PROFILES HEROES, ROLE MODELS AND PIONEERS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

CELEBRATING OUR 50 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE 1962-2012

By Nasser Khan

On the Cover

Top: Dr. Eric Williams, Sir Solomon Hochoy, Sir Ellis Clarke, A. N. R. Robinson, Kamla Persad-Bissessar Middle: Rudranath Capildeo, Raymond Quevedo, Ellie Mannette, Brian Lara, Aldwyn Roberts Bottom: Janelle Penny Commissiong, Jit Samaroo, Harold Saldenha, Dwight Yorke, Jean Pierre, George Bailey

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Other Publications by the Author (2004-2012) Its A Funny Game The World Cup Know the Game The Cricket Match Sonny Ramadhin, Commemorating his distinguished career Fruits of Trinidad and Tobago Chart; Vegetables, Root Crops and Herbs of Trinidad and Tobago Chart Fruits of Barbados Chart; Vegetables, Root Crops and Herbs of Barbados Chart Fruits of St. Vincent Chart; Vegetables, Root Crops and Herbs of St. Vincent Chart Fruits of St. Lucia Chart; Vegetables, Root Crops and Herbs of St. Lucia Chart

ISBN 978-976-8210-62-3 Second Publication August 2012

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without the permission of the Author/Publisher. All rights reserved by Nasser Khan.

Edited by Desiree McEachrane Seebaran & Adrian Camps-Campins Cover Design by Johann Mahabir Typeset and Printed by Eniaths Printing

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FOREWORDS
In celebrating this important milestone in our nations history, 50 years of Independence, we at the Ministry of Education fully support the efforts of First Citizens Bank and author and researcher Nasser Khan in the production of this much needed text designed in a language and format that will be inviting for young readers especially. Adults too, I am sure will find the contents informative and take delight in reading to the younger ones. Within the pages of this book you will find the profiles of those who have contributed to the development of Trinidad and Tobago, those Heroes, Pioneers and Role Models who have used their gifts to make us all proud of their achievements. Happy 50th Independence Trinidad and Tobago. Dr. The Honourable Tim Gopeesingh, Minister of Education There have been many heroes, pioneers and role models in our nations history. It is important that particularly our young people learn about, appreciate and be inspired by their contributions. On the 50th Anniversary of our Independence, August 31st 2012, First Citizens is pleased to support the publication of this book, as part of our Corporate Social Responsibility Programme under the pillar of Youth Development and Education. We trust that this book will not only inform and educate but will encourage the love of reading among our youth. We at First Citizens believe that the ability to read is one of the greatest gifts you can receive and is indeed your passport to the world. First Citizens joins proudly with our nation in celebrating 50 years of Independence. Larry Howai, Group CEO, First Citizens It is with absolute delight and pleasure and indeed an honour to provide this brief foreword to what I believe is a much needed text and to which First Citizens and the Ministry of Education have given their support. This book is an excellent compilation written with our youth in mind
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and provides easy reading of the profiles and the achievements and excellence of our heroes, pioneers and role models in building our nation. Congratulations to Nasser for putting his passion for writing, research and education into producing this book in celebration of our 50 years of Independence. Michael Anthony, Author/Researcher/Historian

INTRODUCTION
Dear Readers, This year 2012 is an important one in our countrys history as together we celebrate fifty years of Independence from Britain (England) which we gained in 1962. No doubt you have learned about this proud time in our nations history. Our singing of the National Anthem, for example, reminds us of that very proud day, August 31st 1962. Do you know who composed our National Anthem and who is called The Father of our Nation? You will find the answers to these and many other questions in the pages of this book. For a county like ours to have reached where it has today, through the periods of being discovered, fought for or settled upon, slavery, indentureship, labour movements, the joining of Trinidad with Tobago in 1889, to its independence in 1962 and the more modern era, involved many heroes, pioneers and role models over all those years. For example, during the early years from around the 1770s until the early 1900s, such heroes, pioneers and role models included Roume de St. Laurent, Gros Jean, John Jacob Thomas, Jonas Bath and Emmanuel Mzumbo Lazare, important people who have faded into history and some of you probably have never heard about. Through the pages of this book, it is hoped that you will find inspiration, knowledge and encouragement through the profiles of our many heroes, pioneers and role models, whose profiles are presented to you for easy reading and reference. Photographs of many of the subjects are included where available. Heroes, Pioneers and Role Models of Trinidad and Tobago are those who have made important contributions to our countrys development, who have paved and continue to pave the way for others to follow. Such people include our national leaders, those in public service, politics, medicine, science, law, education, business, social work, sports, labour, economics, culture, arts, radio, television, literature, agriculture, religion, oil and gas, the environment, engineering, architecture, fashion and beauty pageants. Emphasis is placed on those born in Trinidad and Tobago and those born elsewhere but who have spent some part of their lives here making important contributions to our countrys development. Of course those selected and those not selected will lead to much
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discussion and opinions. Therefore apologies are made for any errors or omissions. Also there are many groups, teams and bands that have made important contributions, such as Loveys Trinidad String Band of 1912, TAPSO of 1951, our Netball Team of 1979, the Soca Warriors of 2006 and many others. But this is a book about individuals so perhaps that will be the topic of a future book. Other books and features have been written by well known authors about important people who have contributed and are still contributing to the development of Trinidad and Tobago. In researching and compiling this book, which was done especially with schools and libraries in mind, some of these books and other sources have been used. For more in-depth detail you can refer to these sources which are listed on pages xii and 188. Sincere thanks to all the writers, researchers and organisations whose works I have listed as the reference sources and who have willingly given their approval for the use of their works. Many thanks to First Citizens for their kind sponsorship and the Ministry of Education for their approval to produce this book for distribution to all schools in Trinidad and Tobago. NALIS libraries will also receive copies for their branches. I hope that you will find it useful, educational and interesting. It has been my honour and pleasure putting it together for you. ENJOY READING!

Nasser Khan

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DEDICATIONS AND THANKS

This book is dedicated to my wife Ramona and our two daughters Aleesha and Sheena, for their love and support. It is also dedicated to all the noted researchers, historians and authors who have spent many years producing volumes of material about the places and peoples of Trinidad and Tobago and our rich history. Thanks go out to the Management and Staff at FIRST CITIZENS, especially Mr. Dexter Charles, as well as the helpful staff at the Ministry of Education. Finally it is dedicated to all the heroes, pioneers and role models whose contributions have helped in the development of Trinidad and Tobago.

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Midnight August 30th, 1962. The Union Jack flag (Englands) is being replaced by the Red, White and Black (Trinidad and Tobagos). Photo courtesy Adrian Camps-Campins.

Opening of Parliament on Independence Day August 31st, 1962. There are 3 people in this photograph whose profiles are in this book. Can you name them? Photo from Trinidad and Tobago Pictorial Diary compiled by the Junior Chamber of Commerce.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Early Days ........................................................................ 1 Colonial Governors ................................................................. 4 Our Nations Modern Leaders ................................................. 7 Agriculture ............................................................................... 17 Business .................................................................................... 24 Community and Social Work .................................................... 33 Culture and the Arts .................................................................. 38 Economics ................................................................................. 80 Education .................................................................................. 83 Environment .............................................................................. 91 Fashion and Beauty Pageants .................................................... 94 Law ............................................................................................ 97 Medicine .................................................................................... 100 Oil .............................................................................................. 112 Politics....................................................................................... 115 Public Service ........................................................................... 121 Radio and Television ................................................................. 124 Religion ..................................................................................... 130 Science, Engineering and Architecture ...................................... 136 Sports ......................................................................................... 141 Trade Unionism .......................................................................... 163 Writing and Journalism .............................................................. 169 Some Firsts in Trinidad and Tobago ........................................... 179 Highest National Awards ............................................................. 181 Trinidad and Tobago Crossword ................................................. 186 Reference Sources ....................................................................... 188 Addendum.................................................................................... 189 Index ............................................................................................ 190

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REFERENCE SOURCES
Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago, By Michael Anthony (1997) Dictionary of Caribbean Biography, Volume One: Trinidad and Tobago, By Bridget Brereton, Brinsley Samaroo and Glenroy Taitt (1998) Heroes of the People of Trinidad and Tobago, By Michael Anthony (2005) NIHERSTS Trinidad and Tobago Icons in Science and Technology Volume I (2005) NIHERSTS Trinidad and Tobago Icons in Science and Technology Volume II (2009) NIHERSTS Caribbean Women in Science and Their Careers (2011) WHOS WHO and Handbook of Trinidad and Tobago, Express Newspapers Ltd./Inprint Caribbean Ltd. (1991) The 90 Most Prominent Women in Trinidad and Tobago, Express Newspapers Ltd./Inprint Caribbean Ltd. (1991)

NALIS website: www.nalis.gov.tt Ronald Emrits website: www.bestoftrinidad.com First Citizens Sports Foundations Trinidad and Tobago Sports Hall of Fame website: www.ttsportshall.com National Awards database: www.thepresident.tt Authors note: As stated in the Introduction, sincere thanks must be given to all the writers, historians/researchers and organisations whose works I have listed as the reference sources (especially Michael Anthony, Bridget Brereton, Ronald Emrit, NALIS and NIHERST who have willingly given their approval for the use of their works). All of the reference sources are recommended reading to gain further knowledge of our Heroes, Pioneers and Role Models.

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The Early Days

PHILIPPE-ROSE ROUME DE ST. LAURENT (1743-1805)

e first came to Trinidad from Grenada in 1777, invited by the Spanish who wanted people to settle here. Being a lover of nature, he felt that Trinidad was the place for him since no development had yet taken place. He was amazed by its beauty, its fertile soil, its flora and fauna. He then invited the French people of Grenada to come to Trinidad after presenting a proposal to the Spanish to provide encouragement to them. He had to go to Spain where he met with King Charles III who accepted his proposal and a cedula (permit) was declared for the settlement and development of Trinidad in 1783. Therefore, it was because of him that Trinidad was put on the road to development and much of the French customs and culture of our people all point to that historic moment when Roume first set eyes on Trinidad. He acquired land in Diego Martin where he settled with his family. He fell on hard times and later was made the joint administrator of Tobago. There are three documents from his time in Tobago at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI.

GROS JEAN (Around mid to late 1700s)

ros Jean was a slave on the Diego Martin estate of St. Hilaire Begorrat, a French planter who came to settle in Trinidad in 1784. He earned the reputation for being able to compose songs instantly and was able to give picong and include social commentary as well. It is then that the chant le vrai, French meaning the truth came about leading to what we call today lavway. So it was around the turn of the century, around 1800, that the art form of calypso began to develop further with the other plantations trying to outdo each other after Gros
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Jean started to become well known for his singing, encouraged by his plantation owner.

JONAS MOHAMMED BATH (1783-1838)

e was a slave at one time and an early Muslim leader to his fellow West African Mandingo slaves after arriving here around 1804. He worked on the Fort and construction of the five mile winding road to Fort Vigie, which later became Fort George. The date of his freedom is unknown. His known descendants today are from the St. James and St. Joseph areas.

JOHN JACOB THOMAS (1841-1889)

ohn J. Thomas was born in central Trinidad who at the age of 17 was among the first to be chosen to be trained as teachers and became certified at the age of 19. In the areas of Couva and Savonetta where he taught he had to learn patois to be able to understand the children. He then wrote a book called The Theory and Practice of Creole Grammar, published in 1869. Thomas was a great inspiration to his people in all his areas of work, be it as a teacher, a civil servant or an author and always encouraged race pride among Afro-Trinidadians. His career as a civil servant included time at the Receiver-Generals office, 1867-1870, Secretary to the Board of Education and the College Council which governed QRC and St. Marys College, 1870-1879, and headmaster of the San Fernando Borough School, 1883-1885. Between 1879 and 1883 he completed an English translation of P. G. L. Bordes Histoire de lile de la Trinidad sous le gouvernement espagnol. Thomas also mastered French, Spanish, Latin and Greek on his own. His last work was Froudacity (1889) in which he wrote against James A. Froudes earlier work that attacked people of African descent of the West Indies.

EMMANUEL MZUMBO LAZARE (1864-1929)

e was one of the early fighters for Independence who was always seeking improvement for all around him. Mzumbo, who was christened Emmanuel, gave himself the African name at the time when he wanted to identify with things African. As a boy he was a brilliant student who was very good at sports as well, especially cricket and cycling. He wanted to become a lawyer and this he achieved, becoming the first person to pass the local examination of the Law Society Incorporated of England. In spite of his friendliness to all, he always had as his goal the betterment and upliftment of his people. He fought for the recognition of Emancipation Day as a public holiday. It was through the ground work he and others laid that voting rights came about later. Mzumbo Lazare also had a distinguished military career. From early on he joined the Volunteer Corps and pressed for the formation of a Trinidad Field Artillery Brigade. At the Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897, he was presented to Queen Victoria, who was exceedingly impressed by him and even invited him to dine at Windsor Castle. He was also keen on agriculture and planted some of the best orchards around his home in Diego Martin.

Colonial Governors
ANTONIO DE BERRIO (1520-1597)

he Spanish governor of Trinidad from 1592 to 1597 during which time he established St. Joseph as our first capital. His son Fernando de Berrio (1578-1622) was the governor of Trinidad from 1597-1612, and 1619-1622 during which time he developed Trinidads first overseas trade, supplying Europe with tobacco.

JOSE MARIA CHACON (1749-1833)

e was the last Spanish Governor of Trinidad from 1783-1797, who had instructions from Spain to put in place measures for the economic development of Trinidad. His first ten years have been called the Golden Age of Spanish rule in Trinidad where land use was approved for agriculture and the St. Anns River diverted (now the Dry River). The protection of slaves was also on his list of to do. During his rule, Trinidad did well economically and the population increased.

RALPH JAMES WOODFORD (1784-1828)

he fifteen years Woodford spent here (1813-1828) is the longest by any of the British Governors. Under him, a number of land reclamations took place and continued after his time. He also bought the abandoned sugar estate, Paradise Estate, that is now the Queens Park Savannah and laid it out for the recreation of the townsfolk and for the pasturage of cattle. He went to live on the neighbouring Hollandais Estate, which he bought the same year, 1817, renovating the estate house, which he called St Anns Cottage. On the
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land too he created the Botanic Gardens to beautify around the house. After the fire of 1808 it was mainly under him that Port-of-Spain was rebuilt having lovely ornamental trees planted in what is now Woodford Square. He was also responsible, as head of both the Anglican and Catholic churches for the establishment of the two big cathedrals, the Trinity and the Immaculate Conception. Woodford is said to have sided with the sugar planters against moves towards the abolition of slavery.

LORD HARRIS (GEORGE F. R. HARRIS) (1810-1872)

arris was the British Governor of Trinidad from 1846-1854 whose national contributions were very important to our development. In 1849, he introduced the ward system where Trinidad was divided into wards, each headed by a warden, replacing the Spanish system of quarters. In 1851 he introduced free primary education in the ward schools as well as starting the Trinidad Public Library and an inland postal service. Also in that year, he started piping water to Port of Spain from the Maraval River. He also got the sugar industry going again by formalising the arrival and settling of East Indian labourers, who had begun arriving after the abolition of African slavery to work on the plantations. He also introduced horse racing at the Queens Park Savannah. Lord Harris Square in Port of Spain and Harris Promenade in San Fernando are named after him.

ARTHUR H. GORDON (1829-1912)

e was the Governor of Trinidad from 1866-1870 and had a lasting impact on Trinidad. He made major changes in land use, education and religious matters. In the area of land use he allowed for the sale of government lands to persons who previously had to turn to squatting.

WILLIAM ROBINSON (1836-1912)

e was the British Governor of Trinidad from 1885-1888 and the first Governor of Trinidad and Tobago from 1889-1891. During his time, there was a downturn in the sugar industry and he made efforts to add other industries to the economy such as the exporting of other crops like citrus and bananas. He also introduced a steamship service around Trinidad, to Tobago and to New York. He led the proceedings for the union of Trinidad and Tobago in 1889.

EDWARD BEETHAM (1905-1979)

he last of the British colonial governors from 1955-1960, he was in charge during the period when the transfer took place of T&T changing to a full internal cabinet self-government. The Beetham Highway and Beetham Estate are named after him.

Our Nations Modern Leaders

SOLOMON HOCHOY (1905-1983)

amaica-born, he came to T&T as an infant and grew up in Blanchisseuse. He joined the Civil Service in 1927 and moved up the ranks to become a Labour Commissioner in 1949 until 1955 when he was appointed as the Deputy Colonial Secretary and then Colonial Secretary 1956, a position he held for four years. In 1960, he became our last Governor before Independence and then our first Governor General when we gained Independence in 1962. He held the position of Governor General until 1972. His wife, Lady Thelma Hochoy, was very devoted to childrens causes especially those who were mentally retarded, as they were referred to then. She ensured that a special home was set up for such children and in 1961 the Lady Hochoy home was opened. This led to the establishment of additional Centres in Arima, Gasparillo and Penal to cater to the needs of families in other parts of Trinidad. There is a collection of Sir Solomon Hochoys material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. 1960 Knighted by The Queen of England 1969 Trinity Cross

DR. ERIC E. WILLIAMS (1911-1981)

ric Eustace Williams was the son of Elisa and Henry Williams. He was educated at Tranquillity Boys Government School, Queens Royal College (QRC) and Oxford University (England). At the high school level he played both football and cricket for the college, and won the Island Scholarship to Oxford University, excelling in History, Spanish, French and Latin. A football injury at QRC led to a hearing problem for which he wore a hearing aid to correct. He was a teacher at QRC for a short while before heading off to England to attend Oxford University where he placed first in history and received his BA and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees. In 1939, he migrated to the United States to teach at Howard University. He became a well-known lecturer there and organised several courses. In 1948, he left Howard to head the Research Branch of the Caribbean Commission but resigned in 1955 after returning to Trinidad and Tobago where he became deeply involved in politics and where he made his first major political speech My Relations with the Caribbean Commission. A year later, he formed the Peoples National Movement (PNM), the political party of which he became the leader until the time of his death. In September of 1956, the PNM won the national elections and he became the chief minister of the country from 1956 to 1959, our first premier from 1959 to 1962, and our first prime minister from 1962 to 1981. Often called the Father of the Nation, during his term as Prime Minister, Williams led Trinidad and Tobago into the Federation of the West Indies, to independence within the Commonwealth in 1962 and to Republic status in 1976. He died on March 29, 1981 while he was still the Prime Minister. There are many calypsoes that featured Dr. Williams such as The Mighty Sparrows PAYE (Paye As You Earn) and Federation and Cyphers Last Election. He wrote many articles and books on the Caribbean, education, and politics. The following are some of his writings: Constitutional Reform in Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain: Teachers Economic and Cultural Association, Public Affairs Pamphlet, no. 2, 1955; Economics of Nationhood. Port of Spain: Government
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Printing Office, 1959; History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago. Port of Spain: PNM Publishing, 1962; Speech on Independence. Nation, August 31, 1962; Capitalism and Slavery, 1964; British Historians and the West Indies., 1966; Britain and the West Indies. London: Longmans for the University of Essex, 1969; Inward Hunger: The Education of a Prime Minister, 1969; From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean, 1492-1969, 1970; The Chaguaramas Declaration. Port of Spain: PNM Publishing, 1970. Capitalism and Slavery has been translated into Chinese, French, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish. There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. Named in his honour: Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex Annual Eric E. Williams Memorial Lecture Eric Williams Memorial Collection, which is included in UNESCOs Memory of the World Register Eric Williams Centenary Stamps collection, 2011, in memory of his birth 100 years ago. He was awarded the Trinity Cross, posthumously, in 2002.

ELLIS I. I. CLARKE (1917-2010)

ir Ellis Clarke attended St. Marys College, London University and Grays Inn, England where he became a lawyer. He was the second Governor General of T&T from 1972 to 1976 and then the first President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago from 1976 to 1987. Not long after his return to Trinidad and Tobago, he was called to the Bar and opened a private practice from 1941-1954. Between 1954 and 1962 he held several posts in the Colonial Government: Solicitor General, deputy Colonial Secretary, Attorney General and Constitutional Adviser to the Cabinet. After T&T attained Independence, he became a foreign diplomat, holding numerous posts between 1962 to 1976, including Trinidad and Tobagos Permanent Representative to the United Nations.
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Ellis Clarke was involved in the draft constitution, which led to his attendance at the Marlborough House Conference held in London in 1962, just before our Independence. 1963 Knighthood by the Queen 1969 Trinity Cross

GEORGE M. CHAMBERS (1928-1997)

eorge Chambers was the 2nd Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1981 to 1986. His career toward becoming Prime Minister started as a Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Finance in 1966. From there he went on to serve as Minister in the ministries of Finance, Public Utilities, Housing, National Security, Education, Planning, Industry/Commerce and Agriculture. He was appointed Prime Minister by then-President Ellis Clarke following the death of Eric Williams and led the PNM to victory in the 1981 General Elections. However in 1986 the National Alliance for Reconstruction came into power and he retired from politics.

