences in FAA and ICAO phraseology has now been
done away with. The phrase "TAXI TO HOLDING
POINT RUNWAY 27" shall be used instead of TAXI TO
HOLDING POSITION".

All runway incursion incidents come under the category of

incidents and must be reported as per procedure established
for ATS incidents.

Safety Management System (SMS)

What's SMS, & Why it is needed?

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UNIT 10 Air Operation Areas Safety Management 209
No other transportation industry has a better safety record Notes
than aviation. And yet there is still always a need to improve __________________
it further. Technology helped a lot in the recent decades to __________________
maintain a more or less constant accident rate while __________________
passengers' numbers went up tremendously, but now a need __________________
is felt to sharpen the management skills so as to remain ultra-
__________________
safe in the future.
__________________
SMS, or Safety Management Systems, is exactly the right __________________
tool to achieve safety in aviation. It basically is a process __________________
where operators identify the hazards and associated safety- __________________
risks that are inherent in their individual operation and then
__________________
develop appropriate mitigation strategies.

SMS has two main purposes. The first is to reduce the safety-
risks for passengers, aircraft, personnel or property to a level
as low as reasonably practical. The second is to assist
managers with their constant dilemma between production
and protection: "is it a good idea to make an offer to that
customer who wants us to fly around unfamiliar mountainous
terrain in marginal weather or should we simply skip this
business opportunity?"

SMS is not just about investing in the improvement of an

already quite impressive safety record. It's also about saving
a lot more by managing the daily operations more safely and
more effectively using Quality Management principles. Of
course there is no "off-the-shelf" or "one-size-fits-all" system,
and some fine-tuning is needed in every organization
implementing SMS.

Advantages
First, it's not new: other major industries have implemented
SMS for decades and to revert to the "old days without SMS"
is simply unthinkable for them. They gained too much. The
best companies in business aviation have also been benefiting
from SMS for years, and they won't step back either.

Second, from a purely business point of view there's no

reason to wait to improve efficiency and reduce safety risks.
Implementing an SMS has a cost, but definitely less than
smashing a wing-tip in the hangar or less than refusing a
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Notes flight request because risks were not properly assessed and
__________________ mitigated (just to take rather "happy-ending" occurrences).
__________________
Third, ICAO demands it and the various civil aviation
__________________
authorities are preparing for it. The ICAO deadline for Air
__________________ Traffic Service providers and airports has already passed;
__________________ aircraft operators and maintenance organizations are the
__________________ next in line. ICAO has issued DOC 9859-AN/460 containing
__________________ the details of Safety Management System.
__________________
Safety Management Systems of ICAO-General Descrip-
__________________
tion
__________________
The scope of SMS encompasses most of the activities of the
organization. SMS must start from senior management, and
safety must be considered at levels of the organization. SMS
aims to make continuous improvement to the overall level of
safety. All aviation stakeholders have a role to play in SMS.
States are responsible for establishing a safety program.

SMS is inclusive of the following components;

l Safety regulation

l Safety oversight

l Accident/ incident investigation

l Mandatory/ voluntary reporting systems

l Safety data analysis

l Safety promotion

SMS Features
Systematic- Safety management activities are in accordance
with a pre-determined plan, and applied in a consistent
manner throughout the organization.

Proactive-An approach that emphasizes prevention,

through hazards identification and risk control and
mitigation measures, before events that affect safety occur.

Explicit- All Safety management activities are documented,

visible and performed independently from other
management activities.
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UNIT 10 Air Operation Areas Safety Management 211
Responsibilities of SMS Notes
__________________
l A Systematic approach to managing safety, including
__________________
the necessary organizational structures, policies and
__________________
procedures.
__________________
l Providers (operators, organizations-In our case AAI) are __________________
responsible for establishing an SMS.
__________________
l States (In our case DGCA) are responsible for the __________________
acceptance and oversight of providers SMS. __________________
__________________
It is also required by ICAO that the States shall establish a
safety programme, in order to achieve an acceptable level of __________________
safety in:

l The Operation of aircraft

l The maintenance of aircraft

l The Provision of air traffic services

l Aerodrome operations

The acceptable level of safety to be achieved shall be

established by the States concerned.

