INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia KAMPUS IPOH, 31150 HULU KINTA PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN

TUGASAN PROJEK

WAJ3103 ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY II

Nama No. K/P No. Matriks Program Ambilan Unit

: : : : : :

ALIAA IRYANI BINTI MD.ZELAN 930118-02-5336 28509 PISMP JAN 2013 L7B PUAN WAN ZIRAIZA WAN ISMAIL 22 OGOS 2013

Nama Pensyarah : Tarikh Serahan :

TASK 1
Theme : Accidents Three Academic Papers Downloaded from the Internet. 1. Human Error in Road Accidents 2. Accidents and their Prevention 3. A Survey of Risk of Accidents in Malaysia i) List out the components of the downloaded academic papers. a) Human Error in Road Accidents Title Human Error in Road Accidents Introduction A comprehensive study of road safety (Treat et al., 1977) found that human error was the sole cause in 57% of all accidents and was a contributing factor in over 90%. In contrast, only 2.4% were due solely to mechanical fault and only 4.7% were caused only by environmental factors. Body Paragraph Topic Sentence In this article, we shall provide a brief overview of human information processing limitations and explain how they can contribute to road accidents. This is a "firstprinciples" approach to accident investigation because it draws on knowledge of basic human psychological processes. Instead of looking at the driver from the outside, we try to understand his/her mental processing and how it interacts with the environment. Supporting Ideas People driving down a highway are bombarded with a steady flow of information. Most of the information is visual input, the road itself, other vehicles, pedestrians, signs, the passing scenery, etc. Moreover, the driver may be processing other information sources such as auditory input (listening to the radio, talking on a cell phone, carrying on a conversation with another passenger), or internal input (remembering directions or planning what to make for dinner). If the visual information flow is low, there may be enough mental resource to carry on all tasks simultaneously. But attentional demands may exceed supply when:the flow becomes a torrent (driving fast) Concrete Evidence Research has shown that accidents occur for one of three principle reasons. The first is perceptual error. Sometimes critical information was below the threshold

for seeing - the light was too dim, the driver was blinded by glare, or the pedestrian's clothes had low contrast. In other cases, the driver made a perceptual misjudgment (a curve's radius or another car's speed or distance). The second, and far more common cause, is that the critical information was detectable but that the driver failed to attend/notice because his mental resources were focussed elsewhere. Often times, a driver will claim that s/he did not "see" a plainly visible pedestrian or car. This is entirely possible because much of our information processing occurs outside of awareness. Mack and and Rock (1998) have amazingly shown that we may be less likely to perceive an object if we are looking directly at it than if it falls outside the center of the visual field. This "inattentional blindness" phenomenon is doubtless the cause of many accidents. Concluding Sentence The accident was probably caused by a large number of factors working in concert: the driver's hurry, age, attention being shared across several inputs (radio, road and recall), moderate blood alcohol level, uncertainty about the directions and unfamiliarity with the street. Factors such as headlight glare and optical correction may have also played a role. b) Accidents and their Prevention Title Accidents and their Prevention Introduction A comprehensive study of road safety (Treat et al., 1977) found that human error was the sole cause in 57% of all accidents and was a contributing factor in over 90%. In contrast, only 2.4% were due solely to mechanical fault and only 4.7% were caused only by environmental factors. Body Paragraph Topic Sentence In terms of numbers of people killed or injured, this is an important area for accident prevention in the UK and worldwide. Supporting Ideas In 2008 in Britain there were 230,905 road casualties, in which 2,538 people were killed and 26,034 seriously injured. Concrete Evidence Common causes of these accidents included speeding, drink driving, not wearing seat belts or careless driving. Around a third involved someone driving during their work. About 10% of those killed were inexperienced driver. Road accident prevention advice : watch your speed when you are driving. Watch your