ARTHUR N. R. ROBINSON (1926- )

e has held three of the highest public offices in Trinidad and Tobago: Chairman of the Tobago House of Assembly 1980-1986, Prime Minister 1986-1991 and President 1990-2003. One of Trinidad and Tobagos most decorated citizens, especially in the field of politics, he is known as ANR Robinson or simply ANR or Robbie to the average man in the street in Trinidad and Tobago. During his many years in the political limelight during which he rose
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to become the countrys third Prime Minister in 1986, Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson served with distinction, charisma and a clear vision for the future of Trinidad and Tobago and the wider Caribbean. It was not surprising therefore that in 1997 to cap off this brilliant political career in service of the people of Trinidad and Tobago, he was elected T&Ts third President. His academic rsum is most impressive stemming from his boy hood days in Tobago at Castara Methodist School and later as a double scholarship winner at Bishops High School. He then enrolled at London University for his Bachelor of Laws degree followed by admission to the Inner Temple and passing the final Bar examinations in 1953. In that year he was admitted to St. Johns College, Oxford, where he obtained a Degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. He then returned home to practice as a Barrister-at-Law from 1955 to 1961. His political rsum is also impressive. Between 1956 and 1970, he served in the hierarchy of the newly formed political party The Peoples National Movement (PNM) that rose to become the ruling party and was elected to the Federal Parliament in 1958 and to the Trinidad and Tobago Parliament as representative for Tobago in 1961. He was the first Minister of Finance after Independence in 1962, and was responsible for the restructuring of the countrys financial institutions and the reform of financial and monetary policy. Later on he became Trinidad and Tobagos Minister of External Affairs. In 1971 he split ranks from the PNM over its Tobago policies and led the struggle for decentralisation of authority to Tobago. From then to 1985 he became the leader of the Tobago based Democratic Action Congress (DAC). He was the first Chairman of the Tobago House of Assembly (THA) and a founding member of the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) which he led from 1986-1997 and as its leader was elected Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1986 to December 1991. As Prime Minister, Robinson was responsible for several regional initiatives, including the Caribbean Regional Economic Conference, the proposed Caribbean Court of Appeal and the West Indian Commission. As the Minister of Finance and as Prime Minister he implemented economic and financial measures which had a positive impact on the countrys economy after a period of decline. Many regional and international awards and accolades have been conferred on him. In 1987 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Honour from California Lutheran University. He has also been awarded a Knighthood of Honour and of Merit by an Ecumenical Foundation of the Knights of St. John for exceptional achievements and unselfish support of humanity. He is a Freeman of the cities of Los Angeles
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and Thousand Oaks and holds Venezuelas highest award - the Simon Bolivar Award. Robinson is the holder of two international awards: The Distinguished International Criminal Law Award of 1977 and the Distinguished Human Development Award of 1983. He holds an Honorary Degree of Civil Laws (DCL) from the Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria and on a state visit there in 1991 he was made Chief of Ile Ife by the Ooni of Ife. He is an Honorary Fellow of St. Johns College, Oxford, and has been a Visiting Scholar to the Harvard Law School. In 1993 he was awarded the OCC, the Order of the Caribbean Community, for distinguished service to the region. He has represented Trinidad and Tobago at many international conferences and at the United Nations. He is the author of The New Frontier and the New Africa, and The Mechanics of Independence. He co-authored the article on Trinidad and Tobago in the Encyclopedia Britannica and has published numerous articles and speeches a selection of which from 1960 to 1986 have been published under the title of Caribbean Man. 1997 Trinity Cross 2011 Airport in Tobago renamed the A.N.R. Robinson International Airport.

BASDEO PANDAY (1933- )

asdeo Panday was born in St. Julien near Princes Town and attended schools in New Grant and St. Julien before gaining entry into Presentation College, San Fernando. He then worked as a cane weigher, primary school teacher and civil servant before attending university where he obtained degrees in Drama (London School of Dramatic Art - 1960), Law (Lincolns Inn 1962) and Economics (London University - 1965). His has been a life of politics and trade unionism since 1966 when he became a member of the Workers and Farmers Party. He was also advisor to various trade unions in his private practice as a lawyer and continued his struggle for workers rights when he became President General of the All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers Trade Union (ATS&GWTU) in 1973. He continued to serve in this position until his
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rise to become the countrys 5th Prime Minister in 1996 until 2000 and its 6th until 2001 when he lost by a Presidential decision after a tie in the results of the early election that he called. He first entered Parliament in 1972 as an Opposition Senator. Later he became a Member of the House of Representatives and represented the constituency of Couva North from 1976 until 2010. Between 1976 and 2010, except of course when he was Prime Minister, he was at various times the Leader of the Opposition. He campaigned in the 1976 general election as one of the leaders of the United Labour Front (ULF), winning his first seat in Parliament as the Member for Couva North. To contest the 1986 general election he joined forces with ANR Robinsons Democratic Action Congress, Karl Hudson-Phillips Organisation for National Reconstruction and Lloyd Bests Tapia House to form the NAR (National Alliance for Reconstruction). They won by a landslide, 33-3, replacing the PNM with Robinson becoming Prime Minister. Following that landslide victory he was made Minister of External Affairs and International Trade but disharmony set in and he left the alliance in 1988 to form Club 88 (Club for Love, Unity and Brotherhood), which evolved into a new party, the United National Congress (UNC). In 1992 their candidates won more seats in that election than the then NAR, 13 of 36 seats nationally and improved this to 17 in the 1995 General elections 17-17-2. It could not form the majority in parliament to form the Cabinet, so, with the support of the two seats held by ANR Robinson and the NAR, Basdeo Panday was appointed Prime Minister. Biographies/Books: ---Basdeo Panday, the Making of a Prime Minister: Selected Speeches (1966-1998) ---An Enigma Answered: A First Volume of Speeches ---Man in the Middle: A Second Volume of Speeches

NOOR HASSANALI (1918-2006)

e was educated at Naparima College, San Fernando, the University of Toronto, Canada and at Grays Inn, England where he became a
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lawyer. He was the 2nd President of T&T from 1987 to 1997. His career was as follows: Barrister-at-Law in private practice, 19481953; Magistrate, Trinidad and Tobago, 1953-1960; Senior Magistrate, 1960; Senior Crown Counsel in Attorney Generals Chambers, 1960; Assistant Solicitor General, 1965; Judge, High Court of Trinidad and Tobago, 1966-1978; Justice of Appeal, Supreme Court of Trinidad and Tobago, 1978-1984; Master of the Moots, Hugh Wooding Law School, 1985-1987; Member of Judicial and Legal Service Commission, 19851987; Member, Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force Commissions Board, 1985-1987; President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Affiliations: Naparima College Administration Board,1948-1960; Member, Executive Council of the Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross Society; Member, National Executive of the Scout Assoc. of Trinidad and Tobago, 1965-1987; President, Scout Association of Trinidad and Tobago, 1975-1977. Honours: Bronze T Athletic Award of the University of Toronto, 1947; Certificate of Honour from San Fernando Borough Council for contribution to football of Skinner Park; Chief Scout, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 1987. In 2003 he published a book of his speeches entitled Teaching Words in conjunction with the Naps Charitable Foundation. As one of the Muslim faith he never allowed alcoholic beverages to be served at any functions at Presidents House during his two terms in office. 1987 Trinity Cross

PATRICK MANNING (1946- )

atrick Augustus Mervyn Manning was the fourth and sixth Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, as well as the former Political Leader of the Peoples National Movement (PNM). He served as Prime Minister from December 1991 to November 1995 and again from December 2001 until May 2010. He was the Leader of the Opposition from 1986 to 1990 and from 1995 to 2001 and the Political Leader of the PNM from 1986 to 2010.
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A qualified geologist, Manning has served as Member of Parliament for the San Fernando East constituency since 1971 and is the longestserving member of the House of Representatives. He was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College, San Fernando, and his Bachelors Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona, in 1969. After graduation he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco. Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance. In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister. He also served as Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce and Minister of Energy and Natural Resources. 2007: Honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College, CUNY 2003: Awarded the Guyana Institute for Democracy Democracy Prize 2004: Awarded the Caribbean - Central American Actions Star of the Caribbean Award

GEORGE MAXWELL RICHARDS (1931- )

e is the fourth President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and was sworn into office on March 17, 2003. A chemical engineer by training, he became Principal of the St. Augustine Campus of the University of the West Indies in 1996. He attended Queens Royal College in Port of Spain, the Universities of Manchester and Cambridge, England, where he received his BEng, MEng and PhD degrees in chemical engineering. Richards was re-elected to a second five-year term as President in 2008. 1977 Chaconia Medal Gold 2003 Trinity Cross

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KAMLA PERSAD-BISSESSAR (1952- )

he is the 7th Prime Minister of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and was sworn in on May 26, 2010 as the countrys first female Prime Minister. Persad-Bissessar graduated from Iere High School and went on to further her studies at the University of the West Indies, Norwood Technical College (England,) and the Hugh Wooding Law School. She was awarded a B.A. (Hons.), a Diploma in Education, a B.A. of Laws (Hons.) and a Legal Education Certificate. In 2006 she obtained an Executive Masters in Business Administration (EMBA) from the Arthur Lok Jack Graduate School of Business, Trinidad. On completion of her studies, Mrs. Persad-Bissessar entered the teaching profession. While in England pursuing studies, she worked as a social worker with the Church of England Childrens Society of London. She taught at the St. Andrew High School in Kingston, Jamaica and at the Mona Campus in Jamaica. Later, she taught at the St. Augustine campus of the University of the West Indies in Trinidad. In 1987, Persad-Bissessar entered the political world. From 1987 until 1991, she served as an alderman for St. Patrick County Council. Representing the United National Congress in Opposition, she took the Oath of Allegiance at a sitting of the Senate on November 1, 1994. Since 1995 she has been the Member of Parliament for Siparia, serving as Attorney General, Minister of Legal Affairs and Minister of Education. Her ascent to the leadership of the political party, the United National Congress (UNC) and subsequently to become the Prime Minister of T&T is an amazing story all of which is documented in the books Through the Political Glass Ceiling by Kris Rampersad (2010); Kamla: Ascent of a Woman, by Rhona Baptiste (2010) and Kamla: Trinidad and Tobagos First Woman Prime Minister (2011 Justin Joseph/Hansib).

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Agriculture

NAZEER AHAMAD (1932- )

uyana-born Professor Nazeer Ahmad enjoyed wide international recognition for his work in Tropical Soil Science and traveled to over 85 countries of the world as a consultant and advisor in soil and land use problems. He was awarded the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture (IICA) Gold Medal for his contribution to research in Soil Science in the Caribbean and Latin American Region. Emeritus Professor of Soil Science of the University of the West Indies, he is credited with having improved research and teaching facilities and he developed a postgraduate school of research in Soil Science. He built a sophisticated Soil Science Department that equalled those in developed countries and was the sole or joint supervisor of approximately one hundred research students who are now working in many countries of the world. In 1961, Ahmad accepted a position as Lecturer in Soil Science at his alma mater, now the Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of the West Indies in Trinidad. He was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1965 and in 1969 he became Professor of Soil Science and Head of the Department of Soil Science. As he moved through the University ranks, he worked tirelessly to improve research and teaching facilities and developed postgraduate research in this specialised discipline. He was very successful in obtaining research grants from many sources to support his work and that of his students and colleagues. He published over 200 scientific articles including several chapters in books and authored or co-authored three books on Soil Science. He has inspired hundreds of students over the years.

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STEPHEN BENNETT (1922-2011)

veterinarian, he is recognised for his developing the meat and milk producing buffalo named the buffalypso, and in local horse racing. Dr Bennett was the son of Oliver Penlyn (O. P. Bennett, of horse racing fame also). He was awarded the Chaconia Medal Silver in 1984.

FRANCIS COPE (1993 -2004)

ngland-born, Francis Cope is noted for his work in the 1950s on the breeding of cocoa plants and for his training of cocoa planters in T&T and throughout the Caribbean. His discoveries led to improved breeding techniques, which increased crop yields and helped to advance the cocoa industry worldwide. He received his Master of Science (MSc) in Botany from the University of London in 1945 and represented the Caribbean at the worlds first Cocoa Conference in London that same year. Cope started his career in 1936 as a junior botanist for cocoa research at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture (ICTA) in Trinidad. By 1962 he was teaching plant breeding and the botany of tropical crops at the Faculty of Agriculture, UWI. Generations of plant breeders were introduced to the subject and trained by him. At UWI he edited the Tropical Agriculture journal for many years. He was appointed Professor of Botany and was the first Head of the Department of Biological Sciences. When he retired in 1973, he was given the title of Professor Emeritus.

18

JULIAN DUNCAN (1933- )

orn in St. Vincent, Professor Julian Duncan has lectured at the UWI Department of Life Sciences for over 35 years. During his time at the University, his areas of research included plant anatomy, flowering plant reproductive biology, and plant tissue culture, in which he pioneered research in Trinidad and Tobago. He has taught many students who have also done important research papers on some of the crops grown in T&T. His early research work focused on the problems affecting the Caribbean namely the effect of witches broom, a disease affecting cocoa; the destruction of mites on the Double Chaconia; and diseases of the sweet potato plant. He has written many articles in international, regional and local journals, seminar proceedings and books on local plants and plant tissue culture. There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. 2002 NIHERST Lifetime Achievement Award

WILLIAM FREEMAN (1909-1988)

orn in England, he pursued his studies at the University of London and at Cambridge University, where he gained first class honours degrees in Botany. After that he did one year of postgraduate training at Cambridge and another year of training at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture (ICTA), where he did a paper based on cocoa.
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He settled with his wife and three children in Trinidad in 1954, taking up the post of Tutor in Crop Husbandry at the Eastern Caribbean Farm Institute, later called the Eastern Caribbean Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. His areas of expertise were tropical crops, field experimentation, soils, botany, pests and diseases. In 1956 he then took up the post of Research Officer with the Cocoa Board in Trinidad, where he bred improved cuttings and hybrid seedlings and conducted other minor experimental work. He provided training and assistance to the younger professional staff of the Cocoa Research Division and made huge contributions to the breeding and development of cocoa between 1960 and 1984. His work in developing one of the worlds three most successful varieties of cocoa, the Trinidad Select Hybrid (TSH) spanned many decades and continued well into his retirement. Eight of the TSH cocoa varieties developed by Freeman are grown for resale (TSH 730, 919, 1076, 1095, 1102, 1104, 1188, 1220). These varieties possess high yielding potential of over 1000 kg per hectare, large bean size, excellent fine flavour status and resistance to Ceratocystis wilt and Witches Broom diseases. He is credited for introducing high density planting systems for cocoa. Once an active member of the Horticultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago, he was honoured by the Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago and the University of the West Indies, which named a street on its compound after him. 1991 Chaconia Gold Medal.

FREDRICK HARDY (1889-1977)

ngland-born, he was one of the top scientists in the field of agriculture and agricultural science. He conducted soil test and survey reports for Trinidad and Tobago and a successful Caribbean-wide soil survey. He also educated hundreds of students over three decades and played a major part in establishing the institution that later became the Faculty of Agriculture of The University of the West Indies (UWI).

20

GEORGE MOON SAMMY (1922- 1986)

rofessor George Moon Sammy was a chemist and an educator who established higher education and training in food technology in Trinidad and Tobago in the late 1960s. He was the first Ph.D. graduate from the University of the West Indies (UWI), St. Augustine in 1970. He became well known and highly respected in the agricultural sector in Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean. His work on the preservation of local produce was evidence of his dedication to ensuring regional food security and agricultural sustainability. His dedication to food and technology advancement and research led to the establishment of the Caribbean Institute of Food Science and Technology. In 1976 he received the Hummingbird Medal Gold and in 1988 he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold.

JOHN SPENCE (1929- )

rofessor John Spence has made important contributions as a spokesperson for agriculture in the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago, as a university lecturer, a researcher and administrator, and a producer of citrus. He attended Queens Royal College and later the University of Bristol and the University of Cambridge. He contributed to the development of dwarf pigeon pea varieties that could be harvested mechanically. He showed that rooted sweet potato leaves could produce tubers and received a Guggenheim Fellowship to pursue physiological studies on rooted leaves. His research work is recorded in over 50 scientific publications. His career spans 44 years of dedicated service to agricultural and
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scientific bodies. He worked as a plant pathologist in the Ministry of Agriculture, lecturer, and professor of botany and dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, the University of the West Indies (UWI), St. Augustine. He headed the Cocoa Research Unit (CRU) after retirement from UWI in 1989. He is credited with restoring the CRU into an internationally recognised centre of excellence, holding the worlds largest collection of cocoa varieties and making important contributions to the world cocoa industry. 1980 Chaconia Medal Gold 1990 Fellow of the Caribbean Academy of Science 2000 NIHERST Lifetime Achievement Award (2000)

LAWRENCE A. WILSON (1934- )

rofessor Emeritus Lawrence Wilson is internationally recognised for advancing knowledge of the physiology, agronomy and post-harvest biology of tropical root crops. He introduced many new teaching and research programmes that led to the recognition of the University of the West Indies (UWI), St. Augustine as a centre of excellence in agriculture. He attended San Juan Government and Nelson Street Boys R.C. Primary Schools, St. Marys College, University College of the West Indies (UCWI) and obtained his Ph.D. in Plant Physiology from the University of Bristol. He joined the Ministry of Agriculture in 1964 and conducted research on mineral nutrition of vegetable and tree crops. He devised a fertiliser management system for farmers and a hydroponic system using coconut fibre dust and slow release fertilisers, which gave very high yields of tuber crops and vegetables. In 1967, he began lecturing in plant physiology/biochemistry at the Faculty of Agriculture, UWI. He led the Root Crop Programme that conducted critical research on tuberous crop biology including early growth and tuberisation, methods for selecting elite cultivars of yams and sweet potato, and methods for extending dormancy in yams for up to 9 months. Some 70 joint publications were produced as a result.
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He was appointed Professor of Crop Science (1975) and served as faculty dean from 1981-1984 and 1988-1994. He established postgraduate training programmes in food and nutrition and the Distance Education Teaching Programme in Agriculture and Rural Development. He introduced the Caribbean Agricultural Extension Programme, the Continuing Education Programme in Agricultural Technology and the Certificate Programme in Agriculture.

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Business

GEORGE ALSTON (1854-1918)

n 1881, he started the firm Geo R. Alston and Company, a small business that dealt in buying and export of local produce, par ticularly cocoa. He was soon joined in partnership by his brother, Louis Alston and by Arthur Wright in 1887. By 1919 he had formed a group of companies including T&Ts first match company, Alstons Shipping and Trinidad Clay Products Limited. Later came the Caribbean Development Company Ltd, the brewing company of our world famous Carib beer.

ETHELBERT MEG BATTOO (1904-1980)

he name Battoo is associated with the vehicle rental and funeral home businesses. Battoos Funeral Home was established in the mid 1940s by Ethelbert Meg Battoo, who became a mortician, and Edward Del Battoo in Port of Spain. It then merged with J. Haynes Clark Funeral Home, which began operations in the 1880s, thus forming Clark and Battoo Limited. Battoo Brothers already had a trucking, taxi and limousine, the agency for the Mercedes Benz vehicles before buying out J. Haynes Clark.

JOSE MARIA BERMUDEZ

he Bermudez family came to Trinidad from Venezuela in 1923 and began making water crackers now known as Crix at their factory. The company was founded by Jose Maria Bermudez in 1923 under the name Bermudez Biscuit Factory at Park Street, Port of Spain. In the 1930s the company began distributing its products directly to retail outlets nationwide. They began with a baking capacity of 360 biscuits per minute. In those days the ovens were fired by wood. With time, the wood system gave way to gas connections and the baking capacity
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increased greatly. An empty Crix tin pan is a popular noise-making item in jab jab mas.

KARL BOOS

. N. Harriman & Company Limited is one of the oldest business firms in Trinidad and Tobago originally owned by Charles Hugon, a French immigrant. Harrimans became a registered company in 1873, and in 1885 it was purchased by Karl Boos. In 1920 Carl A. Boos, his son, acquired the company from his father, and further developed Harrimans interests in the agency/distribution business, shipping and agriculture. Following generations added and changed the focus of the business but J. N. Harriman is today still in operation.

ERNEST CANNING

fter being trained in the grocery and provision trade in London, he arrived in Trinidad around 1903. For the next ten years he worked in the grocery- department of Stephens Limited, Port ofSpain. In 1913, he established his own grocery, Canning and Company. He later began bottling wine, vinegar and oils and, in 1938, he got the Coca-Cola franchise.

JOSEPH CHARLES (1910-1965)

oseph Charles was born Serjard Muckmadeen. He moved from being a bakery employee to owning a small sweet drink factory on Patna Street in St. James in 1941 which he bought as Rajnauths Bottling Factory and renamed Joseph Charles Aerated Water Bottling Works, leading to the start of the popular Solo soft drink. The factory later moved to premises across from the Queens Park Oval and in 1960 to its present location in El Socorro. Solo is associated with Mr. Solo, the boat and Solo Harmonites and Solo Pan Knights, the steelbands.

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MARCUS AND REGINALD DAVIS, SARAN TEELUCKSINGH (1889-1952), GOKOOL MEAH (1848-1940), TIMOTHY ROODAL (1884-1952)

hese five men were the pioneers in the cinema industry (from around 1911 into the 1930s). Marcus and Reginald Davis built the London Electric Theatre in 1911 on French Street in Woodbrook (renamed Astor in the 1930s when bought by Roodal). Teelucksingh built the first cinema at Couva in 1916 and also took the silent films at the time around the country showing them in tents in remote villages. Meah built the Metro Cinema in 1933 which was later renamed Globe (he had also earlier built the Haji Gokool Meah Mosque on Western Main Road, St. James). Roodal built the Roxy Cinema in 1934; he also built the Gaiety Cinema in San Fernando. He later owned a chain of cinemas.

YLDEFONSO DE LIMA (1861-1927)

enezuelan-born, he migrated to Trinidad in 1884 and in 1885 established Y de Lima and Company. This was at first a general store selling household goods but he later specialised in the jewelry business.

CYRIL DUPREY (1897-1988)

n 1936 he founded Colonial Life Insurance Company, the first locally owned insurance business and in 1958, Colonial Fire Insurance. Today, the main company of the group is CLICO. In 1977 he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold and in 1988, the Trinity Cross.

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WILLIAM GORDON (1848-1923) and GEORGE GRANT

ogether these two men formed, in the later part of the 19th century, the company of Gordon Grant that today still owns businesses in a number of industries. Gordon was one of the first members of the Trinidad Chamber of Commerce, serving as its President for many years between 1888 and 1918. He built as his home the Knowsley Building which is located around the Queens Park Savannah.