ICAO SMS Framework

1. Safety Policies & objectives

1.1 Management commitment and responsibility

1.2 Safety accountabilities of managers

1.3 Appointment of key safety personnel

1.4 SMS implementation plan

1.5 Documentation

2. Safety Hazard identification and risk management

2.1 Hazard identification processes

2.2 Risk assessment and mitigation processes

2.3 Internal safety investigations

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Notes 3. Safety Assurance

__________________
3.1 Safety performance monitoring and measurement
__________________
__________________ 3.2 Audits and surveys
__________________
3.3 The management of change
__________________
__________________ 3.4 Continuous improvement of the safety system.
__________________ 4. Safety Promotion
__________________
4.1 Training and Education
__________________
__________________ 4.2 Safety Communication

5. Emergency response Planning

5.1 Development of the Emergency response Plan.

Difference between SMS & Quality Management

SMS QMS
Focuses on Safety, human & Focuses on Products of an operation
organizational aspects of an (i.e. Customer satisfaction)
operation (i.e. Safety
satisfaction)
Results in the design and QMS techniques provide a
implementation of organizational structured process for ensuring
processes & procedures to processes & procedures achieve
identify hazards and control/ their intended objectives and where
mitigate risks in aviation they fall short, to improve them.
operation. (SMS builds partly QMS principles).
SMS should include both safety
& quality policies.
The coverage of quality policies
should be limited to quality in
support of safety.
Safety objectives should receive
primacy where conflicts are
identified.
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UNIT 10 Air Operation Areas Safety Management 213
Airports Authority of India's Safety Policy for Air Notes

Operation Areas __________________

__________________
Safety Management System __________________

The formal systematic procedures and practices for the __________________

management of safety of Air Operation Areas are generally __________________

referred to collectively as a safety management system. __________________
__________________
As a first step in formulating the ATS Safety Management
__________________
System, the Safety Policy of Airports Authority of India in
the form of following components has been formally __________________

established: __________________

Safe Navigation of Aircraft

Airports Authority of India will provide the highest
reasonable standard of safety within the Air Traffic Services
Systems which it plans, provides and operates by identifying
and minimizing those risks arising from Airports Authority
of India's activities which could contribute to aircraft
accidents.

Priority of Safety
Airports Authority of India will regard the safety of the air
traffic services system as the most important consideration
throughout all its activities.

Management Responsibility
Safety is an integral part of the provision of an efficient &
effective air traffic management system. All concerned
executives are accountable for the performance in their areas
of responsibility.

Adoption of Explicit Safety Standards

Airports Authority of India will continue to adopt Explicit
Safety Standards which comply with statutory obligations
& with the safety requirements of the Director General Civil
Aviation.

Safety Culture
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Notes Airports Authority of India will develop a culture among all

__________________ its Executives and Staff which fosters an increasing
__________________ understanding of the importance of safety in all its activities
__________________ and the resultant responsibility of each individual. Airports
__________________ Authority of India will provide the environment, support and
training necessary to achieve this goal.
__________________
__________________ Systems
__________________
Airports Authority of India will ensure that the air traffic
__________________
management systems and technology it uses, whether
__________________
developed internally or bought externally, meet specified and
__________________
appropriate system.

Objectives of ATS safety Management system

The safety objectives applicable to the provisions of ATS
within airspaces and aerodromes controlled by Airports
Authority of India have been formally established as below:

(1) ensure that the established level of safety applicable to

the provision of ATS within an airspace or at an
aerodrome is met.

(2) ensure that safety-related enhancements are

implemented whenever necessary.

(3) ensure that the achievement of satisfactory safety in

ATM shall be accorded the highest priority over
commercial, environmental and social pressures.

(4) ensure that Airports Authority of India's safety policy,

organizational responsibilities and positional
responsibilities are understood by its employees
whenever their activities may have impact on safety.

(5) ensure that there is a system in place to assess the safety

implications and safety hazards in ATM operations and
to determine the action necessary to minimize those
hazards, and to monitor the implementation of that
action on a periodic basis.