speedometer, know the limits, concentrate and slow down when you are entering villages. Do not use hands-free or hand-held mobile phones whilst driving. Concluding Sentence As a conclusion, prevention is better than cure. 6,000 UK cyclists are killed or injured annually in reported road accidents, including around 2,500 who are killed or seriously injured. This is a very serious epidermics and we should take a precautory step to prevent it. c) A Survey of Risk of Accidents in Malaysia Title A Survey of Risk of Accidents in Malaysia Introduction Malaysia shares similar profiles of crash patterns with other developing countries in the world in the past decade. The tremendous increase of motorised vehicles on the roads has invariably led to significant rise in the number of traffic accidents. The number of traffic accidents in 2007 almost doubled as compared to the number of traffic accidents that occurred in 1997. Body Paragraph Topic Sentence Sixty percent of total fatalities reported over the years involved motorcyclists. This high accident rate has led to road accidents being the 5th leading cause of death in Malaysia (Department of Statistics, 2008) and caused 9.3 billion ringgit of losses to the country in the year 2003 (ADB-ASEAN, 2003) . Supporting Ideas In the list of world rankings, Malaysia is ranked 46th of 172 countries with regards to occurrence of deaths in registered vehicles due to road accients (WHO, 2009). Concrete Evidence Many road safety studies have led to the convergence that a measure of risk exposure is important for a comprehensive analysis of causal factors (Joly et al., 1993). By definition, exposure to risk means the vulnerability of a driver or a system that may lead to an accident (Chapman, 1973). Concluding Sentence In conclusion, the objective of this paper is to shed some light on road safety performance in the country. The results showed that the absolute number of accidents required exposure data to evaluate the road safety performance. For instance, the fatalities records in Terengganu were 374 deaths but when the population and number of vehicles registered were considered, the risks tended to increase.

ii) Discuss the language aspects of the three academic papers in one essay The vocabulary used in all of my articles are quite easy to understand. The various language aspects were used such as complexity in sentences, sentence connectors, tense, and many more. It is also written formally. The target audience of this paper are mostly young adults and adults Firstly, based on these three academic papers that I had chosen, sentence connectors were used, for example, further, nevertheless, however, therefore, in sum and many more. Next, we can also see that these three articles use the past tense and present tense accordingly, depending on the content. For example, Sixty percent of total fatalities reported over the years involved motorcyclists, In Malaysia, the number of accidents and deaths in 2007 was extracted from the MIROS Road Accident Analysis and Database System (MROADS) which was compiled from the original data kept by the Royal Police of Malaysia(RPM) and This mechanism is called "attention" and is sometimes depicted as a spotlight that focuses processing on a selected part of the visual field - it defines an area of 3-D space for detailed examination are written in past tense. While, Factors of exposure can be the mileage driven, the number of trips, the number of registered vehicles, fuel consumption or the number of driver hours. Risk on the other hand, is the ratio of accidents over the exposure parameters and lso, the speed of absorption into the body varies with a person's size, age, weight and gender and whether they have eaten.The same amount of alcohol will give different blood alcohol levels in different people are written in present tense. Also, we can see that the written language is relatively more complex than spoken language. Written language has longer words, and it is very hard to comprehend. Example, The tremendous increase of motorised vehicles on the roads has invariably led to significant rise in the number of traffic accident and However, the overview is general, so we will ignore many details and equivocations that would be required in a more scientific dissertation. As a conclusion, all of these articles is well written and it is a very good article. The papers have given me a lot of knowledge about accidents causes and preventions.