GEDDES GRANT (1866-1934)

e started T. Geddes Grant Limited in Port of Spain in 1900, becoming the local agent of many Canadian firms. Grant was also active in religious circles as an Elder at Greyfriars Church of Scotland in Port of Spain for some thirty years.

CHANG HONG WING (About 1870-1929)

e arrived in Trinidad from China in 1904 and started in business selling general goods and later coal. By 1921 he set up Hong Wing coffee at Prince Street, Port-of-Spain which today is a well-known and established family-owned and run coffee-making business (4th generation).

GEORGE F. HUGGINS (1870-1941)

arly in the setting up of his businesses, Huggins bought a steamship agency and a sugar company, establishing Geo F. Huggins in 1895. He was one of the pioneers of the citrus industry and the first president
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of the Co-operative Citrus Growers Association. He also served as a Member of the Legislative Council from 1925 to1927.

SHEIK MOHAMMED (S. M.) JALEEL (1895-1977)

H H

e was the founder of S. M. Jaleel Limited in 1924 which started as Jaleel Bottling Works. It soon became popular for its Red Spot soft drink and today produces the Chubby Brand, and other popular soft drinks, some of which are sold internationally.

IBRAHIM KHAN
e founded K.C. Confectionery Limited in 1922 in Couva. K.C. has grown to become a world-wide exporter of its famous sweets.

ISHMAEL M. KHAN (1907-1980)

lthough starting off as a general goods businessman he followed the lead of the now defunct Muir Marshall in the business of book selling. His Independence store actually was opened in Port of Spain on Independence Day 1962 and today the Ishmael M. Khan chain of stores is one of the major book sellers in the country.

KEWAL K. MAHARAJ (1920- 2009)

Founder of Maraj and Sons Jewellers Limited.
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CHARLES MASSY (1897-1968) and HENRY NEAL (1875-1963)

hese two men combined to form Neal and Massy Engineering Company Limited in 1932, now one of the largest conglomerates in the country.

CHARLES McENEARNEY

e formed Charles McEnearney & Company, now McEnearney Motors. The company has expanded into several other businesses including, electrical and household appliances, assembly of motor vehicles and appliances, business equipment and office systems. In 1969, the companies of Alston and McEnearney merged. They became part of the Ansa McAl group.

RAHAMUT (1866-1941)

e was a businessman and cricket sponsor, born in India around 1866. He arrived in Trinidad in 1872. He earned his living traveling throughout Trinidad selling his goods and by the age of 18, he had earned enough money to buy a property in High Street, San Fernando where he opened a dry goods store. This was the beginning of the Rahamut Group of Companies consisting of Ramco Gas, Rahamut Service Stations Limited and Rahamut Enterprises Limited. He was also the sponsor of the Rahamut Cricket competition: in 1920, he donated the Cup which was the top prize in South Trinidad for over thirty years.

B. H. ROSE (BERNARD HAYWARD) (1881-1953)

ose, from England, arrived here in 1919. After years working in the furniture industry, he formed his own factory, B H Rose Limited, in 1935.
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ABDOU YUSSUF SABGA (1898-1985)

e, along with his father, Syrian-born Joseph Isaac Sabga, were the pioneers of the local Syrian-Lebanese business community. Many have followed in their footsteps establishing various niches for themselves in business. Along with the Sabga names some others are the Aboud, Elias, Moses, Hadeed and Fakoory families, who have established themselves in various businesses such as fabric, clothing, building supplies and sewing materials. The ANSA-MCAL group has evolved into one of the largest group of companies in the West Indies involved in many businesses such as newspaper, printing, insurance, banking and car sales.

EDUARDO SA GOMES (1893-1955)

orn in Portugal, he arrived in Trinidad in 1916. One of his first jobs was as the manager of the Portuguese Association. In 1930, he started Sa Gomes Radio Emporium and also built a reputation as the top calypso promoter in Trinidad and Tobago, sending calypsonians to the United States to record for the American Record Corporation. In 1938, he established his own local recording studio.

NORMAN SAMAROO (1920-2011)

ike most other business men, he started off in general goods but later found his area of specialty in the supply of Carnival materials, soon
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becoming the number one supplier of materials for making costumes and growing to the point of supplying Trinidad and Tobago-styled carnivals around the world.

W. H. SCOTT (WILLIAM HENRY) (1885-1972)

e started off in business in 1905 with a bakery on Prince Street, Port of Spain and later set up a grocery. In 1924, he started William H. Scott Limited in Port of Spain which included a hardware section as well as a grocery. Years later it became a hardware store only.

CARLOS, LUIS AND ALFREDO SIEGERT

heir father J. G. B. Siegert (1796-1870), a German, founded his family firm manufacturing Dr. Siegerts Aromatic Bitters in the town of Angostura, Venezuela, in 1824. After his death, his sons Carlos, Alfredo and Luis Siegert decided in 1875 to relocate the firm in Trinidad because of political turmoil in Venezuela. The three brothers bought Woodbrook Estate and turned it into a housing settlement around 1900; three streets there still bear their names today (Carlos, Luis and Alfredo Streets). Angostura Bitters is known all over the world as Trinidads most famous manufactured product. In 1985, Angostura received the Hummingbird Gold Medal.

CONRAD STOLLMEYER (1813-1904)

e was a pioneer in the asphalt industry, German-born, who arrived in Trinidad in 1845. He is the great-grandfather of noted
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cricketer Jeffrey Stollmeyer. In the 1850s and 1860s, he shipped asphalt to England. Stollmeyer believed that the proper way to make use of Trinidads petroleum resources was to distill oil from asphalt rather than to drill for oil. From 1888, the three major parties involved in exploiting Trinidads asphalt were the govern ment, Stollmeyer and the Trinidad Lake Asphalt Company. He was also a director of Trinidads first telephone company as well as a large shareholder in the electric company. His son, Charles F. Stollmeyer, built Stollmeyers Castle, one of the magnificent seven buildings around the Queens Park Savannah.

ASGARALLI SYNE

n 1910, Syne started the first bus service (the bus was called Albion), from Siparia to San Fernando and sometimes to St. James in spite of generally poor road conditions at that time. The village where he lived in Siparia is named after him, Syne Village.

LOUIS JAY (L. J.) WILLIAMS (1897-1968)

n 1938, he established L.J. Williams Marketing Company, using excellent advertising methods, the first to do so on radio during the cricket match between the M.C.C. and T&T in 1935.

LOWELL YEREX

e was the founder of BWIA (British West Indian Airways), now Caribbean Airlines, in 1940.
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Community and Social Work

LADY THELMA E. HOCHOY (1910-2010)

he was the wife of Trinidad and Tobagos first Governor General, Sir Solomon Hochoy, whose main interest was in social welfare, and worked tirelessly in support of the Lady Hochoy Home and other social and religious projects. Unable to maintain her former home at Alcazar Street, Port-of-Spain, she gave it to the Carmelite nuns. Lady Hochoy was the recipient of several international awards, including one from the Pope. She was nominated for the Trinity Cross but humbly declined.

AUDREY JEFFERS (1896-1968)

udrey Jeffers was born in Woodbrook and attended Tranquillity Girls School. She was a pioneering giant in the field of social work from a very young age, tirelessly seeking the betterment of the underprivileged, the elderly, the blind, homeless, dispossessed and down trodden, particularly in Port of Spain and its environs. Just before the outbreak of World War 1, she set off for England to study social science at Alexander College, North Finchley, London. With the onset of the war she became involved with and served among the West African troops, developing her organising skills by forming a West African Soldiers fund, mobilising financial contributions from fellow West Indians in London. Upon her return home in 1920, she opened a junior school at the familys home, Briarsend, catering to underprivileged children while
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developing a reputation as an excellent and respected teacher and administrator. In 1921, she formed the Coterie of Social Workers, effectively extending her social conscience into the area of social welfare with a group of like-minded young ladies whole heartedly supported by their parents for the work they were doing in their communities. For many years Briarsend served as the headquarters of the Coterie and the hub for meetings, and social events such as bazaars and dances with Audrey Jeffers as the dedicated driving force. She proceeded to initiate and establish Breakfast Centres (1926), providing hungry school children with a daily meal, the first of these at Warner Street in Newtown, which became known as a Breakfast Shed. Edward Street became the main Breakfast Centre and supplied the other branches which were set up in Barataria, San Fernando, Siparia and Tobago. She also played the major and pivotal roles in the setting up of a Workingmens dining shed on South Quay, a Mothers Day celebration movement (1927), St. Marys Home (1928) and in 1929 represented T&T in London at the National Council of Women of the Empire. Going beyond the scope of providing to children in need, she extended her concerns to the needs of the aged, the blind and young working women and families in distress with babies in need of day care. To these ends Cipriani House, in John John, Laventille, was set up, followed by others, including hostels for young working women. In 1936 she was swept to victory as the first woman to be elected to the city council, putting her in a position, as a politician, to better champion her causes. In 1941 she was appointed to the voting Franchise Commission and in 1946 appointed as the first woman to the Legislative Council where she served until 1956. In 1947 she was again in the national forefront, this time on the Constitutional Reform Committee. She served as our honorary Consul for Liberia. For her dedication in the area of social welfare she was awarded the OBE (Order of the British Empire) in 1959. The Foreshore/Mucurapo Highway as well as the Audrey Jeffers School for the Deaf in San Fernando were both named in her honour. 1969 Chaconia Medal Gold

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CHRISTINA LEWIS (1919-1974)

he was a hardworking activist and social worker on behalf of women. She staged the first International Womens Day Celebration in 1958 and campaigned for pre- and post-natal clinics throughout the country. She also attended the 5th Congress of Womens International Democratic Federation in China in 1958.

RHONDA MAINGOT (1946- )

n 1981, she founded, along with Rose Jackman, the Living Water Community, a resting place for the needy and homeless. She was awarded the Humming Bird Gold Medal in 1986 and was the Express individual of the year in 1987.

DOON PANDIT (1900-1958)

e was a Hindu pundit and community leader who became well known for his guru-like qualities and in performing healing miracles. A book, Doon Pandit, His Life and Times, documents his contributions. In 1949 he was awarded an MBE by the King of England. He also received
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other awards such as in 2004 when the Arima Borough Corporation recognised his work for community development and culture.

CLIVE PANTIN (1933- )

e was the principal of Fatima College for many years and became the Minister of Education in 1986 until 1991, when he founded Feel, the Foundation for the Enhancement and Enrichment of Life.

FR. GERARD (GERRY) PANTIN (1930- )

riginally, Father Gerard Pantin planned to be a doctor, and achieved a B.Sc. (Honours) in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Botany. But in his words, being a doctor, I could heal only the body; as a priest, I could heal the inner selves of my people. He obtained a Diploma in Education, a Diploma in Philosophy and a License in Theology. After his ordination, he taught at St. Marys College in the 1960s. It was during the 1970 Black Power riots in Trinidad that Fr. Pantin became determined to fight poverty and empower marginalised people. He started his work in Laventille, along with Wes Hall, and this was the beginning of the organisation Servol (Service Volunteered for All). Servol today has over 85 child care centres and some 20 adolescent development centres and its work has been recognised internationally. 1980 Express Individual of the Year 1987 Honorary Degree, Duquesne University 1990 Honorary Degree, University of the West Indies 1994 Alternative Nobel Prize 1995 Trinity Cross
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BELVIDIARA E. MARESSE-PAUL (1838-1900)

journalist and educator and her son Edgar L. V. Maresse-Smith (1861-1905) a lawyer, were very involved in fighting for equality and the political rights of women and against injustice towards the masses.

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Culture and the Arts

AUBREY C. ADAMS (1919-2007)

ubrey Adams received his training in theater arts at Columbia University, New York, and studied creative arts in Germany and France. As a choreographer, he was one of Trinidad & Tobagos leading directors/producers of musical plays, pageants, and Carnival shows from the 1960s through the 1990s. He served as artistic director of the Trinidad Folk Performing Company, and chairman of the The Little Carib Theatre. He was the first Caribbean producer to have his work presented at the Royal Festival Hall in London, England. He served as cultural advisor to the Government of Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations and in his later years served as Chairman Emeritus of the Little Carib Theatre. The Trinidad Folk Performing Company was famous for its Dance the Bele and Ambakaila, the theme of Adams production that exposed the culture of the country to the world. Adams took the production to 33 major cities in the USA and Canada, the Royal Festival Hall in London and to Broadway in New York. The production featured folk, limbo, and Arawak/Carib ritual dancing, calypso and steelband music. In 1980 at the invitation of the UN, the Trinidad Folk Performing Company performed at the Human Rights Concert at the UN General Assembly Hall in New York in front of 150 country representatives. Also in 1980 the show went to the White House during the Jimmy Carter administration and was the main feature in the Annual Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade. He organised gala cultural events for the government on state occasions. One was especially done for the late Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, entitled Namastay. He was the first president of the National Dance Association, a member of the first Carnival Development Committee (CDC) and produced its first Dimanche Gras show in 1958 and its first Childrens Carnival. In 1974 he was made a UN Cultural Consultant and lectured on the art forms of T&T at seminars in India and attended World Cultural Seminars in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. He also participated in cultural seminars in 1999 and 2000 in Cuba. In 1999 he was honoured
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by the Little Carib Theatre, the POS City Corporation, the Red Cross Society and later received a Sunshine Friend of the Arts Award. 1970 Public Service Medal of Merit Bronze 1989 Chaconia Medal Silver

JOHN AGITATION (1927- )

amdeen John Agitation Agi Ramdeen is the grandmaster of Caribbean comedy and is part of Trini folklore. As a comedian and storyteller, he worked for more than five decades to preserve Trinbagonian and Caribbean folklore through comedic storytelling. He is a graduate of the Progressive Educational Institute and served in the Trinidad and Tobago Civil Service for many years. In 1951, at 24, Ramdeen was introduced to the Trinbagonian national audience by Landy de Montbrun, a leading local comic at the time. From there, Agitation became a regular on Radio Trinidad, particularly the Horace James Comedy Hour Sunday Serenade and the Aunty Kay Childrens Show. He performed in many venues in Trinidad and Tobago as the headline performer, often to sold-out shows. 1993 SUNSHINE Award for Contribution to Caribbean Art, Comedy, Dance, Drama, Music and Poetry 2003 Hummingbird Medal Silver

M. P. ALLADIN (1919-1980)

ahmoud Pharouk Alladin was one of the leading artists for many years, and was well-known internationally in the field of Art and Art Education. He got his inspiration from the simple village folk-their
39

joys and sorrows as well as their labours and customs. He was Director of Culture in the Ministry of Education and Culture for a number of years. He was also a poet, sculptor, writer and broadcaster. Since 1944 his works have been shown in mixed and one-man exhibitions locally, in Britain, Spain, the United States, Canada, So Paulo and the Caribbean region. He is represented in collections in several countries. He was the recipient of many prizes and awards for his art and craft products and organisational work. He produced a series of research papers on local folklore, oral tradition, chants, dances and music. These still remain one of the leading sources for reference material. He was President of the Trinidad Art Society for many years and an influential teacher and role model to many. In 1969 he received the Medal of Merit Gold.

RAYMOND ATILLA THE HUN QUEVEDO (1892-1962)

ducated at St. Marys College, Atilla began singing in public in 1911 and, between the early 1940s and 1950s, sang at the Original Old Brigade Tent. He was the first calypsonian to hold public office when he was elected to the Port-of-Spain City Council in 1946. He was later elected to represent East St. George County in the Legislative Council in 1950. The melody of Atillas Calypso Behind The Wall was popularised by American singer Harry Belafonte who recorded it as Jump In The Line. He was one of the pioneers in spreading awareness of calyspo beyond its birthplace of Trinidad and Tobago. He also coauthored Attilas Kaiso: A Short History of Trinidad Calypso published in 1983. There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. 1972 Medal of Merit Gold

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WINNIFRED ATWELL (1914-1983)

he was one of the best pianists in the world in her time and abroad. She attained much glory for her performances. She is remembered locally for teaming up with the then Pan Am Jet North Stars steelband to give a series of concerts in Trinidad called Ivory and Steel. In 1969 she received the Humming Bird Gold Medal.

EDWIN CRAZY AYOUNG (1944- )

H A

e pioneered the parang soca form of music and also played a leading role in promoting chutney music soca. Crazy was the first artist to sing a parang soca hit in 1978 (called Parang Soca) and is also among the first to sing a crossover Chutney Soca, Nani Wine, a big hit in 1989.

SHEIK MOHAMMED (S. M.) AZIZ (1905-1963)

skilled mandolin and clarinet player, he was one of the early people who formed East Indian bands (S M Aziz Orchestra). Another was Nazeer Mohammed who formed The Naya Zamana Orchestra and had well known singer Taran Persad in their group. Narsalo Ramaya, a top violinist player, took over the leadership in later years from S M Aziz. The early era of Indian orchestra music would have given rise and encouraged the various singing artforms such as ghazals and thumries and seen the rise of such singers as Fakeer Mohammed, Phiramat, AH Jan, Bel Bagai, Henry Dindial, Yusuf Khan, Ramdhanie Sharma, K. B. Singh, Isaac Yankaran, James Ramsawak, Noor Jehan,
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Haniff Mohammed, Mayodeen Ackbarali, Aziz Khan and Sampson Radhay.

GEORGE BAILEY (1935-1970)

rom a young age, Bailey developed a love for drawing, painting, and sculpting under the guidance of M.P. Alladin, the renowned local artist. He was also an outstanding athlete, in track and field, playing basketball with the Woodbrook Limers and the Trinidad & Tobago national team. He began his Carnival career by designing for Invaders Steelband in 1954 and 1955, then formed his own band with brother Albert and a few others associates. Sir George, so nicknamed due to his personality and the high standard of his art, captured six Band of the Year titles. During his fifteen years involved as a Carnival bandleader, George Baileys presentations won the coveted Band of the Year Award in 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, and 1969 and the Peoples Choice Award ten times in 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970. One can only imagine the number of titles he would have added to his tally had he not passed away at such a young age in 1970. The Mighty Sparrow in his calypso Memories recalls: George Bailey, Ill always remember, jumping when ah big band pass, playing big mas Carnival 2010 saw a return of the spirit of the genius of the late Woodbrook-born and bred George Sir George Bailey, via the Stephen Derek and Associates produced band Call that George, a 15-section presentation, each named and designed after bands produced by Bailey. Bailey was credited for changing perceptions of Africa, history, and Carnival itself depicting instead a regal heritage, portraying magnificent, meticulously researched African costumes instead of a past largely portrayed in mas before that by the use of rags, paint and spears. Band of the Year Titles: 1957 Back to Africa; 1959 Relics of Egypt; 1960 Ye Saga of Merrie England; 1961 Byzantine Glory; 1962Somewhere in New Guinea; 1969Bright Africa. 1962: When Trinidad and Tobago gained Independence he was
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a member of the Committee that designed the emblems for the new nation. 1969: Humming Bird Medal Silver

LIONEL LANKY BELASCO (Around 1880-1955)

ionel Belasco was one of the pioneers in the recording of T&T music. He was a musician, composer and calypso entrepreneur. He played the piano to accompany the early silent films shown in Trinidad from 1911. He copyrighted several hundred West Indian songs, and made many recordings from 1914 onward. He also produced music for dances and concert audiences in the Caribbean and the Americas and in Europe. He was one of those responsible for promoting calypso outside of Trinidad and Tobago and helping calypsonians to record in New York when he migrated to the USA.

WAYNE BERKELY (1940-2011)

elmonts Wayne Berkeley first attracted national attention in 1965 when he designed the costume for the winner of the Jaycees Carnival Queen contest. From a very early age, he loved to draw and paint, winning a childrens Commonwealth-wide competition. While attending St Marys College, like so many of T&Ts young creative minds of his generation, he was influenced by the renowned artist MP Alladin. As a mas designer and bandleader, his focus was always to portray and represent the spirit of Carnival, the creation of fantasy costumes sticking to his philosophy that carnival costume designing is
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like poetry and storytelling and that Carnival was a street fte, albeit creative, beautiful, well organised, punctual and orderly. In 1973 he burst onto the scene with the first of his nine winning Band of the Year productions, Secrets of the Sky (along with Bobby Ammon). His other eight winning productions came from a total of 18 bands spanning 1973 to 1997. He had six consecutive victories from 1989 to 1994, surpassing George Baileys record wins from 1959-1963. He placed second on five occasions and third on three. In 1998, he designed yet another winnerAmaranth: The Secret Garden, this time for band leader Earl Patterson. Berkeley was by no means only a Carnival designer; he was in demand further afield as a theatrical and commercial designer. In 2000, he suffered a stroke on his right side (his writing/drawing side) but resumed drawing with his left hand though on a much smaller scale. To honour and recognise his works the Heritage Library division of NALIS hosted a Carnival programme and exhibition titled The Evolution of Costume Design: The Contribution of Wayne Berkeley 1965 to 2010. At NALIS one can find a collection of his original costume drawings from his Mas producing career. It spans the period 1966-2000. 1974: Humming Bird Gold Medal

PAT BISHOP (1941-2011)

at Bishop was one of Trinidad and Tobagos best known artists and cultural people known for showing us off to the world. She was a business executive, painter, musician, lecturer, historian, media commentator, choreographer, fashion designer, and even sang with the Esso Tripoli steelband. She arranged music or conducted for many steelbands including Fonclaire, Birdsong, Skiffle Bunch, Desperadoes Steel Orchestra, Trinidad All Stars, Phase II, and Renegades; performed with Desperadoes at Carnegie Hall, New York, Brooklyn Academy of Music and the Philadelphia Academy of Music. She also directed music for the Morne Diablo Folk Performing Company, worked with Daisy Voisins La Divina Pastora Parang Group and directed the Lydian Singers for many years. In 1994 she was given an honorary doctorate
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by UWI, received the Hummingbird Gold Medal in 1986 and the Trinity Cross in 1995.