(6) control and manage safety hazards in any change to

existing systems, equipment or procedures to ensure any
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UNIT 10 Air Operation Areas Safety Management 215
unacceptable hazards are eliminated by the time the Notes
change is completed. __________________
__________________
(7) ensure that processes are in place which deliver
__________________
personnel who are adequately trained, motivated and
competent to perform the tasks required of them, in __________________

addition to being properly rated if so required and to __________________

monitor their continuing competence on a periodic basis. __________________
__________________
(8) ensure that processes are in place to facilitate the safe
__________________
and effective management of the operations of air traffic
services, aeronautical telecommunications services and __________________

aeronautical radio navigation facilities on a continuing __________________

basis.

(9) ensure that processes are in place to minimize the

impact of any abnormal operation on those utilizing the
service and report and record the abnormal operation,
thereby providing a mechanism for review, as and when
required, after the event.

(10) ensure that processes are in place to deliver accurate

presentation of aeronautical information to the users
of that information as and when they require it.

(11) ensure that the control of entry of personnel into

operational fire fighting functions and to periodically
monitor and endorse the continuing competency of those
personnel.

(12) comply with ICAO standards for ATS messages

recording and access to recordings on a continuing basis.

(14) ensure that processes are in place which assure the

provision of facilities for safe navigation on an on-going
basis.

References:
1. DGCA CAR Section 4 - Aerodrome & Air Traffic
Services, Series 'X' Part IV, 17-10-07, "Runway Safety
Programme and formation of Runway Safety Teams".

2. Aeronautical Information Circular 6 of 2006.

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Notes 3. ICAO Runway Safety Toolkit and DOC. 9870.

__________________
4. FAA, 2000 Publication-The National Blueprint for the
__________________
Runway Safety.
__________________
__________________ 5. ICAO Document DOC 9859-AN/460 (Safety Management
__________________ Manual).
__________________ 6. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory
__________________ Circulars on SMS
__________________
7. Commercial Aviation Safety by Alexander T. Wells,
__________________
Ed.D. & Clarence C. Rodrigues, Ph.D., P.E.
__________________
8. Various Circulars and notifications on "Safety
Management System" issued by DGCA.

9. DGCA, Civil Aviation Requirements, Section 8 - (Aircraft

Operations), Series 'A' Part II, Issue I, Dated 16th
October, 1995, Subject:-Safety Regulation And Oversight
Of Flight Operations.

10. AAI Air Traffic Services Manual.

11. Civil Aviation Authority, UK Publication CAP 730-Safety

Management Systems for Air Traffic Management.

12. Civil Aviation Authority, UK Publication CAP 642-

Airside Safety Management Systems.

13. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Acquisition

System Toolset (FAST)- System Safety Management
Program / Section 1 (Revised 12/2004)

14. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation

Administration, Advisory Circular AC No: AC 150/5200-
37 Date: February 28, 2007, "Introduction to Safety
Management Systems (SMS) For Airport Operators".

Questions
General Questions.
1. What is meant by 'Runway Incursion'? What are the
primary reasons for occurrence of runway Incursions?
Describe main features of prevention programme for
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UNIT 10 Air Operation Areas Safety Management 217
'Runway incursion' involving various groups of persons/ Notes
services as per DGCA Circular. __________________
__________________
2. Define manoeuvring area and movement area at an
__________________
airport.
__________________
3. What are the objectives of ATS Safety management __________________
system
__________________
4. What are precautions required to be taken for vehicle __________________
operations at the air side. __________________
__________________
Objective Type of questions
__________________
a. Ramp operations on an airport include------

b. Foreign Object Damage (FOD) to an aircraft can be

caused by the following;----

c. Three major areas where pilots can help are; i)

Communications ii) Airport knowledge and iii) ----

Answers to Objective Type of questions

a. -Aircraft servicing, catering, cleaning, cargo loading,
refuelling etc.

b. Aircraft engines sucking a loose stone lying on the

runway.

c. Cockpit procedures for maintaining orientation.