iii) Write academic paper

Accidents Causes and Preventions

Road accident is most unwanted thing to happen to a road user, though they happen quite often. The most unfortunate thing is that we don't learn from our mistakes on road. Most of the road users are quite well aware of the general rules and safety measures while using roads but it is only the laxity on part of road users, which cause accidents and crashes. According to the article, A Survey of Risk of Accidents in Malaysia, the number of traffic accidents in the year 2007 was approximately twice the number of accidents recorded in 1997. Sixty percent of total fatalities reported over the years involved motorcyclists. th This high accident rate has led to road accidents being the 5 leading cause of death in Malaysia (Department of Statistics,2008). Next, In terms of numbers of people killed or injured, this is an important area for accident prevention in the UK and worldwide. In 2008 in Britain there were 230,905 road casualties, in which 2,538 people were killed and 26,034 seriously injured, based on Accidents and their Prevention articles. Road accidents are caused when individuals neglect or refuse to follow road signs and regulations. One of the major causes is over speeding which accounts for one of the many causes of road accidents daily. This happen when drivers deliberately drive above the regulated speed limits either to showoff, meet deadlines or just for fun they thus put [their life and the lives] of many other road users at risk. By exceeding the regulated speed limit, one is risking an accident. According to the article Human Error in Road Accidents, people driving down a highway are bombarded with a steady flow of information. Most of the information is visual input, the road itself, other vehicles, pedestrians, signs, the passing scenery, etc. Moreover, the driver may be processing other information sources such as auditory input (listening to the radio, talking on a cell phone, carrying on a conversation with another passenger), or internal input (remembering directions or planning what to make for dinner). If the visual information flow is low, there may be enough mental resource to carry on all tasks simultaneously. But attentional demands may exceed supply when the flow becomes a torrent (driving fast). Next is, the information is low quality (poor visibility) and resources must be focussed on a particular subset of information (a car close ahead). The last one is the driver's capacity is lowered by age, drugs, alcohol or fatigue. Next, from the article Accidents and their Prevention, common causes of these accidents included speeding, drink driving, not wearing seat belts or careless driving. Around a third involved someone driving during their work. About 10% of those killed were inexperienced drivers. The first one is driving speed. Higher speed both increases the risk of collision and the risk of serious injury to the driver or others. Even a modest speed reduction helps reduce both the number and the severity of accidents, eg pedestrians hit at speeds below 30 mph receive mainly survivable injuries, but this changes to mainly fatal injuries at speeds of between about 30 mph and 40 mph. The second one is, medical conditions that affect driving. The DVLA issues guidance and regulations with regard to medical conditions that impair safe driving. See 'At a glance fitness to drive The third one is excessive sleepiness. 20% of accidents on motorways in the UK are caused by sleepiness, and >300 people per year are killed by drivers falling asleep while driving. Sleepy drivers perform worse on tests than those over the alcohol limit.Increased awareness of sleep disorders and their treatment is needed, by both the public and by doctors. Futhermore, car seats and seatbelts. The value of seat belts is indisputable. In most vehicles, it is now compulsory for everyone to wear a seat belt, or appropriate child restraint, if available, in the front and back. It is the driver's responsibility to ensure that passengers are correctly restrained. Next is, alcohol and drugs. Alcohol impairs judgement, reaction

times, co-ordination and concentration. 1 in 6 people killed on the roads dies in an accident where at least one driver was above the drink drive limit. Legal limits for driving with alcohol in the UK are: 35 g alcohol per 100 ml of breath, OR 80 mg of alcohol per 100 ml of blood

However, most drivers are impaired at a blood alcohol level of 50 mg/100 ml. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) has called for the legal alcohol limit to be reduced to 50 mg/100 ml blood, as it is in many other countries. It is difficult for drinkers to know how much alcohol they are consuming, as strength of drinks and size of measures vary considerably. Also, the speed of absorption into the body varies with a person's size, age, weight and gender and whether they have eaten.The same amount of alcohol will give different blood alcohol levels in different people. Therefore the best advice is not to drink when driving. Drivers may also be impaired due to the use of drugs, both illicit and prescribed. Any drugs that cause sedation are a problem, including many antihistamines and antidepressants. Besides that is, mobile phones and driving research has shown that using hand-held or handsfree mobile phones whilst driving increases the risk of the driver crashing, injuring or killing themselves and/or other people, by four times. It is an offence for drivers to use a hand-held mobile phone whilst driving. Last but not least, motorcyclists and cyclists. Motorcyclists are extremely vulnerable - despite forming only 1% of road traffic, they account for 20% (one in five) of road deaths and serious injuries. Information on preventing accidents for motorcyclists is available on the RoSPA website. 6,000 UK cyclists are killed or injured annually in reported road accidents, including around 2,500 who are killed or seriously injured. Cycle helmets are generally advised, although their value has been disputed. Further information is available on the RoSPA website; safety tips for cyclists are also available. All accidents are preventable. We cannot live without encountering hazards, but we can diminish the risk, and this has been done in the prevention of road accidents. According to the article, Accidents and their Prevention, Road accident prevention advice are, watch your speed when you are driving. Watch your speedometer, know the limits, concentrate and slow down when you are entering villages. Next are, do not use hands-free or hand-held mobile phones whilst driving and do not park on pavements - this affects pedestrian safety. In addition, how we can prevent a road accident is, broken-down vehicles should be moved off the road if possible. Switch on hazard warning lights and wear a high-visibility jacket if possible and if stopping on a hard shoulder is necessary, leave the vehicle and wait on the embankment for assistance. Stationary vehicles on the hard shoulder are at high risk of being involved in an accident. Use motorway emergency phones to aid locating you. If you feel vulnerable, leave the passenger door open and enter your vehicle if someone approaches, then communicate through a narrowly opened window. Besides that, how to preventing sleepiness while driving? First of all, drive when well rested, healthy and not taking sedating medication.Take regular rest breaks (at least 15 minutes every two hours). If feeling sleepy during a journey, stop somewhere safe, take drinks containing caffeine and take a short nap. If necessary, plan an overnight stop. Avoid driving into the time when you would normally be falling asleep, into the small hours (2 am-6 am) or after a full day at work. Last but not least, be extra careful when driving between 2 pm and 4 pm, especially after a meal. Besides that, alcohol, medicines and drugs are the most dangerous things to take when you are driving. If intending to drive, do not drink alcohol. Never rely on trying to calculate accurately how much alcohol is in your body, and whether you are above or below the drink drive limit. If intending to drink alcohol, either arrange for a non-drinking person to drive, use public transport or stay overnight. Be aware that you may still be impaired the following morning after a drink the night before. Avoid driving while under the influence of medicines and check for warnings on the packet patient information leaflet, AND ask a pharmacist or doctor if the