JOSE AND IGNACIO BODU

wo Venezuelan-born brothers who organised the first sponsored Carnival competitions in Port of Spain. Ignacio was also involved in municipal politics in the early 1900s while Jose was the author of Trinidadiana which was published in 1897, about the events and people in Trinidad from 1797 to 1897.

HUGH BORDE (1933- )

n important person in the spread of the steelband outside of Trinidad and Tobago through his involvement with the Tripoli Steelband from 1962 when he was selected to lead the T&T National Steelband at the Commonwealth Arts Festival in Great Britain. He went on to perform to huge adoring crowds at the Worlds Fair (Expo 67) in Montreal, Canada. From here, he performed with Liberace on a two-year tour. The band later recorded the album Liberace Presents the Trinidad Tripoli Steel Band which won a U.S. Grammy Award in 1972. Tripoli toured with entertainer Sergio Franchi and played at Carnegie Hall, Radio City Music Hall, and the Hollywood Bowl. The band also performed alongside legends such as Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr., Bob Hope, Della Reese, and Dionne Warwick, and appeared on television shows hosted by Ed Sullivan, Mike Douglas, and David Frost. In 1976, Borde migrated to the USA, where he continues to perform. He received the 1971 Humming Bird Medal Bronze and is in the Caribbean Sunshine Awards Hall of Fame and Motown Detroit Metro Music Awards Hall of Fame.

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LORD BRYNER (KADE SIMON) 1937-1980

ade Simon aka Lord Bryner was a popular calypsonian from the late1950s to the 1970s who, like the famous American screen actor, Yul Brynner, performed with his head shaved. He moved to Jamaica to join the West Indies Regiment which functioned from 1958 until the early 1960s when there was a West Indies Federation. He performed in Jamaica for a while before returning to Trinidad after the collapse of the Federation. In August 1962, he won the special calypso competition that was held to celebrate the independence of Trinidad & Tobago. His winning calypso was entitled This Land is Mine. Here are some of the words: People only talking but they really dont know Whats the proper meaning for Trinidad and Tobago Cipriani start the ball rolling Now the Doctor doing the bowling So we have Uncle Eric to perform a real hat trick. Because this is your land, just as well as my land This is your place and also it is my place So let us put our heads together And live like one happy family Democratically, educationally, Well be independently. 31st of August, Independence 1962, Independence Will go down in history for everyone of you Forget racialism and nationalism too Let discipline, production, and Tolerance guide us through Independence Conscientiously, Independence And constitutionally, Independence Forget all this lousy rumor about racial equality
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If you are an East Indian and you want to be an African Just shave your head like me Then they cant prove your nationality On at least one of his calypsoes, Bob Marley was a back up chorus singer.

PATRICK S. CASTAGNE (1916-2000)

astagne is well known as the composer of Trinidad and Tobagos national anthem. But he also composed famous calypsoes and songs such as The Iceman, 1960 (Calypso - Lord Melody), Kiss Me for Christmas (sung by Kelwyn Hutcheon); Nimble Like Kimble; Hyarima: A Caribbean Rhapsody; An Orchid for You; Happy Birthday Mom and My Easter Bunny. In the 1950s he hosted pre-Carnival Dimanche Gras shows. The theme song Goodnight used for many years as the sign-on and sign-off signal by Radio Trinidad 610 was also composed by him. He also served as a diplomat assigned to the Trinidad and Tobago Embassy in England. While in England, he worked with the BBC in airing West Indian talent on a weekly radio show. He even wrote a book on how to dance to calypso music, using himself and his wife as models for the many pictures that showed calypso dancing steps. 1979 Chaconia Medal Gold Member of the British Empire (MBE)

PAUL CASTILLO

uring the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s especially, Paul Castillo was an important figure in the sporting and parang world in T&T. He had a competition in cricket called the Castillo League and in parang organised many shows, keeping alive the music of parang at Christmas. He received the Hummingbird Medal Silver in 1998.
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MICHEL JEAN CAZABON (1813 1888)

t is for his paintings about things Trinidadian that he is well known. He has had showings of his paintings throughout the West Indies and in Europe. Through his works, Cazabon opened a win dow on life in nineteenth century Trinidad. He thought of himself as a landscape painter. In 1851 and 1857 two books of his paintings of Trinidad landscapes were produced in Paris. Today T&T has Adrian CampsCampins who continues to create works of art in his attempts to preserve our rich history.

CARLISLE CHANG (1921- 2001)

arlisle Chang was born in San Juan and educated at Tranquillity Government School, Washington School of Art, New York Institute of Photography, LCC Central School of Arts and Crafts, London, England and the Instituto Statale dArte for Ceramics, Faenza, Italy. He was encouraged by his mother and his older sister Beryl in his fascination with the art world. Throughout a 60-year career in art, Chang was a mural and easel painter as well as a designer for Carnival, theatre and ballet. He was even a photographer and handicraft manufacturer. As a designer of Carnival costumes, Chang won the designers prize several times. Some of his designs have been depicted on national postage stamps. Chang rose to fame in 1958 when he designed the Coat of Arms for the short-lived Federation of the West Indies. He followed this by designing the Coat of Arms for Trinidad & Tobago when it became an independent country in 1962. He was also the leader of a sub-committee that designed the Flag
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and insignia of Trinidad & Tobago. Chang also sculpted some of the most influential works of public art in Trinidad and Tobago. His murals include The Inherent Nobility of Man, Conquerabia and a host of others located at the Central Bank and City Hall. There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. 1969 - Humming Bird Medal Silver 2001 - Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Carnival Bands Association 2006 His piece Nobility of Man featured on a postage stamp

RUDOLPH CHARLES (1938-1985)

udolph Valentino Charles, also known as The Hammer, was born in Laventille and gained respect and admiration as a steelpan innovator, tuner and community leader. He was the leader of the West Indian Tobacco Desperadoes steel orchestra from 1961 to 1985. He was very active in the fight for better recognition of steelpan players and was the subject of David Rudders famous calypso The Hammer. He is credited with introducing the 9-bass steelpan, the rocket pan, the 12 bass steelpan, the quadraphonic pan and the triple second with foot bass. He also changed the appearance of the steelband, replacing the oil paints of the fifties and sixties with silver chrome. In tribute to his outstanding contributions, Pan Trinbago has created the Rudolph Charles Award for Innovation in the creation of steelpans.

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PATRICK PAT W. CHU FOON (1932-1998)

atrick Pat Warsing Chu Foonattended Rosary Boys RC School, Tranquillity Intermediate School, University of the Americas, Mexico (B.A., Fine and Applied Arts, 1967) and Academia San Carlos, Universidad National de Mexico. In 1963, he won the Hemisphere Scholarship and attended the University of the Americas. He was the first Trinidadian artist to exhibit work at the International Salon, Museum of Fine Arts, Mexico. He returned to Trinidad in 1968 and worked at the Ministry of Culture until 1988. From 1962 to 1991, he held several solo exhibits abroad and in Trinidad. He also held three exhibitions with his wife, Lisa Henry Chu Foon, in 1986, 1988, and 1990. He created a statue of the famous Indian statesman Mahatma Gandhi which went on display in 1969 at Kew Place in Port-of-Spain. Probably his most popular sculpture is the statue of calypsonian Lord Kitchener which was mounted in 1994 opposite the old Roxy Theatre, at the western end of Woodbrook/eastern end of St. James. Other works: Spirit of Hope, Corner Dundonald and Richmond Streets, Port of Spain, Tribute to the Steelband Movement, Tamarind Square, Port of Spain, 5th World Netball Series, Jean Pierre Complex, Port of Spain, Mother and Child, Mount Hope Hospital, Mount Hope, Mural, Riverside Plaza, Port of Spain, Claude Noel, ISCOTT, Point Lisas. 1979 Trinidad Art Society Award for Sculpture 1983 Hummingbird Medal Silver 2006 His piece Mother and Child is featured on a postage stamp

ALFREDO CODALLO (1913-1970)

e is considered a pioneer in the field of T&Ts folklore art and is famous for his paintings such as the Douen, Soucouyant, Papa Bois, Lagahou and La Diablesse. His varied works (including photography
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and story telling) left us with many images of T&T life long ago as his paintings also featured the people, places and many other aspects of the folk culture of Trinidad and Tobago. A book Alfredo Codallo - Artist and Folklorist written by Holly Gayadeen was published in 1983. In keeping with his love of our culture and his artistic talent, he brought a mas band in 1967 Fairy Tales with sections and characters as Cinderella, Alladin, Papa Bois, Mama Glo, pixies, gnomes, leprechauns, douens and soucouyants.

EDRIC CONNOR (1913-1968)

ayaro-born Edric Connor was a baritone singer and an actor and can be celebrated as one of the top singers from Trinidad and Tobago. From his base in England in 1951 he was responsible for bringing the Trinidad All Steel Percussion Orchestra - TASPO - to the Festival of Britian. He acted in a total of 18 films and was noted for his role as Daggoo in Moby Dick (1956). An annual award named after him, the Edric Connor Inspiration Award, is made annually in his honour in the Screen Nation Film & TV Awards and was won in 2011 by Sir Trevor MacDonald OBE. There is also the Edric Connor Trailblazer Award, of which a notable winner in 2003 was Rudolph Walker. There was an autobiography Horizons, The Life and Times of Edric Connor 1913-1968 and there is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI.

ALVIN DANIELL (1943- )

e is a composer, television presenter on cultural events, and has served as a judge for calypso competitions, pan competitions, national
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and Caribbean song festivals and various other cultural competitions in Trinidad and throughout the Caribbean. Daniell has also served as chairman of the Copyright Organisation of Trinidad and Tobago from 1995 to 1999. He also served as a co-producer of the movie Calypso Dreams. Between 1992 and 2000he produced and presented weekly the popular local program Calypso Showcase on national television station, TTT, which featured interviews, video clips and a live call in segment of top calypsonians. He also produces music designed for steelbands. In 1995 he was awarded the Humming Bird Medal Silver.

CHAMPA DEVI/FATIMA RAHIM (1923-2001)

long with Alice Jan, she was one of the earliest and most popular of East Indian dancers whose major impact was the fact that many young dancers followed in her style of dancing. Her popularity served to raise interest in the art of East Indian dancing.

WINSFORD JOKER DEVINE (1943- )

aving attended Morne Diablo R.C. School and San Fernando Technical College, the young Devine was first exposed to the steelband and grew into a self-taught musician. He went on to compose more than 500 calypsoes during a career that spanned over 30 years, beginning in the 1970s. Nicknamed the Joker, he was the songwriter most sought after by the popular calypsonians. Although confined to a wheelchair after suffering a stroke in 1998, Devine continued to write the lyrics and music for many calypsoes including many for the Mighty
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Sparrow - Rope; Capitalism Gone Mad; Phillip My Dear; Saltfish; Marajhin; Survival; Queen of the Bands; Miss Mary; We Pass That Stage; I Diggin Horrors; Wine Back; Sailing; London Bridge; Baron - Feeling It; Jammer; Love and Cherish the Woman. In 1988 he was awarded the Humming Bird Medal Silver.

WALTER DOUGLAS (1895-1977)

calypsonian of the 1920s and 30s, he was said to be the first to organise a calypso tent in Port of Spain.

THORA DUMBELL (1924- )

nown mainly as a dancer and dance teacher, Dumbell has also been a tireless fundraiser through performances for the blind, the deaf and the underprivileged in general. She started her school of dance in 1950 which she operated until 1978. She has been a judge at childrens carnival shows and Easter bonnet parades; she has organised carnival queen shows; with Beryl McBurnie, she once organised a rally of 6,000 children at the Oval in 1966 for the Queens visit; then for Indira Ghandi and again for the Pope in 1985. She has appeared in two movies: at age 8 in a British movie and at age 11 in the Warner Brothers movie New Faces of 1936. She danced at the opening of Queens Hall 50 years ago, in 1959. In 1978 she was awarded the Humming Bird Medal Gold.

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SEL DUNCAN (1924-1983)

n the field of music, especially dance music back in the 1950s and 1960s, Selwyth (Sel) Duncan and his orchestra was a household name in T&T. He was well known for his alto sax playing skill. In 1972 he received the Public Service of Merit Silver Medal. Musicians like John Buddy Williams, Syl Dopson, Clarence Curvan, Choy Aming, Fitz Vaughn Bryan, Ed Watson, Ray Sylvester, Frankie Francis, Watty Watkins, Mano Marcellin, and still active today Joey Lewis, were those from the early era of the golden music era.

FELIX EDINBOROUGH (1943- )

e is credited with reviving the dying art of the Carnival character the Pierrot Grenade and performs at many shows especially around Carnival time.

JULIA EDWARDS (1933- )

he is recognised as Trinidad and Tobagos limbo dance pioneer. Her early dancing was with Boscoe and Geoffrey Holder. But after they
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left T&T, she started her own dance troupe, the Julia Edwards Dance Group. Her dancers were recruited to appear in the 1957 American movie Fire Down Below. She was credited with introducing the flaming limbo in 1959 when she included it in a performance to mark the opening of Queens Hall. Edwards dance group has appeared on various stages throughout the world. She later appeared on the famous Ed Sullivan Show where she held a wide television audience spellbound. Julia describes the limbo as Trinidad and Tobagos only true national dance, originally performed at wakes for nine nights. On the first night, the bar would be at its lowest and would be raised each night. This meant the rising of the soul from its lowest levels on earth to the highest in heaven. The film Julia and Joyce by Sonja Dumas, captures the lives of Edwards and Joyce Kirton, also a dance pioneer and founder and leader of the Les Enfants Dance Group. 1991 Humming Bird Medal Gold 2003 St. James Community Improvement Committees Honoree

JACOB D. ELDER (1913-2003)

obago-born, he was a noted anthropologist, author, educator, and cultural advocate for Trinidad and Tobago. Dr. Elders extensive research on the history of kalinda, pan, calypso, and other aspects of Carnival, as well as steel bands, the Yoruba religion and Caribbean folktales is an important source of reference. He served as Minister of Culture and Education for Tobago and as consultant to the Ministry of Youth, Sport, Culture, and Creative Arts for the government of Trinidad and Tobago. His many works include Song Games from Trinidad and Tobago; From Congo Drum to Steelband: A Socio-historical Account of the Emergence and Evolution of the Trinidad Steel Orchestra, Lopinot, a Historical Account and Folk songs from Tobago: Culture and Song in Tobago. In 1981 he was awarded the Humming Bird Medal Gold.

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DENZIL DIMES FERNANDEZ (1944- )

enzil Dimes Fernandez has been a steelpan innovator, tuner and educator for over 50 years. He pioneered the Bore method, which produces steelpans with greater tonal range and clearer, longer notes. He used this technique to create the Bore Pan, Panzer, Duo Bore Pan, U Bass/Den Pan, Bore Reed Pan, and the Bore-Reed Cello Pan. Internationally, he served as the tuner for seven bands in Washington D.C. between 1991 and 1999, the World Missions Steel Orchestra (1992), as well as the Kawaguchi High School (1995-1999) and the Supersonic Steel Drum Academy (1997-1999) in Japan. He taught pan construction techniques for the Pan Rising Company in Japan, and in 2000, he taught pan construction and tuning in Amsterdam, Holland. Fernandez travels throughout Europe, Japan and the United States sharing his skills.

ROSALIND GABRIEL (1948- )

osalind Gabriel has kept the art of mas near and dear to her heart for many a year, ensuring that the children of T&T are exposed to the pure form of masquerading. She has produced prize-winning childrens/ kiddies mas for the past 30+ years and is considered the matriarch in the field. Her presentation for 2012 portrayed a celebration of our 50th Anniversary of Independence, and was entitled 50 Years Gold. She received the Humming Bird Bronze Medal in 2007.

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PHILIP LORD EXECUTOR GARCIA (Around 1880-1952)

ord Executor (Philip Garcia) was one of the calypso pioneers responsible for the spread of English language calypso (instead of patois) in Trinidad in the early 1900s. He recorded for the Decca label in New York in the late 30s. He was famous for singing about the events of the times.

GEORGE SONNY GODDARD (1924-1988)

is involvement in steelbands began in 1941 joining the first steelband, Alexanders Ragtime Band. For the next 40 years he was one of the most influential persons in the development of the steelband in T&T as a player, adviser, administrator, manager and statesman. His book Forty Years In The Steelbands, 1939-1979, is a classic and is used by many as a reference source. In 1988 he was awarded the Humming Bird Medal Gold.

EDMUND HART (1923- ) and LIL HART (1930-1991)

egendary couple of mas Edmund and Lil Hart captured a total of 5 Band of the Year titles and produced some 32 bands between 1961
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and 1992. Today the Harts Band is the oldest surviving one in Trinidad and Tobago, in the large band category, over 50 years! Lil Hart is credited as being the creative designer who made history come alive in her portrayals. For their 50th year celebrations the children of Edmund and Lil Hart chose to revisit their past and honour their parents in 2010 by portraying historic band titles with sections within the band. The band saw many of the masqueraders of the past returning to take part in the celebrations along with their children, grandchildren and even some great grandchildren. Band of the Year Titles: 1966 - Playing Cards; 1970 Inferno; 1983 -Mas, Sweet Mas; 1986 - Islands in the Sun; 1988 - Out of This World. 1973 Humming Bird Gold Medal

OU EDWIN HING WAN (1932-1976)

ayaro-born and raised, he attended Mayaro Roman Catholic School, Tranquillity Intermediate School and later Queens Royal College (1945). Paralysed at an early age and confined to a wheelchair, he was able to regain partial use of his right hand and continued to paint, what he always loved doing. From that emerged some of the most brilliant paintings by a T&T water colour artist. His subjects were the beaches, rivers and rural scenes of Mayaro, Manzanilla and Guayaguayare, but particularly coconut trees, depicted in every variation of light. In 1975 Hing Wan mounted his only one-person exhibition, at the National Museum and Art Gallery. In 1976 he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Silver and in 2006 his work Guayaguayare Beach was featured on a postage stamp.

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BOSCOE HOLDER (1921-2007)

oscoe Holder attended Tranquillity Intermediate School and Queens Royal College and showed from an early age his love for drawing, painting and piano playing, which his parents encouraged. For over six decades he was a multi-talented artist, a painter, dancer, choreographer, pianist, dance instructor and costume designer. As early as 1947 he taught Caribbean dance at the Katherine Dunham School in New York and had his paintings exhibited at 8th Street galleries. During his more active years, he formed dance groups and held productions based on the traditional dances, songs, and music of T&T such as shango, bongo and bl. Between 1950 and 1970 he was mainly based in London, England where he had his dance group, Boscoe Holder and his Caribbean Dancers; presented his own television show, Bal Creole, which aired on BBC television and through which he introduced steelpan to England. His dance group toured many countries including Finland, Sweden, Belgium, France, Spain, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Monte Carlo and Egypt. He also performed with the legendary Josephine Baker. In 1953 at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II his company was selected to perform. In 1970, he returned to Trinidad with his wife Sheila, also a dancer and focused mainly on his paintings with annual exhibitions. His work has been exhibited all over the Caribbean and around the world. In 2000 they opened Boscoes Art Gallery in Newtown, Port-of Spain to welcome the millennium. 1973: Humming Bird Medal Gold 1978: Venezuelan government, the Francisco De Miranda award 1983: May 22, Boscoe Holder and Geoffrey Holder Day, Washington DC; 1990: International Voluntary Service (IVS) Award Along with his brother Geoffrey, Washington DC 2003: Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters (DLitt) by the University of the West Indies. 2004: Postage Christmas series of stamps featuring six of his paintings. Biography: Boscoe Holder By Geoffrey MacLean (1994)
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FREDERICK HOUDINI WILMOTH (1885-1973)

is first recording was made in 1927 and he continued singing and recording until the 1940s. He recorded a large number of calypsoes and was one of the few early calypsonians to enjoy success financially. Arima tonight, Sangre Grande tomorrow night is the popular chorus of one of his well-known calypsoes.

RUPERT LORD INVADER W. GRANT (1914-1961)

an Fernando-born, he became active in calypso in the mid-1930s and went on to gain international fame with his calypso Rum and Coca Cola which was made even more popular by the Andrews Sisters. He competed in many calypso competitions (including the very first Calypso King competition) and recorded for RCA Bluebird and Decca labels along with other top calypsonians of the day.

JOYCE KIRTON

oyce Kirton is known for her important role in the development of local folk dance education especially in southern Trinidad. As founder and leader of the Les Enfants dance group, Kirton has been responsible not only for instructing proper dance technique to generations of aspiring dancers, but has passed on to her students the history and philosophy behind such African-inspired dances as the bele and the saraca. Her dance company celebrates its 50th anniversary in 2012. The film Julia and Joyce, by Sonja Dumas, is about two pioneers in local dance, Joyce
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Kirton and Julia Edwards, founder of the Julia Edwards Dance Group. She received the Humming Bird Medal Gold in 1993.

FREDDIE KISSOON (1933- )

e founded The Strolling Players Theatre Company back in 1957 and has been active throughout the years as an actor, director, drama teacher and playwright. He received the Humming Bird Silver Medal in 1987.

