Introduction Electricity is very important and needed in modern life.

To generate electricity, human had designed equipments and machines to gain improvement in life. One of the build is an electrical substation. Their main functions are to receive power transmitted at high voltage from the generating stations and reduce the voltage to a value suitable for distribution. High voltage transmission lines are used to transmit the electric power from the generating stations to the load centers. Between the power generating station and consumers a number of transformations and switching stations are required. For this report, during lab session student had been introduced with 11kV modular power plant which is designed based on real power plant of the electrical substation but it is designed in small cope of area as a teaching lab for student. Like substation,it have all electrical equipment such as high voltage switching, three phase transformer, high voltage cables, low voltage cables, low voltage feeder pillar, battery charging and etc which are used for electrical supplying in power system and to make sure the safety of the system by the protection scheme.

Operation system of 11 kV modular power plan The operation of 11kV modular power plant is just same as substation. Usually for the substation, electricity is generated from another power generation which is environmentally produce such as hydroelectric or wind power generation.For modular power plant, electricity is supplied. This electricity is supplied to a transmission substation.Then,in the transmission substation the voltage is increased substantially using step up transformers. Transformer is important because it convert voltage from high voltage to low voltage for consumer.The voltage is increased to reduce the transmission losses over long distance in reality. This electricity then is supplied to a power substation where it is stepped down using step down transformers. The insulation medium used for transformer is oil or dry insulation. After this stage, the electricity is supplied to low voltage feeder pillar. Low voltage feeder pillar is used to distribute electrical energy from transformer to consumer. During all the distribution of electric process, cable is used to carry electric energy from one site to another site.

Single line diagram

Figure 1 : Single Line Diagram of Substation

Functions and maintenance of all equipments 1. Transformer Function: Transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. It is used to step up and step down the voltage. Maintenance: Insulation resistance test, impedance test, oil test. 2. Switch Gear Function: One of the basic functions of switchgear is protection, which is interruption of short-circuit and overload fault currents while maintaining service to unaffected circuits. Switchgear also provides isolation of circuits from power supplies. Switchgear is also used to enhance system availability by allowing more than one source to feed a load. Maintenance: Contact test, insulation test, oil sample test, trip test. 3. Feeder Pillar Function: A cabinet for electrical equipment, mounted in the street and controlling the electrical
supply to a number of houses in a neighborhood. A feeder pillar is simply a layman's term for a transformer, cut out enclosure, or other enclosure used in conjunction with underground electrical distribution. Current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the

current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. For protection, they have the relay which it will send a signal to switch gear (relay) to take the next action. Maintenance: Continuity test insulation, resistance test polarity, test secondary/ loop resistance, test primary injection, test cleaning.

4. Cable Function: The function of cable is to transmitting voltage from generation to the distribution. Maintenance: Continuity test, phase test, contact resistance test, high voltage test, low voltage test. 5. Earthing Function: The electrical potential of conductors to flow the over voltage or unused voltage to ground. This can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply. The substation earthing system is necessary for connecting neutral points of transformers and generators to ground and also for connecting the noncurrent carrying metal parts such as structures, overhead shielding wires, tanks, frames, etc. to earth. Maintenance: Continuity test, high voltage test, low voltage test, earth resistivity test.

Safety It is important for student to aware of the dangers that could arise during working in the modular power plant site. All the equipment in modular power plan carried electric charge. For example, mains voltage are present in feeder pillar. As for female student, it is better to not wear any jewelry on their body. The site also better to covered by rubber mat so it can act as a insulator. Before starting, we also need to inspect and examine what is wrong and detecting errors in order to avoid any accidents happen. . Student must make sure the earthing connection is correct. The main supply to the equipment must be switched off to avoid current shock. We also need to get permit to work (PTW) to show us qualify for work in substations. Keep the body or any part of it out of the circuit where interconnecting wires and cables are involved, they should be arranged so people will not trip over them and walk at the outside of the crossed black-yellow line.

Discussion

In this lab session, it will just explain about how a substation actually work and it is showed in another small scope by modular power plant lab system. After observing all of the equipments of the modular power plant, the knowledge about power system from generators to consumer, industrial or commercial is obtained. The process is a difficult, but able to differentiate all 3 subtations; which is Main Intake Substation, Substation A and Substation B, which is have their own functions to transmit the voltage.Substation also operates with equipment such as switchgear, transformer, low voltage feeder pillar, cable and earthing. The process occur in this mini substation firstly are generation of current from the source through the cable into the transformer. From here, transformer will step up or step down by transmite the voltage according to the needed of industry, town od home supply. After that, the electrical energy adjusted by transformer will being distribute to the consumer by feeder pillar. During the process, all equipment must connecting to the earth by earthing process to flow the over voltage or unused voltage to ground. It is also very important to make sure that all the machines involved to be well maintained as well as performing the necessary test for each of the equipment such as timing test for the circuit breaker. Other than that, the personnel in charge to work with the equipment or around the substation itself must be disciplined and follow the dress code.These maintenance of all equipments and the safety code must be applied so that any accident can be avoid.

Conclusion As for the conclusion, student now can understand the funtion of substation and the purpose of all equipments of the substation. The main function of a substation is to supply of required electrical power from generator to the consumer. The purpose of all the equipment of the substation is to ensure the electrical supply from the generator is delivered to the consumer in the secure and safely to the consumer that used in daily life or for industry use. Student also can improve their skill in maintaining all the substation equipment with the knowledge obtained. Student also know the safety to consider and apply it when doing the work in modular power plant site.