medicine could affect your driving. Lastly, do not drive under the influence of drugs. For the seat belt regulations, all passengers should use appropriate seat belts or child restraints; this is the driver's responsibility. Detailed information is available on suitable child seats and current regulations. As a conclusion, people should beware with all of the causes of road accidents. Vehicles accidents don't happen out of the blue, as there is always a cause for affect. Even with today's safety technology, millions of people die each year in vehicles accidents. Driving to prevent accidents means more than observing traffic laws, being alert and driving skillfully. Professional drivers must constantly practice defensive driving. This means that they drive in such a way that they can defend themselves against the situations, often caused by other drivers' mistakes that cause accidents. Hence, we should beware of any road accidents for our safety.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Nurulhuda, Ho.J.S, Jamilah.M.M. A Survey Of Risk Of Accidents In Malaysia. Available through : http://www.miros.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=5ff75a6d-d902-4532-9cd1e328df11530d&groupId=10124, accessed on 18 Ogos 2013. Marc Green, Ph.D, John W. Senders, Ph.D, Human Error in Road Accidents. Available through : http://www.driveandstayalive.com/articles%20and%20topics/crash%20causation/human-error-in-roadaccidents.htm, accessed on 18 Ogos 2013. Dr Michelle Wright, Accidents and their Prevention. Available through : http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/accidents-and-their-prevention, accessed on 18 Ogos 2013. J.J. Leeming, G.M. Mackay and K. F. M. Pole (26 Nov 2007). Road Accidents: Prevent or Punish? John Cohen (1968), Causes and prevention of road accidents.

TASK 2
REFLECTION
I personally believe that. English language is important to me and I love English. The reality is simply that it is an extremely usable medium to achieve your goals, gaining knowledge, progressing in life, sharing & obtaining information with not much misunderstanding, for business, for commercial, for updated technology, for science and medical reasons and I can go on and on. I started to know English when I am in primary school. English language has helped me to be the person I am today. I have gained my education because of that ability to comprehend, use & manipulate the English language. Learning a language also uses different parts of your brain, including parts governing emotions. As you learnt English to escape depression, the English language might be particularly associated with positive emotions. I love to learned English because I wanted to succeed in my life. It is as simple as that. I love to know more about the world around me, the planets, the stars, the universe, the mysteries, the language with which I can know more about so many things and wonders are written in the English language. I learn more when I am in secondary school and I kept targeting to get A in English in every exam that I had. I love singing an English song because of the lyrics and that is maybe one of my reason why I want to learn English so much. Besides that, it's very useful in order to speak with many people from different countries. For example, when I meet the tourists and they ask me to show them the road, I can speak fluently in English and they can understand me well because it's the international language. I also love English because colorful wordings and I am so excited when I hear someone say, "She passed her exam with flying colors." Think of other expressions, too, such as "That makes my skin crawl," "It sent shivers up and down my spine," "He's got his head in the clouds," "She's full of get up and go," and "They're head over heels in love." It is so unique. Last but not least, I can get access to knowledge. Here are some examples of knowledge you can use if you know English. Most pages on the Web, books, magazines and newspapers with Englishlanguage can be bought in every part of the world. I also can contact people from all over the world that I know from Facebooks and I also can travel more easily. Moreover, I can continue my studies in oversea without any language problem. As a conclusion, there are many good things that you will get if you learn English. You can get many benefits from learning English.