ALDWYN ROBERTS (LORD KITCHENER) (1922-2000)

ldwyn Roberts (better known as Lord Kitchener, Kitch and the Grandmaster) was born in Arima. His career lasted over sixty years and he became a calypso superstar along with the Mighty Sparrow. Both men ruled the calypso world during the 1960s and 1970s. His calypsoes covered every imaginable topic, including social and political events. He recorded over forty albums, winning the annual Carnival Road March a record ten times. His songs were very popular with steel bands and the steelband Renegades won most of their Panorama crowns playing his songs, arranged by Jit Samaroo. He started composing and singing calypsos as a teenager when he joined a roving tent that performed at cinemas. Lord Kitchener was the name of a 19th century British army hero. After the 1947 carnival season he migrated to England, where he had a successful career as a calypsonian. Upon returning to Trinidad for the 1963 Carnival season he formed the Calypso Revue tent which has nurtured the development of many calypsonians over the years. He won one calypso crown in 1975 with Tribute to Spree Simon and Fever
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and won ten Road March titles with tunes like The Road, Miss Tourist, Rainorama and Flag Woman. Over the years, his genius has appealed to commoners and royalty alike. US President Harry S. Truman and Princess Margaret were known to enjoy his music. One statue and one bust of the Lord Kitchener have been sculpted; the former in Woodbrook, Port of Spain, the other in Arima. 1969 Humming Bird Medal Silver

ndian-born, he was the film pioneer who came to the region in the late 1960s with the intention of filming full length movies. Among the movies that were produced starting in 1970 and around the time of his influence were The Right and The Wrong, Caribbean Fox, Bim, Man from Africa/Girl from India.

HARBANCE KUMAR

A H

s a calypsonian, she sang under the name Lady Trinidad and was the first female calypsonian to record in 1937. Before that she sang with one of the Yankee bands singing American pop songs.

THELMA LANE

e is said to be the first to sing a calypso in English (instead of in patois) around 1900, under the name Richard Coeur de Lion.

NORMAN LE BLANC

llie Mannette is one of the people associated with the early development of the steelpan and up to today, decades later, he is still regarded as one of the major steelpan players, tuners and arrangers. In 1951, TASPO (Trinidad All Steel Percussion Orchestra), of which Mannette was a member and tuner, travelled to England to present the new musical instrument at the Festival of Britain. Since 1967, Mannette has been building up scores of steel bands all
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ELLIOT ELLIE MANNETTE (1927- )

over the United States, mainly in colleges and universities, but also for private institutions. Mannette is credited with several innovations which have been important in the evolution of the steelpan. 1969 Humming Bird Medal Silver 2000 Honorary Doctorate in Letters from UWI 2000 Chaconia Medal Silver 2001 Park in St. James, Port-of-Spain renamed in his honor 2003 Admitted to the Hall of Fame of the Percussive Arts Society of the United States.

BERTRAM BERTIE MARSHALL (1936- )

e grew up in and around Laventille and as a young teen started fiddling with the tuning and re-tuning of steelpans using his harmonica. By 18 he became preoccupied with what he thought were inferior tones. His career spanning over five decades has earned him the status of the tuners tuner having contributed to the standardisation of the steelpan. He invented many new techniques and sounds and as the main tuner for the Desperadoes Steel Orchestra, he used the strobe tuner to tune their pans. Their clean clear sound took them to ten Trinidad Carnival large band Panorama championship titles, more than any other steelband so far. He also led the Metronomics Steel Orchestra, then the Armed Forces Steel Orchestra, and then the legendary Laventille Highlanders with whom he made history partnering with Fr. John Sewell of the Holy Trinity Cathedral to accompany the church choir playing classics and carols. He introduced the first amplified pans on the road for Carnival in the mid-1960s. His knowledge of electronics led him to experiment with amplification, resulting with the Bertphone in 1971. The Desperadoes have taken his incredible sound to the great concert halls as Carnegie Hall, the Kennedy Center, San Franciscos Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, Britains Royal Albert Hall, and the Apollo and to performances with such notable artists as Luciano Pavarotti and Londons Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.
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 2008: Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago 2005:The University of Trinidad & Tobago awarded Bertie Marshall a full professorial Fellowship and appointed him to head the Advanced Tuning program and teach classes in their School of Arts, Letters, Culture, and Public Affairs new Pan Lab 2003: Trinidads National Carnival Commission created a new pan competition for Carnival 2003, the Bertie Marshal Jouvert Pan Contest in which the steelbands were required to play songs that he had made popular with Highlanders 2000: At the World Steelband Festival 2000, he received two awards, one For Innovation and Contribution in Respect of the Steel Drum and the other Pan Trinbago and Signature 2000 Salute Bertie Marshall, Steelpan Innovator Extraordinaire 1992: Chaconia Medal Gold

BERYL MCBURNIE (1914-2000)

eryl McBurnie attended Tranquillity Girls School, Woodbrook CM School, Government Teachers Training College, the Academy of Allied Arts, the Evelyn Ellis School of Drama, Columbia University in New York and the Sorbonne in Paris. Always a performer, she started reciting poetry at age eight at charity concerts and then organising performances, singing, dancing and playing the piano, in her familys back yard at 69 Roberts Street, Woodbrook. Today that location is the home to The Little Carib Theatre which she would later establish in 1948. It has served to protect the art of folk dancing which became her lifes mission. Today groups such as the Malick Folk Performers are the living proof of the fruits of her labour of love over the decades. Molly Ahye, another famed dancer, was one of the main dancers under Beryl McBurnie. She is described as a person who possessed talent, charm and style, the grande dame of T&T dance. Her stage name while abroad was La Belle Rosette. The opening of The Little Carib in 1948 was one of the great occasions in Trinidads artistic history. Paul Robeson, the American baritone, came for the ceremony. The Little Carib inspired many other
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little theatres to be formed throughout the Caribbean and it was here that Derek Walcott founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop in 1959. 1958: Order of the British Empire (OBE) 1969: Humming Bird Gold Medal 1976: Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws, University of the West Indies 1978: Recognised by the Alvin Ailey Dance Group as one of the three Black women who had a profound influence on American dance 1989: Trinity Cross Biography: Cradle of Caribbean Dance: Beryl McBurnie and the Little Carib Theatre, 1983 By Molly Ahye.

IRVIN MAC MCWILLIAMS (1920-2007)

uring his band-producing years from 1956 to 1988, Irvin McWilliams provided T&T with some 32 spectacular presentations many of which were based on themes of Trinidad and Tobago, its history and its culture. The first of such local-themed bands was Hail La Trinite in 1961 and the last Stay up Trinbago in 1988. Such presentations were learning tools for Trinbagonians as our folklore and culture were depicted through the vivid imagination of another legendary mas man, adept at portraying things local. McWilliams was credited as being the first to present a totally local theme on the streets of T&T. In 1974, he ventured further afield regionally with his presentation Somewhere in the Caribbean, with costumes and sections including Jamaican Ackee, Grenadian Nutmegs and Barbados Flying Fish. 1979s Our Famous Recipes was a band that showed the increasing nature of the challenge of maintaining artistic order as it was a popular band that year. His bands won the Peoples Choice Award on five occasions (1971, 1972, 1977, 1978, and 1980) with an increasing number of female masqueraders. Buccoo Reef also captured the King of the Bands title (Albert Moore). His King Albert Moore also captured the King title in 1965, 1968 and 1969. Band of the Year Titles: 1971Wonders of Buccoo Reef; 1972 Anancy Story; 1978Know Your Country. He received the 1971 Humming Bird Medal Silver.
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PETER MINSHALL (1941- )

ritish Guianas loss was certainly T&Ts gain when as a child, Guyanese-born Peter Minshall and his family moved to Trinidad. The Queens Royal College and London educated Minshall has become T&Ts most internationally acclaimed artist in the field of mas and theatrical productions. He views mas and Carnival as street theatre, as evidenced by the theatrical nature of his Carnival bands through the years, some 25 spanning from 1978 to 2006. In 1976, he designed for Stephen Lee Heung who took Band-of-theYear honors with Paradise Lost. In 1978, he formed his own Carnival band, the Callaloo Company and went on to produce many winning presentations among them two epic TRILOGIES, his bands from 19831985 (River, Callaloo and The Golden Calabash) and those from 19951997 (Hallelujah, Song of the Earth and Tapestry). He won the Large Band-of-the-Year title six times: 1979 Carnival of the Sea; 1981 Jungle Fever; 1987 Carnival is Colour; 1995: Hallelujah; 1996 Song of the Earth; 1997 Tapestry. He created dancing mobiles, the most famous of which were his male and female characters Saga Boy and Tan Tan. His work was displayed in 1987 at the 19th International Biennial Exposition of Contemporary Art in So Paolo, Brazil, and at the 1993 Edinburgh Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland. Other countries where his work was displayed were Barbados, Canada (Toronto), England (London), France (Nimes, Paris), Jamaica, Japan (Tokyo), and the USA (Miami, San Francisco). Minshall was the first to use revolutionary new materials like fibreglass rods to make mas. His Carnival success gained him worldwide recognition and he went on to design and choreograph the following international events: 1987 - Opening Ceremonies of the Pan-American Games, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; 1992 - Opening Ceremonies of the XXV Summer Olympics, Barcelona, Spain; 1994 - Soccer World Cup Finals, Chicago, Illinois, USA; 1996 - Opening Ceremonies of the XXVI Summer Olympics, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 2002 - A 12-minute segment (Fire Within) at the Opening Ceremonies of the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake
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City, Utah, USA. Minshall also worked with the French composer Jean-Michel Jarre in the presentation of two concerts in Paris, France: Concert at La Defense on Bastille Day, 1991; and UNESCOs Concert for Tolerance at the Eiffel Tower, 1995. A film on his life entitled Mas Man has been produced by Dalton Narine. His style of mas has been continued in fine style by Brian MacFarlane who has since won many Band of the Year titles. 1982 - Guggenheim Fellowship 1987 - Chaconia Medal Silver 1991 - Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of the West Indies 1996 - Trinidad & Tobago Trinity Cross 2001 - Prince Claus of the Netherlands Award for outstanding contributions to Carnival 2002 Emmy Award, Academy of Television Arts and Sciences 54th Annual US Primetime Emmy Awards, Outstanding Costumes for A Variety or Music Program/Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Olympic Winter. 2005 - Republic Day Award, T&T

KEN MORRIS (1924-1992)

orris was an artist, a bandleader who became best known for his works and expertise in the art of using copper and bronze in Carnival costuming and in sculpting. Morriss work enjoys pride of place in numerous private and corporate collections, including the Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad Hilton, Puerto Rico Hilton, and St. Pauls Church in San Fernando. He designed and executed the Speakers Mace for the West Indian Federal Parliament and his final work, the Dove, on top the rotunda of the Red House, Port of Spain, replaced a weathervane of a dragon, believed, after the attempted coup of 1990 to be a symbol of bad luck. 1969 Humming Bird Medal Bronze

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NOEL P. NORTON (1927-2012)

his well known photographer attended St. Marys College before heading off to join the Royal Air Force in England. Upon returning to T&T he and his wife Mary opened the Norton Studios in Woodbrook, the base from which they dedicated their lives to capturing some 50 Years of T&T images. Such images included the beauty and culture of Trinidad and Tobago and its people.nature, architecture, Carnival, religious festivals, advertising, weddings, and portraits. Norton was often selected by the government to photograph visiting dignitaries such as Pope John Paul II, the late Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip and Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie I. He also worked with internationally known photographers including Norman Parkinson. There is a collection of his material at NALIS. In 1991 he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold and in 2005 he received an Honorary Doctorate from UWI.

MARJORIE PADMORE (1928-1981)

he was an excellent musician and educator who composed our national song God bless our Nation and The Independence Pledge as well as many musical rhymes and jingles for the Ministry of Education School Broadcasting Unit. In 1969 she received the Medal of Merit Silver and in 1981 the Chaconia Medal Gold.

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SUNDAR POPO (1943-2000)

e is considered as the grandfather of chutney and chutney soca, as Drupatee Ramgoonai is thought of as the grandmother of the art forms. He popularised Chutney music, beginning with his 1969 hit Nana and Nani. He received the Humming Bird Medal Silver in 1993 as well as many other awards during his career.

NORMAN KING RADIO SPAN

ing Radio began singing in the early-1930s. He composed and sang Matilda which was later recorded and made internationally popular by American singer Harry Belafonte. His other very popular calypso is Brown Skin Gal.

rupatees voice is a well known one in the chutney and chutney soca forms of forms. It was in 1988 that she burst onto the local music scene with her hit Mr. Bissessar (Roll up the tassa), which was one of the songs that took Chutney and Chutney Soca to the world. She has travelled to some 23 countries as a calypsonian and chutney soca artiste.
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DRUPATEE RAMGOONAI (1959- )

CALYPSO ROSE (MCARTHA LINDA SANDY-LEWIS) (1940- )

orn into a large family in Tobago, she was sent to live with an aunt in Trinidad when she was nine years old. However, while growing up in Tobago, she had begun singing calypsoes and her interest in singing continued while attending school in Trinidad. In 1957, she began her calypso career at the Original Young Brigade Tent and went on to become the first female calypsonian to win a national title when she took the Road March Crown in 1977 with Tempo. She returned in 1978 to take both the Calypso Crown (Her Majesty and I Thank Thee) and the Road March title (Soca Jam) thus becoming the first calypsonian to win both crowns in the same year. Because of her success, the name of the title was changed from Calypso King to Calypso Monarch in 1978. She has appeared in shows with famous American entertainers such as Michael Jackson, Harry Belafonte, and Roberta Flack. Roses career has taken her throughout the world and she frequently performs in T&T especially during the carnival season. A T&T postage stamp bears her photo. She has written over 800 songs and recorded over 20 albums. 1975: British Empire Medal of Merit Class II; Trinidad & Tobago Public Service Medal of Merit Silver 1986: Citizens of Liberia Humanitarian Award 1989: Sunshine Music Award (for Calypso and Steelband) 1991: Outstanding Female in the Field of Music Award by the National Womans Action Committee; Most Outstanding Woman in Trinidad and Tobago by the National Womens Action Committee 2000: Humming Bird Medal Gold 2006: Caribbean American Heritage Award 2011: Africa Festival Lifetime Achievement Award

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HAROLD SALLY SALDENHA (1925-1985)

arold Sally Saldenha had a deep love of history and intensely researched his topics to ensure that he was able to re-create the moments in time in history in his mas making. These historical epics are renowned for their magnificence, colour and splendour of their costumes. In the first of his six Band of the Year titles productions Imperial Rome, 44BC to 96AD in 1955, he designed and created costumes using velvet, leather and copper to portray centurions, gladiators, Caesars and Nero, even his soldiers in short skirts to be as real as possible. Ken Morris was the one employed to fabricate the copper breast plates who went on to become a master of the art of copper crafting. The use of foils and copper and having sections in a band were innovations introduced by Saldenha. His first major production was Quo Vadis in 1953, based on the movie of the same name, and featured Roman soldiers with helmets made of papier mch painted to look authentic. He won Band-of-the-Year titles in 1955, 1956, 1958, 1964, 1965 and 1968 before moving to Canada in 1977 where he assisted his son Louis with his Torontos Caribana bands. Band of the Year Titles: 1955 Imperial Rome 44 BC to 96 AD; 1956 Norse Gods and Vikings; 1958 Lost City of Atlantis; 1964 Mexico 1519 to 1521; 1965 Pacific Paradise; 1968 El Dorado, City of Gold. In 1976, to commemorate his 25th year as a bandleader, Saldenha produced his A Sailor Is a Sailor, recreating each of his previous bands in the form of a traditional fancy sailor. In 1983, billed as the 200th anniversary of our Carnival, he returned to T&T to present Masquerade to Carnival, 40 sections in tribute to the history of the festival, with costumes celebrating the various traditional characters of mas. 1972 Public Service Medal of Merit Silver

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RANJIT JIT S. SAMAROO (1950- )

it Samaroo is Panoramas most accomplished arranger in the large band category; under his direction the Charlotte Steet, Port of Spain based Renegades steelband won that title nine times (1982, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997). Hailing from the village of Surrey, Lopinot, Samaroos trademark is the sweet sound he brought to his arrangements over the period 1971 to 2008. This quiet unassuming man is widely regarded as one of Trinidad and Tobagos musical geniuses. 2009 was hailed as the year for a celebration of his work according to his son, Amrit, who had taken over the mantle as arranger following his dads long stint. The family band The Samaroo Kids became the Samaroo Jets, recording its first album in 1975 titled The Samaroo Family Steel Orchestra Classics, featuring the works of Mendelssohn and Prokofiev. He has traveled globally with Renegades, taking T&Ts national instrument to far off places such as Italy, Israel, Morocco, India, Brazil, La Reunion, Madagascar, Jordan, Japan and France, where he performed before huge audiences in some instances. After his retirement, he used his musical talents in writing and scoring for children to aid and enhance the use of the steel pan instruments in the schools of Trinidad and Tobago. 1987 Humming Bird Medal Silver 1995 Chaconia Medal Silver 2003 Honorary doctorate from UWI

BERNADETTE T. (LAUGHLIN) SCOTT (1946- )

ertainly not one to give up, this deeply musical and spiritual person has through her 40 year old group The Love Movement and outreach program, positively impacted on many young people (and older as well) in T&T. In April 2002 the Love Movement was invited by the Vatican
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to perform at World Youth Day Festival Week in Toronto. In 1991 she was awarded the Humming Bird Medal Gold, in 1998 the Humming Bird Medal Gold again, this time to the Love Movement and in 2002 the Love Movement received an Icon of the Nation award.

LENNOX (LEN) BOOGSIE SHARPE (1953- )

noted arranger who is a five time Panorama winner, Boogsie has established his genius over the past forty years with his arrangements for many calypsonians, vocalists and steelbands in T&T and the Caribbean, North America, and Europe. He has been composer/ arranger-in-residence at Phase II Pan Groove since 1972. Sharpe does not read or write music but he is able to conceive elaborate compositions and arrangements and teaches them to the players note by note, phrase by phrase. He is also an accomplished piano player, described as the Mozart of pan by Wynton Marsalis, whose St. James home is a place of his many treasured memories. It was as a youngster, at the very location (Benares Street, St. James) where he grew up and still resides, that he first played the pan. He rates winning the world steelband music festival in 2000 with his own composition and arrangement In the Rainforest and being honoured by UTT in 2007 as among his greatest achievements. 1987 Chaconia Medal Silver 2009 Humming Bird Medal Gold

RAS SHORTY I (GARFIELD BLACKMAN) (1941-2000)

arfield Blackman began his career as Lord Shorty in the early 1960s. His songs Indrani and Endless Vibrations are widely believed to be
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the first that introduced the soca beat, combining the rhythms of the calypso, soul and chutney. In the late 1980s, mixing soca and gospel he introduced a new style he called Jamoo. He continued recording into the late 1990s, writing hits like Watch Out My Children, which focuses on the dangers of drug abuse. The song was recorded in ten languages and was adopted by the UN in an anti-cocaine campaign. He toured internationally with his band, the Love Circle, which consisted mainly of family members.

WINSTON SPREE SIMON (1930-1976)

rom John John in Laventille, Winston Simon is one of the earliest persons to contribute to the development of the steelpan and was the first to play simple tunes on the pan in public. At around the age of 15 he was already a popular youngster among the men in the John John band, Destination Tokyo, known for his skill at playing the steelpan. He then joined a band called Johannesburg Fascinators of Nelson Street, and emerged as one of the finest tuners. He was chiefly responsible for the layout and the pattern of the notes, especially in those early days, although the convex style he introduced was later set concave by Ellie Manette. Winston Simon continued his great work of developing the steelband and he remained a huge figure in the steelband world. His love for ftes and spreeing led to his nickname Spree. In 1951 he was a member of the Trinidad All Steel Percussion Orchestra, TASPO, which toured England. It was made up of the best steelband players in Trinidad at that time and was the first steelband to go on tour abroad. He was honoured by Lord Kitchener during Carnival 1975 with the calypso Tribute to Winston Spree, which became the road-march of that year. 1974 Public Service of Merit Gold

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THE MIGHTY SPARROW (SLINGER FRANCISCO) (1935- )

linger Francisco was born in Grenada, but moved to Trinidad when he was one year old. He grew up in Port of Spain where he attended Newtown Boys R. C. School. He is known as Sparrow, the Mighty Sparrow, Birdie and the Calypso King of the world. He was first exposed to music through the choir in school; and with the encouragement of his primary schoolmaster Carl Jadunath, he performed at the Friday afternoon school concerts. He became interested in calypso at 14 when he joined a steel band composed of neighborhood boys. Not only is he a calypso singer and songwriter, he is also a guitarist , a great stage performer and is one of the most wellknown and successful calypsonians. He has won both the Road March and Calypso Monarch competition eight times. The Mighty Sparrow became a calypso superstar along with Lord Kitchener, with whom he ruled the calypso world during the 1960s and 1970s. His calypsoes covered every imaginable topic, including social and political events. 1969 Humming Bird Medal Silver 1987 Honorary Doctorate of Letters, University of the West Indies 1993 Chaconia Medal Gold 2001 Order of the Caribbean Community 2002 Marcus Garvey Lifetime Achievement Award, Jamerican Film and Music Festival 2006 Bollywood Music Award (Special Achievement for Outstanding Contribution to Global Music)

WILFRED STRASSER

e was a mas man and sculptor, famous for his individual portrayals in the 1940s, 50s and 60s that he took pride in being as realistic as possible. One carnival in the forties, for example, he thrilled the audience with his portrayal of a huge copper penny which came alive as
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he walked out from the penny. In other years he played Lord Harris, Joan of Arc, Abraham Lincoln, Simon Bolivar, Shakespeare, The Hindu God, Shiva, Romeo and many more.

CITO VELASQUEZ (1928-2006)

ewisito Cito Velasquez was a master in the art of wire-bending in the Carnival arena. As a boy, growing up on Port of Spains St. Vincent Street, Cito learned to sculpt at his familys doll factory. What he learned during the early period of his life, later served him well over the years in his profession. His career started in the late 1940s when he started bending wire for the mas presentations of two east Port of Spain steelbands, Fascinators and Bar Twenty. Most of his adult life was spent at his Barataria home/ mas Camp; designing, building and bringing out his wire-bending creations. Cito was a true pioneer and a powerful influence in his field. Not only did he fascinate T&T with his work, he also contributed to the development of the art form, teaching and advising other wire-benders and band leaders. He was responsible for most of the changes that took place in the Fancy Sailor Mas, an area he dominated for many years. 1973 Hummingbird Medal Gold

DAISY VOISIN (1924-1991)

oisin was born in Erin and was educated at Lorensotte Government School. She became an apprentice teacher, and later taught at the Canadian Mission School in Siparia. Switching careers, she became an assistant nurse, and then a midwife, delivering more than 300 babies in the Siparia district.
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Voisins career as a musician began when she joined the Siparia Village Council, and later the Fyzabad Choir and Morne Diablo Cultural Group. But it was as leader of the band La Divina Pastora Serenaders that Voisin left her mark on the parang scene in Trinidad. She was deeply religious and has said that it was divine intervention that led her to spread the gospel through parang. During her reign as Queen of parang, she composed and sang Christmas classics including Sereno Sereno, Daisy Voisin, Daisy Daisy Daisy, El Nacimiento de la Verdad and many others. Alegria Alegria is perhaps her most famous composition. 1982 - Parang Association Gold Medal; 1988 - Hummingbird Medal Silver

OLIVE WALKE (1911-1969)

elmont-born, she attended Bishop Anstey High School, Trinity College and the Royal Academy of Music, London. She was one of the first to carry out research into the folk music of T&T. She was a music teacher and in 1940 she formed La Petite Musicale, a chorale singing group that has become well known around the world. Her popular hit songs were Mangoes and Every time ah Pass and published a book Folk Songs of Trinidad and Tobago. She was an independent senator from 1961 to 1966. In 1969 she received the Humming Bird Medal Gold and in 1975 the group La Petite Musciale received the Public Service Medal of Merit Gold.

ANTHONY WILLIAMS (1931)

nthony Tony Williams is an inventor, pioneer and musician of the steel pan from St. James and one of the early major innovators of the steelpan. He created the layout of the notes known as the cycle of fourths and fifths. A genius in tuning, he also excelled as a bandleader,
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arranger, player and musical pioneer. He began his career in the 1940s with Nob Hill steelband and later moved to Sun Valley then to North Stars, where he became the leader. He was one of twelve selected to join TASPO as the Trinidad and Tobago representatives at the 1951 Music Festival in England. He worked hard at developing the spider-web pan design, a soprano pan with the notes laid out in a cycle of fifths and, by 1962, achieved great success when his North Stars won the Steelband Music Festival. After the Panorama competition was initiated in 1963, North Stars won the championship the first two years in 1963 and 1964. He tuned a tenor bass using three standard oil drums to replace the tune boom which was made from two smaller biscuit drums of inferior quality metal. At this time he also made an epic discovery and identified the octave within the note itself. He was also the first to make a pan from flat sheet metal as opposed to a drum and the first to make an oversized pan. He was the first tuner to compose complete tunes especially for the steelband and recorded the album Ivory and Steel with celebrated pianist Winifred Atwell. 1969 Humming Bird Bronze Medal 1991 Humming Bird Silver Medal 2008 Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

DUNSTAN DEW E. WILLIAMS (1935-2004)

oint Fortin born, he spent his working years as a master cartoonist bringing readers much joy and laughter. Such was the importance of his cartoon drawings that there is a collection of his material stored at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. He touched many with his great humour. He drew cartoons about the environment including the killing of the leatherback turtles which he was deeply concerned about. He won several awards, and his work was exhibited in Bulgaria, Greece, Canada, Cuba, Germany, Sweden, Turkey, Yugoslavia and of course here at home. In 2009, the Trinidad and Tobago Publishers and Broadcasters Association awarded him for media excellence.
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JOHN BUDDY WILLIAMS (1911-1995)

long with Sel Duncan they ushered in the era of music-for-dancing era or combos as some were called. In 1972 he was awarded the Public Service Medal of Merit Silver. Some of the bands that came later were the Cassanovas, Flamingoes, Bonaparte Brothers, Silver Strings and even later, Joey Lewis and his Orchestra.

STEPHEN (1921- ) and ELSIE LEE HEUNG (1925-2006)

tephen Lee Heung, like Edmund Hart, began playing mas with Harold Saldenah in the early 1950s. Together with his wife Elsie Lee Heung they won the Band-of- the-Year title five times (1967, 1975, 1976, 1977, and 1983) including the hat trick and were runnersup 7 times. From 1964 to 1975, Lee Heungs bands were designed by Carlisle Chang; in 1976 Peter Minshall designed Paradise Lost and in 1977, Tedder Eustace designed Cosmic Aura. Woodbrook, like so many of the bands of today, including Harts, was the base for their popular mas camp. As a young man, Stephen Lee Heung brought out his first band in 1946 from San Juan, Two Ten Carmen, featuring Egyptian costumes. Siam was next and in 1948, Lee Heungs wife, sisters and female friends introduced women to the streets in The House of Hanoverians.China: the Forbidden City, their first Band of the Year title in 1967 was a spectacular display of the temples, gardens and animal life of China and was the only Carnival band to have been used on a postage stamp. They won again in 1975 for the portrayal We Kind Ah People, in which Chang celebrated the various cultures of the people of Trinidad and Tobago. The Forbidden City was the first band sent abroad by the government to the Montreal Expo in 1967, and then on to Torontos Caribana. We Kind Of People was sent to the Dallas Trade Fair in 1975. Elsie Lee Heung was twice crowned Queen of the Bands, in 1968 winning with Honey of the Polynesians and in 1983 with Diana, Goddess of the Hunt. (Note: This profile should be on page 62)
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Economics

LLOYD BEST (1934-2007)

loyd Best was educated at Tacarigua EC School, Queens Royal College, Cambridge University and Oxford University in England. As an economist he lectured at UWI and in 1976 he founded the Tapia House Movement. Along with Sir Arthur Lewis and William Demas he was one of the top economists whose theories helped shape the economies of T&T and the wider Caribbean especially. He was also a founding member of the New World Movement, and a founding editor of the New World Quarterly. He also served in the Senate of Trinidad & Tobago where he was Opposition Leader during the periods 1974-75 and 1981-83. His publications were many including 1974 - Black Power & National Reconstruction; 1989 - Where Do We Go From Here? Alternative Strategies for National Management as Trinidad, Tobago and the West Indies Approach the Twenty-first Century; 2003 - Independent Thought and Caribbean Freedom: Essays in Honour of Lloyd Best. 2006: Honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine.

WILLIAM G. DEMAS (1929-1998)

n economist by profession, Demas was a well known Caribbean person who contributed greatly in the efforts to unite the Caribbean. Along with Sir Arthur Lewis and Lloyd Best he was one of the top economists whose theories helped shape the economies of T&T and the
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wider Caribbean especially. He held many top positions both locally and regionally: economic advisor to Trinidad and Tobagos Prime Minister, Dr. Eric Williams; President of the Caribbean Development Bank; Chancellor of the University of Guyana, Vice Chairman of the West Indian Commission; Governor of the Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago; the second (and last) Secretary-General of CARIFTA, the first Secretary-General of the CARICOM. His booklet in 1972 entitled From CARIFTA to the Caribbean Community outlined policies for further uniting the region. Internationally Dr. Demas was renowned for his brilliance and expertise as an economist and development specialist for which he was elected to serve on several United Nations and Commonwealth Committees and Groupings. Like fellow economist Frank Rampersad, he was one of the most avid supporters and advocates of the Caribbean integration movement, charting its direction through his contributions to the regional economy and trade policy. There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. Honoured at the 13th Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of CARICOM in 1992 1988 Trinity Cross 1969 Humming Bird Gold

W. ARTHUR LEWIS (1915-1991)

rthur Lewis was a St Lucian economist well known for his contributions in the field of economic development. In 1979 he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. He received his PhD degree from the London School of Economics. Along with William Demas and Lloyd Best he was one of the top economists whose theories helped shape the economies of T&T and the wider Caribbean especially. In his most influential development economics article, Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour he introduced what came to be called the Dual Sector model, or the Lewis Model. In 1959 he was appointed Vice Chancellor of the University of the West Indies and was knighted in 1963, becoming Sir (Dr.) Arthur
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Lewis. In 1963 was also appointed a University Professor at Princeton University, a position he retained until his retirement in 1983. In 1970 Lewis became director of the Caribbean Development Bank. He received the Nobel prize in Economics in 1979. Lewis achievements have been recognised by the naming of the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, UWI, St Augustine as well as The Arthur Lewis Building in 2007 at the University of Manchester, England, where he once lectured.

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Education
CLARENCE C. ABIDH (1884-1952)

e was active in the areas of education as a school principal from 1901 to 1946; in the Trade Union movement as President General of the All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Trade Union; and as a politician, a Member of the Legislative and Executive Councils (19461950). His daughter Stella (1903-1989) was a doctor who served for about 50 years and was a pioneer in Public Health and school services.

BISHOP ARTHUR H. ANSTEY (1872-1955)

orn in England he was the Anglican Bishop of Trinidad from 1918 to 1945. He made a major contribution to T&T by establishing Bishops High School for girls in 1921; and in 1925, along with Archdeacon Davies, founded Bishops High School, Scarborough, Tobago. He was also involved in the management of the Tacarigua Orphanage and the Diego Martin Reformatory. He also opened a Hostel for student teachers in Port-of-Spain which he managed for some fifteen years.

BRIDGET BRERETON (1946- )

niversity of the West Indies history professor Bridget Brereton first moved to the West Indies from England in 1963 at the age of 17, but she has made such a contribution to Trinidads literary culture that one would have to be forgiven for mistaking her for a native Trinidadian.
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After completing her undergraduate degree in History at UWIs Mona campus in 1966, Brereton went on to pursue a Masters in History at the University of Toronto in Canada. She then returned to the West Indies, this time to the UWIs St. Augustine Campus for a PhD on the social history of Trinidad. Since earning her PhD in 1972, Brereton has been a permanent fixture at the History Department at St. Augustine, teaching at one level or another. She is most well known for her extensive scholarly work, publications and research on the history of Trinidad and Tobago and of the Anglophone and Francophone Caribbean since the end of slavery. She has authored several books, book chapters and many journal articles on the topic. Brereton has also helped to pioneer the field of gender and womens history in the Caribbean. She was a trail blazer in the 1980s, creating both courses and the materials used to teach those courses in the field when it was just emerging. Brereton is also a past president of the association of Caribbean Historians, and has served as Head of Department, Deputy Campus Principal, and Interim Campus Principal at the UWI. Among her books are Engendering History: Caribbean Women in Historical Perspective (1995) and History of Modern Trinidad, 1783-1962 (1981) and Book of Trinidad (with Gerard Besson) (1991). In 1996 she received the Vice-Chancellors Award for Excellence for Research, Teaching and Administration

KNOLLY A. BUTLER (1931- )

rofessor Emeritus of Clinical Surgery, University of the West Indies (UWI), Butler is an outstanding surgeon and educator who played a major role in developing the teaching of medical sciences at UWI. In his 40-plus years of service as a medical educator, he has trained and mentored hundreds of doctors from the Caribbean region. Born in Mayaro, Knolly Alan Butler attended primary school in San Fernando, St. Benedicts College San Fernando and St. Marys College, Port of Spain. He studied medicine at London University, England Butler returned to Trinidad in 1967 to start a medical training
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programme. He initiated and developed the Eastern Caribbean Medical Scheme and was the head administrator in Trinidad for 23 years and the Director of the School of Medicine at St. Augustine from 1983 to 1994. Two years after his retirement in 1995, he became the first Director of the Clinical Programme, a new UWI medical teaching programme in the Bahamas. 1987 Chaconia Medal Gold

JOSEPH O. CUTTERIDGE (1887-1952)

e arrived here from England in 1921. Starting as a principal of the Tranquillity Government Training School he went on to become the Director of Education and a Member of the Legislative Council from 1934-1942. He published many school books including the six in the series Nelsons West Indian Readers, seven in the series West Indian Arithmetics and Geography of the West indies and Adjacent Lands. He was also involved with football especially as a referee and administrator.

SHAMSHU DEEN (1947- )

hamshu Deen holds a bachelors degree in history and economics, another in geography, a masters in special education and was a teacher for 37 years. For the past 30 years, Deen has spent time tracking down records of East Indian immigrants in the national archives of Trinidad & Tobago. In 1994, Shamshu Deen published his first book, Solving East Indian Roots in Trinidad, which is an account of his and his wifes family trees. In 1998 he published his second book, Lineages and
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Linkages: Solving Trinidad roots in India. He found his first document in 1972 in the archives in the cellar of the Red House with the name of the indentured immigrant who arrived in Trinidad in 1852 and from whom the Deen clan in Trinidad is descended. Apart from developing and teaching genealogical techniques, he is expanding his research on the close to 150,000 Indian indentured labourers who came to Trinidad between 1845 and 1921 on 319 voyages on 154 ships. 1997 Humming Bird Medal Gold

RAPHAEL DOUGLASS (1927-2012)

aphael Douglass attended Belmont Boys RC, Belmont Intermediate and St Marys College and was very active in sports and the Sea Scouts. He pioneered the teaching of Science at primary schools by having it included in the curriculum. He then worked with hundreds of teachers to develop and introduce a primary science curriculum, replacing nature study and hygience which existed before. This was followed by appropriate changes to the Teachers College science curriculum. He coauthored a primary science textbook series since there was none available at the time and was instrumental in establishing a Schools Science Fair. He also contributed to teaching science at secondary school level, teaching in 1961 at three newly opened Modern Secondary schools; Woodbrook, St James and Diego Martin as well as serving on CXC panels. Several awards and trophies have been named in his honour.

FR. LEONARD J. GRAF (1884-1970)

erman-born, he was a science educator at St. Marys College for many years in the subjects of zoology and botany. He did however
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start of as a Latin, Greek and History teacher. During the years in which he taught science, the students of his school won the Island Science Scholarship 31 times. In 1969 he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold.

ROBERT J. L. GUPPY (1836-1916)

nglish born, he was an Inspector of schools, rising to the post of Chief Inspector, between 1859 and 1890. He founded the Trinidad Almanack which later became the Trinidad and Tobago Year Book. It is his love of nature and geology that made his name famous as one of our river fishes, the Guppy, is named after him. He wrote many important papers on his research which were later published in the Bulletins of American Palaeontology.

is influence on our present education system goes back to his time here around 1869 when the Keenan report on education was published. His ideas were responsible for the dual church and state control of education.

PATRICK KEENAN

ARTHUR LAI FOOK (1919- )

or 50 years, Fr. Lai Fook, as a mathematics teacher at St. Marys College, his alma mater, has instructed many island scholars. He served as the schools Principal from 1971 to 1978 and was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold in 1990.

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PAULA LUCIE-SMITH (1960- )

aula Lucie-Smith is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of the Adult Literacy Tutors Association, ALTA, an organisation which identified a big social problem of illiteracy in Trinidad and Tobago, and the West Indies, and has taken steps to deal with it. She attended St Josephs Convent, Port of Spain, Warwick University, and the University of Leicester in England where she obtained a first degree in History, and a Certificate in Education. She started her career as a high-school teacher in Trinidad but it was after two years, she began teaching an adult literacy class of about 20 people as a volunteer. In 1992, ALTA was formed to offer free literacy training to adults, and to train literacy tutors. ALTAs programmes have since grown in number and spread across the country and region. Classes are offered at 50 venues throughout Trinidad and Tobago, 59 tutor training courses have been run, and ALTA has partnered with Servol, the Ministry of Education, the National Library of Trinidad & Tobago, and the prison system. The organisation has also been invited to conduct literacy training in Grenada, St Vincent and the Grenadines, and Antigua and Barbuda. ALTAs mission has expanded from literacy to include teaching life skills and building communities. Between 1996 and 2001, Mrs. Lucie-Smith wrote and edited three series of textbooks: the ALTA Adult Workbook Series, the ALTA Beginner Series, and 18 ALTA Predictable Books. 2001: Trinidad Hummingbird Medal Gold ALTA selected as a model for replication worldwide by UNESCO 2012: Selected by The Anthony N. Sabga Caribbean Awards for Excellence

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MAX MURPHY (1902-1973)

SA-born, a catholic priest, he came here in 1934 and served as parish priest where he had a great impact on education in the setting up of the first secondary school in Chaguanas which eventually became Presentation College, Chaguanas.

ARCHBISHOP FINBAR RYAN (1881-1975)

H I

e was the Catholic Archbishop from 1940-1966 who in 1961 was responsible for the Concordat agreement with the government which made it the rule regarding the amount of students to be accepted into the religious schools. He was awarded the Trinity Cross in 1969.

CHARLES SOODEEN (1849-1926)

ndian-born, he arrived in Trinidad in 1861 where he had a huge impact on education and the spread of the Presbyterian church in over 50 years of service as teacher and catechist. He contributed generously to the building of churches, for example, the St. Andrews Church in Princes Town and the Aramalaya Church in Tunapuna. He played a key role in the building of Presbyterian primary schools and was also involved in the establishment of Naparima College. He served as the Churchs representative on the then colonys Board of Education from 1891 to 1916.

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FREDERICK STREETLY (1893-1952)

n 1925 Frederick J. F. Streetly came to Trinidad from England and though he served the Anglican Church in various parishes for many years in both Trinidad and Tobago, he was a true pioneer in helping to establish local centres of technical education. At his first post in Tobago, at the church of St. Patrick at Mount Pleasant, he built the Rectory as well as the school, showing his engineering side and talents. But it was only when Reverend Streetly came to Trinidad in 1932 that his deep love for engineering shone brightly. He turned his attention to the Board of Industrial Training which had been set up in 1906 but was inactive. At St. Agnes Church in St. James as its Parish Priest, whose church he later rebuilt, he became involved in the Boards work as an Instructor in Mechanical Engineering. He was responsible for the introduction of full-time education to young people in technical subjects. Later, when he was transferred to San Fernando to the St. Pauls Anglican Church, he persuaded the Board of Industrial Training to set up the Junior Technical School in January 1943, the start of organised technical education in Trinidad and Tobago. On setting up the school he had arranged with the authorities of Trinidad Leaseholds Limited, the Company who owned the refinery at Pointe-a-Pierre, to employ the boys leaving his school as apprentices, enabling them to enter the workshops of the oil refinery and pursue the various crafts in engineering. By 1955, the accommodation offered had become inadequate and a new school, the San Fernando Technical Institute, was built at Les Efforts. 1980 F.J.F. Streetly medal for Engineering to Graduates at UWI was introduced

HAROLD F. SWANN (1890-1982)

e was the Principal of the Naparima Teachers Training College as well as the founder and first principal of Naparima College. He started Hillview College in 1955.
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Environment

PETER BACON (1938-2003)

rofessor Peter Bacon was a well-known wetland specialist. A certified Professional Wetland Scientist, his knowledge of coastal and wetland ecology was highly valued both locally and internationally. He was also a dedicated educator for over 30 years at the University of the West Indies (UWI), where he trained many young scientists. England-born, he migrated to Trinidad and Tobago where he taught while studying for his doctorate at UWI. Bacon produced the first study of the ecology of the Caroni Swamp and was the first PhD graduate in zoology from the St. Augustine campus in 1969. He began lecturing in zoology at UWI, Mona and then at St. Augustine. He served as Professor and Head of the Department of Life Sciences. He helped to improve student facilities and was one of the creators of the first Master of Science programme in Environmental Sciences at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, UWI, St. Augustine. Professor Bacon started research at the St. Augustine campus on the ecology of coastal wetlands and invertebrates, developmental impact assessment in tropical islands, as well as the management and protection of Caribbean wetland environments. He supervised research on theCaroni and Nariva Swamps in Trinidad and important wetland areas in Tobago. He also studied the biology and conservation of leatherback turtles in the 1970s and 1980s. During his life, he wrote several scientific papers, manuals and books including The Natural Resources of Trinidad and Tobago and Flora and Fauna of the Caribbean.

JOHN A. BULBROOK (1881-1967)

geologist, he did a lot of archeological work digging up early evidence of Trinidads history from the time he arrived here from
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the USA in 1913. He was the curator of the National Museum where he took care of some valuable exhibits that were being ignored. He wrote the following: The Aborigines of Trinidad (1940), Excavation of a Mound at Palo Seco (1953), The Meaning of Archeology (1956), Notes Concerning Excavation of Shell Mounds or Kitchen Middens. There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI.

THOMAS C. CAMBRIDGE (1906-1967)

n archeologist and archivist, he explored and unearthed many relics from old Amerindian sites, historic military sites and sunken boats and ships. He researched Tobago especially but died before his work could be published. He had been made government archivist but again due to his death, his large collection of historical objects were not sorted. However, some of his work is on show in Tobago at the Mt. Irvine Trust of Tobago History.

MOLLY GASKIN

he is known internationally for her work in the field of natural resource management, public awareness and environmental education. In 1977, she put together the first audio-visual environmental education programme taken to schools and community groups throughout Trinidad. In 1982, she exhibited the first collection of wildlife photographs in Trinidad and Tobago, with the proceeds going to the Pointe-a-Pierre Wild Fowl Trust, which she has developed as its president since the late 1970s. Gaskins published works include A Creed of Nature, which was distributed to schools and youth groups throughout Trinidad and Tobago. In 1987 she was awarded the Hummingbird Medal Gold.

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WILLIAM INGRAM (1847-1924)

e was a bird expert (aviculturist) who established the bird sanctuary on the island of Little Tobago in the early 1900s.

JULIAN KENNY (1930- 2011)

rofessor Julian Kenny was a zoologist who wrote a lot about the natural history of T&T and the Caribbean. He was also an environmentalist, scientist, lecturer, photographer and author. He did research on our freshwater fishes, our savannas, wetlands, cave systems, marine systems and coral reefs. He became a Senior Fisheries Officer and later spent 29 years on staff in the Department of Life Sciences at UWI, St. Augustine. He produced several books showing his photography. There is a collection of his material at NALIS and at UWI. In 2010 he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold.

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Fashion and Beauty Pageants

JANELLE PENNY COMMISSIONG (1953- )

he attended St. Ursulas Elementary School and Bishops Anstey High School. She left Trinidad at the age of 13 for New York where she later attended the Fashion Institute of Technology. With a passion for fashion and her striking beauty, she returned to Trinidad in 1976 and won the honour to represent T&T at the Miss Universe Pageant which was held in the Dominican Republic in 1977. She went on to capture the Miss Universe crown at the pageant, making all of T&T proud. She also won the Miss Photogenic title at the contest. In honor of her accomplishment, three T&T stamps bearing her photos were issued and a popular calypso sung by the Lord Kitchener. Trinity Cross, 1977

WENDY FITZWILLIAM (1972- )

endy Fitzwilliam grew up in Diamond Vale, Diego Martin and attended Diego Martin Girls R.C and St. Josephs ConventinPort of Spain. She graduated in 1996 fromthe University of West Indies and then from Hugh Wooding Law School as a lawyer. She was admitted to the bar in May 2000. At age of 25 she represented T&T at the 1998Miss Universepageant held inHonolulu, Hawaii. As a result of her commitment to fighting HIV and AIDS, she was honored by the United Nations in June 1998 with the title of UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador. She has narrated videos for UNAIDS and
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UNICEF on the plight of children and adults living with HIV and AIDS in the Caribbean. Her dream to heighten AIDS awareness in Trinidad and Tobago was realised when The Hibiscus Foundation was founded also in 1998. The name was inspired by her use of the hibiscus flowers in her hair, in the last segment of the Miss Universe Pageant. The Wendy Fitzwilliam Paediatric Hospital at Mt. Hope is named after her. 1998 Chaconia Medal Gold

GISELLE JEANNE-MARIE LARONDE- WEST (1963- )

iselle Laronde attended St. Peters School, Point-a-Pierre and the University of London, England and holds a black belt in karate. At the age of 23 Laronde won the Miss World title as Miss Trinidad & Tobago in London, England, beating out 76 other contestants at the Albert Hall, London, England in 1986. She used her prize money to attend the University of London where she completed a degree in Sociology and Communication. In honour of her accomplishment, a BWIA airplane was named after her and postage stamps issued with her image. 1987 Chaconia Medal Gold

MEILING ESAU
(1946)

er passion for fashion and fashion design started at an early age. In the early 1970s she set up her first studio and retail outlet in a renovated garage. She is renowned for her work in fine linens and natural fabrics. Meiling has worked closely with Emmy Award-winning costume designer, Peter Minshall on his Carnival productions and other artistic presentations. This collaboration has won her accolades, notably
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for her involvement in the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games in Atlanta, and for her work with the Miss Universe Pageant, which was held in Trinidad in 1999. Many fashion designers have followed in her footsteps, most notably Anya AyoungChee, who captured the worlds attention in 2011 by winning the top prize on the popular Project Runway. In 2008 Meiling received the Chaconia Medal Silver.

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Law

FRANCIS EVELYN MOHAMMED (F. E. M.) HOSEIN (1882-1936)

rouca-born, he was a brilliant Oxford educated lawyer and also a politician and the Mayor of Arima from 1929 to 1931. In his time, a period when there was pressure to throw in his lot with the East Indian section of the population, Hosein objected to taking sides simply on the grounds of race. Instead he called for unity between the Indian and African masses in this island. Hosein was deeply interested in the people of Trinidad as a whole, and in civic affairs. It was his desire to see his country move away from colonial days. He was actively involved in the area of labour relations also. His sympathy for the neglected and his love for history led to his becoming a champion of the Amerindian people of Arima. He fought to help the Caribs maintain their customs, and contributed a great deal to promoting their interests. He even wrote the celebrated play Hyarima - the Caciques Daughter, which focused on the rich history of the Amerindian past, and the pressures of modern life. As the Mayor of Arima, he reinstated the Carib festival of Santa Rosa. In 1928, his popularity saw him elected to one of the seven seats in the Legislative Council of Trinidad and Tobago. Another of his accomplishments was the construction of a road connecting Arima to Blanchisseuse in 1931. Before then, Blanchisseuse was reachable only by sea, and was isolated from the rest of the country.

JEAN PERMANAND

he highest position achieved by a woman in the Judiciary was reached by Justice Jean Permanand. Justice Permanand was admitted as a Barrister of Law in Trinidad and Tobago in 1962. She worked as a
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State Counsel in the Attorney Generals Chambers from 1965 and then as Treasury Solicitor (Acting) from 1979 before being appointed as a Senior Counsel in 1981. Justice Permanand was the first woman to be appointed Solicitor General in Trinidad and Tobago in 1980 and in 1983 became the second female High Court Judge. She was appointed as the first female Judge of the Court of Appeal in 1993 and served in that role until 2002. On two occasions during her time as an Appeal Court Judge she was called upon to act as Chief Justice of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Justice Jean Permanand has gone on to perform as the Chairman of the Law Reform Commission, as a member of the Law Revision Committee and as a member of the Judicial Legal and Services Commission. In 2003 she received the Chaconia Medal Gold.

LENNOX A. P. OREILLY (1880-1949)

H F

e was the chairman of two very important committees: firstly the Franchise Committee in 1941 and later the Constitutional Reform Committee in 1947. He was also an important person as a lawyer, politician, businessman and sports administrator.

ather of Pelham Warner, he was an important barrister, attorneygeneral and politician in the 1840s to 1860s, easily one of the most powerful people in Trinidad during this period. During this time he led the campaign to make our laws and institutions more English and less French or Spanish. He did more than anyone else in the setting up of Queens Royal College.

CHARLES WILLIAMS WARNER (1807-1887)

HUGH O. B. WOODING (1904-1974)

ir Hugh Wooding, S.C., O.B.E., was a brilliant lawyer after whom The Hugh Wooding Law School at UWI is named. His contribution was not only to the law, but also in politics as Mayor of Port of Spain
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in 1943. In 1971, he became Chancellor of the University of the West Indies. He was a member of the Constitutional Reform Committee, 1947-1948 and our first Chief Justice after indepen dence,1962-1968. There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI.

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Medicine

BERT ACHONG (1928-1996)

fter excelling in school at St. Marys College, Achong enrolled at University College Dublin, where he received his medical degree. Dr. Achong joined Sir Anthony Epstein, a leading researcher in viruses associated with cancer at the Bland Sutton Institute at Middlesex Hospital, co-discovering the Epstein-Barr virus, the first human tumor virus to be discovered which causes multiple cancers as well as Burkitts lymphoma. In 1971 he made another major discovery, the Human foamy virus which belongs to the retrovirus family (viruses which contain RNA as the hereditary material in place of the more common DNA) and was the first example of this type of infection in man. Dr. Achong wrote several scientific articles on his discoveries and also authored and edited books in his area of research. Key among these was a book co-edited with his team leader, Sir Anthony Epstein, The Epstein-Barr Virus. He lectured for many years in the Department of Pathology at the University of Bristol in England. He was known to be a dynamic presenter who had a gift for inspiring students, making difficult subjects seem straightforward and making his subject area very exciting.

COURTENAY BARTHOLOMEW (1931- )

r. Bartholomew studied medicine in Dublin, Ireland. In 1965, he became the first Caribbean physician to obtain a Doctorate of Medicine from the University College Dublin. Though he was offered
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several opportunities overseas, he chose to return to Trinidad in 1967 for the opening of the University of the West Indies Medical School. Dr. Bartholomews many contributions to the medical field began with his early research on acute pancreatitis, caused by the sting of the Trinidadian scorpion. His study on the prevalence of hepatitis was instrumental in advising the Government of Trinidad and Tobago about the need for a national hepatitis B vaccination program. He discovered the first known cases of adult T-cell leukemia in Trinidad and Tobago and the southern Caribbean. He has also worked extensively on HIV and AIDS, and discovered the first known case of HIV and AIDS in the Commonwealth Caribbean. In 2000, Dr. Bartholomew became the only scientist in the Caribbean to be appointed to the International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO. He has over 75 publications in scientific literature, has written chapters in 7 textbooks of medicine, and 8 books on the relationship between science and religion. 1975 - Chaconia Gold Medal- for long service in the field of health and education in Trinidad and Tobago 1984 MRCP(Edinburgh) - in internal medicine in the sub-specialty of gastroenterology 1991 - The International Society of Retrovirology Award 1997 - Professor Emeritus in Medicine - University of the West Indies 1999 - Charles C. Shepard - Award for Scientific Excellence, Centers for Diseases Control (CDC), presented to the Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago 2001 Republic Day Award - Citizens for a Better Trinidad and Tobago (CBTT), 2001 1991 The Father of Gastroenterology in the West Indies- Honoured by the West Indian Society of Gastroenterology 1992 - Recognised for 25 years of distinguished service -Faculty of Medical Science of the University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica 2005 - University of the West Indies HIV and AIDS Response Program (UWIHARP) - Pioneer Award 2006 - Class of 2006/2007 Award - Department of Clinical Medical Sciences at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of the West Indies in St. Augustine,

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MICHAEL BEAUBRUN (1924-2002)

rofessor Michael Beaubrun was held many titles including Doctor, Professor and Senator. A psychiatrist by profession, Professor Beaubrun made important contributions to the fields of alcoholism and mental health. In 1956, his efforts led to the introduction of Alcoholics Anonymous in the West Indies. In1976 he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold and in 1998 an honourary Doctor of Science from the UWI.

ANDRE CIPRIANI (1908-1956)

r Andr Joseph Cipriani, Trinidad and Tobagos first major biophysicist, was best known for his expertise on radiation and pioneering work in cancer treatment. He was one of the first scientists in the world with practical expertise in the medical applications of radiation and was described as the most knowledgeable expert on radiation hazards in the world.

LOUIS A. A. DE VERTEUIL (1807-1900)

rima-born, he attended medical school in Paris and was a doctor in T&T for over 50 years. As a Roman Catholic, he fought for benefits for the sector and was responsible for the founding of St. Marys College after visiting Rome to get help from the Holy Ghost Fathers. He was elected the first Mayor of Port of Spain when it became a borough in 1853 and again from 1859 to 1864 and was a long standing Member of the Legislative Council from 1864 to 1895. He was the owner of both sugar and cocoa estates and the author of the book Trinidad; Its Geography, Natural Resources, Administration, Present Condition and
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Prospects (1858). He was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire by the Pope in 1893 and was knighted by Britain in 1895.

SAMUEL EBENEZER ELLIOT (1901-1969)

oruga-born, Orisha Leader and Healer, he was known popularly as Papa Niza. According to him he received special powers to heal the sick and cast out evil spirits. He was regarded as the leader or grand master of the Orisha religion.

SAMUEL F. GHOURALAL (1925-1991)

r. Samuel The Guru Ghouralal was a dedicated neurosurgery pioneer in Trinidad and Tobago. Born in Guapo, he attended Naparima College, St. Marys College and McGill University in Canada. He was certified in neurosurgery in the state of New York in 1956, and returned to Trinidad that year, determined to set up his specialty in T&T. Dr. Ghouralal was assigned part-time to both the Port-of-Spain General Hospital and San Fernando General Hospital and later given a full-time position. He was the countrys only neurosurgeon. The height of his fame came in 1957, when he extracted a brain tumour from an American soldier. The patients spectacular recovery enabled him to be walking again within a couple of days. Ghouralals reputation spread across the region and he was soon being called to St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Barbados and Guyana to perform operations and give advice. With budding neurosurgeons joining the service, Dr. Ghouralal became the countrys Senior Neurosurgeon. The training programme he initiated within the hospital gained the recognition of the Royal College of Surgeons in England. Because of his knowledge and experience, he
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earned the nickname of The Guru. Dr. Ghouralal went on to serve as President of the Medical Association in 1964, and was assistant Hospital Medical Director between 1970 and 1982, finally retiring in 1985. 1980 Trinidad and Tobago Medical Association Scroll of Honour 1989 Chaconia Medal Gold

BARBARA HULL (1939- )

or 27 years she contributed to public health and disease control in T&T. She researched the spread of HTLV-1 and HIV and led the Global Polio Eradication Program of the World Health Organisation (WHO). She prepared us for the 1972 polio outbreak and discovered 2 new strains of yellow fever and a seasonal virus that caused gastrointestinal disease in children. In 1986 she received T&Ts Medal of Merit Gold.

WINSTON INCE (1930- )

unapuna-born Dr. Winston Ince was one of the early experts in the field of heart medicine (cardiology). During his career he introduced echocardiography to the Port of Spain General Hospital and got free open-heart surgery for children. He has written and published many medical features in regional and international journals. He attended La Brea R.C. School and St. Marys College. He obtained postgraduate diplomas of Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP), Edinburgh specialising in cardiology in 1960 and the MRCP, London in 1961. For more than 50 years, his career was focused on clinical medicine, clinical cardiology and teaching medical students in the UWI Eastern Caribbean Medical Scheme. He managed and developed the Paediatric
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and Adult Cardiology Services for over 25 years and retired from the General Hospital in 1990 as Medical Chief of Staff. He played a significant role in the introduction of echocardiography, which is important in the diagnosis of heart disease. 1989 Chaconia Medal Gold 1990 Trinidad and Tobago Medical Association Scroll of Honour 1999: Honour award from the Caribbean Cardiac Society

ANTOINE LEOTAUD (1814-1867)

e was believed to have had the largest midwifery practice in Trinidad in the mid-nineteenth century. His writings on medicine won him medals from the Paris Society of Medicine and he was also a zoologist, writing about our birds (Les Oiseaux de la Trinidad) and fishes.

ARTHUR MCSHINE (1876-1948)

rthur Hutton McShine was Trinidad and Tobagos first qualified specialist eye surgeon. A generous person, he helped especially the nations poor, for over 40 years. He was educated at Eastern Boys Government School and Queens Royal College. In 1896, he won an Island Scholarship and chose to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. He helped to form the Trinidad Association for the Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis to improve living conditions in Port-of-Spain and to reduce spread of the disease. He was a member of the Council of the Medical Board for 20 years and served as Vice President and President. He served at the Trinidad Co-operative Bank for 32 years, 28 of which he was Chairman of the Board. During these years, the Bank became known as the Poor Mans Friend. In 1914, when the City Council of Port-of-Spain was re-established, he was among its first elected members. He was a member of the Council for 14 years, and was elected Mayor from 1921 to 1922 and
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Deputy Mayor on three occasions between 1920 and 1926. Due to his efforts, a piped water system was installed on Laventille Hill named The McShine Reservoir which still services the area today. He served as a member of the Executive Council from 1937 to 1943. He received the Order of the British Empire and later the title Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.

HALSEY MCSHINE (1912-2006)

alsey McShine attended Tranquillity Boys Primary School and Queens Royal College, and spent his entire medical career in the public health system. As a specialist surgeon at the Port of Spain General Hospital (POSGH), he pioneered many medical procedures including cardiac surgery in the West Indies. He performed the first successful mitral valvotomy in the region in 1956 and the first repair of ductus arteriosus in Trinidad in 1959. McShines most celebrated accomplishment was the West Indies first open-heart operation using hypothermia on May 22nd 1968 at the San Fernando General Hospital. His patient was a six-year-old boy with a defective heart valve. After a long and illustrious career spanning some 50 years, Dr. McShine retired in 1992. He served on the Task Force that developed the Mount Hope Medical Sciences Complex and was past President of the Trinidad Medical Association and the Chest and Heart Association of Trinidad and Tobago. 1962 OBE (Order of the British Empire) 1969 Chaconia Medal Gold

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J. LENNOX PAWAN (1887-1957)

oseph Lennox Pawan had his early education at St. Marys College, Port of Spain and then later at Edinburgh University in England. In the field of tropical medicine Dr. Pawan discovered the source of the deadly rabies virus in the early 1930s which led to the development of a vaccine and which saved many human lives as well as many animals from the poison of the vampire bat, the source. He also was an expert on tubercolosis and malaria and was an important person in the fight to get rid of them from T&T and the entire Caribbean. 1934 Member of the British Empire (OBE) 1954 Consultant on rabies to the USA government 2002 PAHO honoured him as a supreme scientist posthumously as a Hero in Health for his contribution to the development of public health.

HENRY PIERRE (1904-1984)

ir Henry Pierre was an outstanding general surgeon and pioneered lung surgery in T&T. He was knighted by the Queen in 1957 and became the only national to receive the United States Meritorious Naval Citation for his service to the U.S. military. He was also active in the Trinidad Medical Society and the Red Cross Society, which he served as President. In 1974, he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold.

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DR. THEODOSIUS POON-KING (1928- )

r Theodosius Poon-King is credited for his groundbreaking work on diabetes, the eradication of acute nephritis and the reduction of the high incidence of rheumatic fever in Trinidad and Tobago. He attended Biche Canadian Mission School and Arouca Boys RC School and then St. Marys College, where he excelled in languages and history. At the University College Dublin he graduated with first-class honours in 1953, winning three gold medals. He then did postgraduate training in cardiology at Harvard Medical School, working with the research group in the Arteriosclerosis Unit of the Massachusetts General Hospital that identified four new risk factors for coronary heart disease. He continued his postgraduate training in endocrinology as House Physician at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London where he developed a passion for research. In 1958, he took up the post of Specialist Physician at the San Fernando General Hospital. He discovered that scorpion stings caused inflammation of the heart muscle and published the report in the British Medical Journal. In 1960, he undertook an extensive study on diabetes in Trinidad. His findings were reported in the prestigious medical journal, The Lancet, in 1968. He established the Streptococcal Disease Unit at the San Fernando General Hospital in 1966 and with his co-researchers discovered four new types of streptococci during epidemics from 1965 to 1971. He also studied yellow fever and identified the first person with the virus in an outbreak in 1977. 1975 Chaconia Medal Gold

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DR. ELIZABETH QUAMINA (1929 1997)

lizabeth Quamina was born in Wales, she rose to the post of Chief Medical Officer in 1979 and became the first female and longest serving (33 years) Chief Medical Officer (CMO) in the nations history. She attended the University of London (1960) where she qualified in Medicine and Public Administration. Dr. Quamina served in the public health system where she held several senior positions including Medical Officer (1955), County Medical Officer of Health (1965), Principal Medical Officer (1969) and finally CMO (1979). Her work in the health sector is documented in the many strides taken under her watch for improvement of public health and access to proper health care. She played a major role in organising the immunisation programmes against Polio. She was also instrumental in the Breast Feeding Program. Her efforts towards improvement of the status of the health sector resulted in better primary health care and also the formulation of the first National Health Plan of T&T. Dr. Quamina chaired the National AIDS Committee and served on many other Cabinet-appointed committees including the Task Force that planned and implemented the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex (1981 1987). Dr. Quamina was an active member of the National Cancer Society and worked hard to establish screening clinics for prostate, cervical and breast cancer. The National Cancer Registry, now known as the Dr. Elizabeth Quamina Cancer Registry, was named in her honour. 1980 Chaconia Medal Gold 1985 PAHO Award for Administration; Medal of the Medical Society, WHO (World Health Organisation) 1986 Scroll of Honour from the Trinidad and Tobago Medical Association 1988 PAHO / WHO Gold Medal for Health for All

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LALL SAWH (1951- )

all Sawh is a urologist who is well known throughout the Caribbean and the world. He introduced to Trinidad and Tobago buttonhole surgery, a procedure by which a small cut is made when performing kidney surgery. He was also the first doctor in the Caribbean to perform a kidney transplant from a live person as well as the first in Trinidad and Tobago to perform a bloodless type of surgery. Dr. Sawh also introduced the lithotripter, a device for removing kidney stones without surgery.In 1993 he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold.

LESLIE SPENCE (1922- )

rofessor Leslie Spence was instrumental in the control and prevention of epidemic diseases in T&T. He is known for his work on arboviruses which included the discovery of several new viruses, and for his work on enteroviruses including the polio virus. As Director of the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory (TRVL), he developed the field of diagnostic virology to serve Trinidad and Tobago and the wider Caribbean. In 1951, he entered the Trinidad Medical Service and worked at the General Hospital in Port of Spain and in the District of Sangre Grande. In 1954, he was seconded to the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory of the Rockefeller Foundation and began a career in virology. He named three viruses after places in Trinidad and Tobago Mayaro, Oropuche and Tacaribe. His studies on an outbreak of poliomyelitis in Guyana in 1962 led to the application of polio control measures in Trinidad and Tobago. Professor Spence is also recognised for starting and carrying on rotavirus work in Trinidad and Tobago. Rotaviruses are a major cause of diarrhoeal disease in young children. 2008 Chaconia Medal Silver
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ELISHA TIKASINGH (1927- )

former student of Naparima College, Dr. Elisha Tikasingh made significant contributions in the field of medical scientific research. He described the Nariva Virus and assisted in the description of the Restan Virus, both new to science at that time. However, his greatest achievement was the development of a technique for the production of large amounts of fluids with antibodies in mice, used to identify arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses). During his career, he wrote many articles and published the book The Hunt for Caribbean Viruses: A History of the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory. The main lecture theatre at CAREC is called the Dr. Elisha Tikasingh Lecture Theatre in his honour. Awards: 1964 Distinguished Service Award in Recognition of Outstanding Contributions to Public Health from the Caribbean Public Health Association; 1995 Award for Outstanding Service to Medical Technology from the Caribbean Association of Medical Technologists; 2001 Award for Excellence for Outstanding Scientific Achievements in Entomology, Parasitology and Virology from the Caribbean Health Research Council.

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Oil
ARTHUR BEEBY-THOMPSON

e was important to the early development of our oil industry. As a geologist, Thompson came to Trinidad at the beginning of the 1900s to look for black gold. His efforts were mainly in the Guapo area and so began the development of the Point Fortin district. In 1907 he drilled to a depth at 700 feet and found oil. It was in this area that an oil refinery started after he sold his company, Trinidad Oilfields Limited, which became Shell in 1957 and later Trinidad and Tobago Oil Company. He also drilled in other areas especially in the Fyzabad and Siparia regions. He wrote about his oil drilling in his book Oil Pioneer.

WALTER DARWENT (1821-1868)

A H

Civil engineer and oil pioneer who headed the effort that first discovered oil in Trinidad in 1866.

GEORGE R. GILKES (1863-1914)

e was a surveyor who is said to have found oil in the Guayaguayare area sometime between 1897 and 1900, samples of which he took to his friend John Lee Lum who in turn gave them to Randolph Rust. He was totally against the takeover of Trinidads oil by foreign companies which sadly led to his downfall.

HANS G. KUGLER (1893-1986)

witzerland-born, he came to Trinidad in 1913. His devotion to geology and palaeontology and the advancement and worldwide
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promotion of research on Trinidad and the compilation of a Geological Map of Trinidad in 1961, earned him the title Father of Trinidad Geology. Fifty-one species contain the scientific designation kugleri named in honour of their discoverer. He mapped the Apex anticline for the Apex Oil Company, leading to record-breaking oil finds. He moved on to the Trinidad Petroleum Development Company in 1925, and with his guidance, it too struck oil in Palo Seco. In 1928, Kugler invited Conrad Schlumberger to demonstrate his electrical logging method in Trinidad on behalf of Trinidad Leaseholds Limited (TLL), which became routine oil well drilling practice. His suggestions led to the establishment of a biostratigraphic laboratory in Pointe--Pierre in 1929, after he was appointed Chief Geologist of TLL. Also at Kuglers prompting, TLL introduced aerial photointerpretation to Trinidad in 1936, and built new laboratories. In 1939, Kugler was involved in border settlement negotiations over the ownership of Patos Island and Soldado Rock in the Gulf of Paria and the location of the Trinidad/Venezuela border. The settlement that followed won Trinidad drilling rights in the Gulf of Paria, a drilling zone which later turned out to be extremely productive. He also organised the first Caribbean Geological Conference in 1939. In 1956, Texaco took over TLL and Kugler left Trinidad for Switzerland in 1959, leaving behind his masterpiece a 1:100,000 map of Trinidad that accounted for years of geological mapping, research and photo data. Officially published in 1961, the map was the geological standard for 35 years.

JOHN LEE LUM (1842-1921)

orn in China, he arrived in Trinidad in 1880 and set up his own general store, Lee Lum and Company, in Port of Spain five years later which grew into a chain of general stores in the country areas. He was a large cocoa planter as well. But it is in the area of oil exploration that he made an important contribution when he partnered with Randolph Rust. He provided the money needed for this venture and in 1906 they formed General
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Petroleum Properties of Trinidad.

RANDOLPH T. H. RUST (1854-1930)

andolph Rust arrived in Trinidad in 1881. Following Walter Darwents pioneering effort in the 1860s, Rust was the person who established the oil industry in Trinidad. With financial support from John Lee Lum, he began oil exploration in Aripero and Guayaguayare; in 1901, he struck oil. This success enabled him to get financial backing from Canada to form an oil exploration company. Rust also became involved in politics. He was an elected member of the Port of Spain Borough Council in the 1890s and then a member of the Port of Spain City Council from 1914-1929 and Mayor of Port of Spain 1920-1921.

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Politics

RUDRANATH CAPILDEO (1920-1970)

he Rudranath Capildeo Learning Resource Centre at the Ministry of Education in Couva is a tribute to this genius of mathematics who become an important political person as political leader of the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) from 1960-1969. He grew up in the familys Lion House in Chaguanas and was educated at Queens Royal College in Port of Spain and the University of London where he obtained a B.Sc. in Mathematics and Physics, a M.Sc. in Mathematics in 1945 and also his Ph.D. in Mathematical Physics in 1948. Later, having qualified as a lawyer in England in 1958, he returned to Trinidad to practice his new profession and began his political career when he replaced BhadaseSagan Maraj as leader of the DLP in 1960. He is best known, perhaps, for his interest and understanding of Einsteins Theory of Special Relativity. His work resulted in new theories, such as the Theory of Rotation and Gravity or Capildeos Theory. There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. 1969 Trinity Cross.

MAKANDAL DAAGA (1935- )

rom Laventille, he was born Geddes Granger whose political party NJAC, the National Joint Action Committee, was formed out of the Black Power uprising of 1970 and which had a great impact on the
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course of our history. It is a political party that has survived all these years and today he carries the title Chief Servant with NJAC as one of the members of the coalition government in T&T.

ALBERT GOMES (1911-1978)

s a Belmont boy, he attended Pamphylian High School and later attended high school in England. He was one of the most important political people before the rise of Dr. Eric Williams and was a strong supporter of the calypso and steelband culture, as well as the arts. He is credited with encouraging artists like Boscoe Holder, Carlyle Chang and Sybil Atteck. He was also a writer and journalist. He was a founder of the Federated Workers Trade Union in 1937 and was an elected member of the Port of Spain City Council from 1938-1947 as well as the deputy mayor of Port of Spain from 19441947, member of the Legislative Council from 1945-1956 and Member of Parliament from 1958-1962. He then migrated to Britain. His writings include his autobiography Through a Maze of Colour (1974) and a novel, All Papas Children (1978).

ALPHONSO P. T. JAMES (1901-1962)

obago-born, also called Fargo, he was always fighting for the best interests of Tobago having served in the Legislative Council from 1946 to 1961. As a trade unionist he was one of the founders of the Federated Workers Trade Union. His hard work on behalf of Tobago resulted in, to name a few, getting the electricity service established in the island, having a new, larger Hillsborough Dam built, and a deepwater harbour at Scarborough. In 1993 he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold.
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BHADASE SAGAN MARAJ (1920-1971)

hadase Sagan Maraj was born and grew up in Caroni in a devout Hindu family where his father was the village elder. He became a strong six-footer and even was a wrestler in his earlier years. By the time he was 19, Bhadase had purchased a small boat and was mining sand from the Caroni River bed which he sold to the Americans who were constructing military bases in Trinidad during World War II. His relationship with the Americans grew and he was able to purchase a docksite from the Americans, off Wrightson Road, in 1947 for $182,000. By the time Bhadase was 30, he was already a millionaire. In his 30s, and into his 40s, Bhadase took a greater role in the upliftment of Hinduism and in 1952 became the leader in the community and the President-General of the newly formed Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha (SDMS). By 1956, the SDMS had established 40 primary schools and the SDMS Education Board of Management. A large portion of the costs of establishing these schools was absorbed by Bhadase. His role in politics started in 1956 when he supported Chanka Maharaj to win the St George constituency. He later contested the Tunapuna seat in 1950 as an independent candidate and won. He formed the PDP in 1953. As a politician, his support was the SDMS and the sugar worker union, ATSE&FWTU. From 1958, he was the leader of the DLP and in the Federal elections of that year, the DLP won 6 out of 10 seats. He handed over leadership of the DLP to Rudranath Capildeo in 1960. He was instrumental in the movement that resulted in Divali being first declared a public holiday in 1966.

MURIEL DONAWA McDAVIDSON (1929-2001)

uriel Donawa-McDavidson served in the Senate and the House of Representatives, both in the Government and in Opposition.
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Her many years in Parliament spanned from 1966-1991 during which time she served as the Minister of Sports, Culture and Youth Affairs, the Minister in the Ministry of the Prime Minister, the Minister in the Ministry of Education and Culture, and as the Member of Parliament for Fyzabad (three terms), Laventille East/Morvant and San Juan/Barataria.

KAMALUDDIN MOHAMMED (1927- )

amaluddin Mohammed has the distinction of being one of the longest serving members of Parliament, serving some 30 years between 1956 and 1986. He represented first the constituency of St. Joseph and later Barataria. During his time serving T&T in the government he was at various times the Minister of Agriculture, Health, Local Government, External Affairs and Public Utilities. He was also President of the World Health Organisation. He was responsible for the first Indian radio program in Trinidad back in 1947 and played a major part in bringing to the forefront such artists as Tarran Persad, Isaac Yankaran, Champa Devi, Bhola Persad and Henry Tooloom Dindial. His program Indian Talent on Parade on Radio Trinidad lasted until 1962 when he gave up broadcasting. His brothers Moean and Sham continued where he left off, starting Indian Variety in 1962 and Mastana Bahar in 1970. During his term as Foreign Affairs Minister, Mohammed received awards from Brazil, Venezuela, Senegal and Liberia. Biography: Kamal: A lifetime of politics, religion and culture by Hamid A. Ghany (1996) 2012: Order of Caricom 2011: Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws, University of the West Indies 2010: Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago 2009: National Republic Day Award awarded by Citizens for a Better Trinidad and Tobago (CBTT) 1999: Appointed Ambassador to Caricom by the government

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MICHAEL MAXWELL PHILIP (1829-1888)

s a lawyer he was the solicitor-general for a number of years as well as the first non-white Mayor of Port of Spain from 1867-1870. He was also a Member of the Legislative Council from 1871-1888 and acted as Attorney General on two occasions. He also fought the colonial government for their anglicization policies which he viewed as anticatholic. He wrote the novel Emmanuel Appadocca in 1854, perhaps the first novel written by a Trinidadian.

KARL T. HUDSON-PHILLIPS (1933- )

e became a lawyer in 1959 and has made important contributions in the fields of law and politics as a former Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago and a former judge of the International Criminal Court. He was also lead Counsel in the murder trial of Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop. He served as a Member of Parliament from 1966 to 1976 and between 1969 and 1973 as Attorney General and Minister of Legal Affairs. In this role he piloted the dreaded Public Order Act which was proposed by the then government in response to the Black Power riots and Army Mutiny of 1970. There was a calypso composed and sung by the Mighty Chalkdust Ah fraid Karl. In 1974, Hudson-Phillips founded the National Land Tenants and Ratepayers Association of Trinidad and Tobago and in 1980 he founded the Organisation for National Reconstruction (ONR), a political party which eventually joined the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) which contested the 1986 general elections and won 33 of the 36 seats to form the government. As with Dr. Eric Williams, he also fell out of favour with Prime Minister ANR Robinson and retired from active politics. He was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold in 1975 and the Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in 2010.

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LIONEL F. SEUKERAN (1908-1992)

e was one of the delegates who attended talks in England to finalise our independence in 1962. Prior to that in the 1940s he was the President-General of the All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Trade Union, a Member of the Legislative Council and a Member of Parliament from 1956-1966. In 1985 he received the Chaconia Medal Gold.

ISABEL TESHEA (1911-1981)

he was a social worker, a politician and a diplomat during her impressive career. Her name is associated with many firsts in Trinidad and Tobago; the first woman elected to the House of Representatives in 1961, the first woman minister from 1963-1967, the first woman to serve as an ambassador for this country in 1970 to Ethiopia. In 1981 she was awarded the Trinity Cross.

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JOHN BRIERLY (Around 1835-1915)

Public Service

e was one of five mem bers of the Royal Irish Constabulary who, in 1874, were appointed to various posts in the Trinidad Police to help reorganise the force. He was assigned to the detective branch, which had been set up in 1862 for which the newspapers praised his clever and extraordinary work. In the 1890s he became Senior Inspector and laid out Port of Spain and San Fernando into beats. During his thirty years in the police force, he travelled throughout the island, establishing a police system which was modeled mainly on the lines of the Royal Irish Constabulary. He was the author of Trinidad Police Manual (1879) and Trinidad Constabulary Manual (1907). He also published a book, Trinidad Then and Now (1912).

RANDOLPH BURROUGHS (1930-1996)

e was the former police commissioner of Trinidad and Tobago in the late 1970s and 80s before his fall from grace. He began his police career in 1950. During the early seventies, he was the leader of the flying squad that made quite a name for itself by stopping criminals and criminal activity of the day. In 1969 he received the Medal of Merit Gold and in 1980, the Trinity Cross.

EDWIN W. CARRINGTON (1939- )

e is the former Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), serving from 19922010. Tobago-born, he has
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served the Caribbean region since 1975 in many areas. Among the many awards he has received are the Trinity Cross (2005), Chaconia Medal Gold (1987), Order of the Caribbean Community, The Caciques Crown of Honour and the Order of Jamaica.

WILLIAM DE BOISSIRE (1872-1947)

araval-born, he was an important person in the development of that region, the son of Wilhelmina P. de Boissire and Dr. J. V. de Boissire, owners of the Champs Elyses Estate. As a soldier he rose to the position of commander of the 8th Battalion of the West Indies Regiment in France and Italy and founded the Trinidad Light Infantry known today as the Mounted Branch. He was also appointed as the Protector of East Indian Immigrants for a period of time in 1914. He was a Member of the Legislative Council from 1914 to 1930. He was involved in boxing and the start up of the sport of horse racing. An excellent sportsman, he represented Trinidad in athletics, cricket and was captain of the polo team for many years.

KAYE DOWLAND

uring the 1830s to the 1850s he was an important figure in Tobago holding many positions of responsibility. He left very detailed records on population, production and notable events during that period.

JEAN (GENE) MILES (1930-1972)

he joined the Public Service in 1952 and by 1966 was a key witness in an enquiry into allegations of corruption in the gas station business that she brought to the front. She had worked at the Ministry of Petroleum and Mines and the Ministry of Labour. She later lost her job and fell on hard times, mentally and financially. Hers is a fascinating story that has been written about in a book Gene Smiles and the subject of a play Miss Miles: Woman of the World. --De Verteuil, Anthony. The Story of Gene Smile and the Gas Station Racket, Paria Publishing Co. Ltd., 1981.
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--Tony Halls play Miss Miles: Woman of the World, 2011 1989: Medal of Merit, Gold

JESSICA PHILLIPS (1925-1986)

he was one of 12 women selected to join the Police Service in 1955. She represented T&T in table tennis and also played netball and hockey. She retired as Senior Superintendent in 1984 in charge of the Womens Police Branch which she was mainly responsible for forming earlier.

ENOS SEWLAL

overnment Archivist. He was an important person in the Office of the Prime Minister when the need to start keeping better records (archives) was recommended. Sewlal was appointed to be in charge of this process in 1960 and was responsible for setting up the National Archives as we know it today. He held the position of Government Archivist from 1960-1979. He was awarded the Public Service Medal of Merit Silver in 1970.

JOYCE WONG SANG

he spent almost 30 years in the Public Service and is best remembered for her pioneering efforts in the setting up of the Best Village program in the 1960s which she coordinated until 1986.

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Radio and Television

adio had its start in Trinidad and Tobago at Radio Trinidad on the 730AM band in 1947 while television had its start at TTT, Trinidad and Tobago Television in 1962. There were many voices and faces the nation came to know and recognise, among them Desmond Bourne, Freddie Wharwood, June Gonsalves, Barbara Assoon, Glen Antoine, Ed Fung, Frank Hughes, Leo de Leon, Trevor McDonald, Horace James, Sam Ghany, Bob Gittens, Errol Chevalier, Pat Mathura, Clyde Alleyne, Carl Redhead, Aunty Kay, Don Proudfoot, Moean Mohammed, Hazel Ward, Holly Betaudier, Raphie Knowles, Brenda de Silva, Ken Laughlin, Frank Pardo, Jimmy Wong, Ashton Chambers, Hans Hanoomansingh, Mervyn Telfer, Jones P. Madiera, Ann Austin, Ian Ali and Farouk Muhammad.

IAN ALI (1937-2007)

efore Sesame Street there was Rikki Tikki, hosted by Uncle Tavi (Jose Ramon-Fortune), and later by Uncle Ian Ali on TTT. His passion for Carnival inspired him to design for Carnival bands, play steel-pan and in later years, to do carnival commentary on TV and radio. From the 1970s to the 1990s, he produced and presented several television shows. He taught adults how to paint on Painting for Pleasure with AVM Television station and Rikki Tikki on TTT was the first television program in the Caribbean for Caribbean children. One of the most popular segments of the show involved Story-Time where he would paint on huge canvasses, showing an original Caribbean story as he told it.

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SALISHA ALI (1951-1987)

he was one of the leading television presenters of the 1970s and early 80s, known for confident and clear reading of the news. What was special about her was that she was confined to a wheelchair, having lost both her legs in a train accident while still at primary school. She inspired those around her with her courage and strength. Education was important to her so she left T&T to further her studies, but passed away while working on her Masters degree in Special Education.

HOLLY BETAUDIER (1925- )

is name is associated with the television series Scouting for Talent which ran for many years on TTT and where many of our top artistes got their first break. During his career, he was also a radio host, announcer and master of ceremonies becoming known as Holly B. During his stint at Radio Trinidad, he launched the Christmas program, Parang with Holly, which later became a television series. In 1979 he received the Hummingbird Silver Medal.

HANSLEY HANS HANOOMANSINGH (1942- )

or his many years of service and dedication to culture and broadcasting, especially in radio and television, he was awarded an honourary doctors degree by UWI in 2010. He was a producer, editor,
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news analyst and anchor of TTTs Panorama in the early days. During his career he has interviewed hundreds of personalities, including, Bishop Desmond Tutu, Mother Teresa, and all our past Presidents. His programme From the Silver Screen was a very popular radio program in the 1960s. The Divali Nagar is the product of his vision. In 1966 at age 24, he went into national politics becoming the youngest Member of Parliament in the Commonwealth. He received the Hummingbird Gold Medal in 1990.

ALLYSON BRENDA HENNESSY (1948-2011)

elmont-born, Hennessy was a great supporter of our culture and sports. She attended St. Theresas Elementary and Secondary schools and later Holy Name Convent. Hennessy (born Hezekiah) has been described as the Oprah Winfrey of T&T, such was her local popularity for many years as one of our most loved television presenters. Trained in the United Kingdom, she joined Trinidad and Tobago Television (TTT) and went on to host the program Community Dateline for several years until 2005 when the station closed. In 2009 she received the Media Excellence award from the Trinidad and Tobago Publishers and Broadcasters Association. In 2010, she began co-hosting The Box, a daily TV talk show on the Gayelle Network and also had her own television program, Allyson 10-12. She was a familiar face as host of Carnival activities and special events. A Cordon-Bleu trained chef, Hennessy was a co-owner with her sister of the Veni Mang Restaurant in Woodbrook, Port of Spain.

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RALPH RAPHIE KNOWLES (1915-1975)

is was a familiar voice both on radio and television as a sports commentator and sports news presenter for many years. His amazing memory for details enabled him to work without the benefit of a script or teleprompter, on the wide variety of sports and sporting personalities. He too was a sportsman of note, representing T&T in football and hockey. He also played first-class cricket for many years. In 1972 he was awarded the Public Service Medal of Merit Silver.

SURUJPAT PAT MATHURA (1923-2007)

e attended St. Marys College and went on to become a popular journalist and radio announcer.Mathura started at Radio Trinidad where he had to purchase time and sell commercials to cover the cost of his program which focused on Indian culture on the subcontinent and around Trinidad. He stayed at Radio Trinidad for 47 years as an announcer, as well as producing radio programs, with special emphasis on Indian art, culture, and religion. During his distinguished career, he was elected Mayor of Port of Spain. In 1993 he was awarded the Hummingbird Medal Gold.

TREVOR MCDONALD (1939- )

an Fernando-born, he has made a name for himself as a top television broadcaster in England after starting his career here at home. Sir
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Trevor McDonald, OBE has had a long career as a news presenter with ITN. He has received many awards for his work.

SHAM MOHAMMED (1936-1994)

e was a Member of Parliament under three governments but is recognised especially for his starting the television talent series, Mastana Bahar, which he established in 1970, eight years after the arrival of television in this country in 1962. His brothers Moen and Kamaluddin are also pioneers in bringing East Indian music and culture to the local airwaves. He was awarded the Humming Bird Gold Medal in 1996.

HAZEL WARD (1933- )

s a television broadcaster, her first job was as the first weather reporter at TTT in 1962. Before that she was at Radio Trinidad. She hosted Teen Talent and Twelve and Under. These two shows were the starting point for many of T&Ts talented artistes. She also presented other programs such as Mainly for Women but her main area was in her work with bringing the talent of children to the forefront. In 1972 she received the Medal of Merit Silver and in 2000 the Hummingbird Medal Gold.

KATHLEEN AUNTY KAY WARNER (1904-1996)

athleen Warner, ne Davis, popularly known as Aunty Kay, was at various times a medical student, pianist, singer, actress, dancer,
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salesperson and teacher. She also served briefly as an alderman of the Port of Spain City Council. She was best known as the host of the popular radio programme, Auntie Kays Childrens Hour, which was aired for 43 years, from 1942 to 1985. Many of Trinidad and Tobagos performers made their debut on her show. There is a collection of her material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. In 1970 she was awarded the Hummingbird Medal Bronze.

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Religion

AMEER ALI (1898-1973)

religious leader, he was the co-Founder of the Trinidad Muslim league (TML), along with Mohammed Rafeeq and Mohammed H. Khan. He was the first theologian (Moulvi) in his religion in T&T and was part of the committee that was responsible for gaining the legal recognition of Muslim marriages.

SYED ABDUL AZIZ (1862-1927)

n important pioneer in the Muslim religion, he arrived here in 1883, already an Islamic scholar at age 21. He established the Islamic Guardian Association and fought for the legal recognition of Muslim marriages and against the program of East Indian indentured immigration. In 1907 he was made Kazi (chief judge) of the Muslim community. He was also a founder and first President of the TIA in 1926.

PUNDIT CAPILDEO (1871-1926)

n indentured labourer, he was a popular pundit among fellow immigrants in the early days, father of Rudranath and Simbhoonath Capildeo and grandfather of Vidia V. S. Naipaul. He built Lion House, the Chaguanas family home in 1925 which was featured as Hanuman House in his grandsons book A House for Mr. Biswas.

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THOMAS DE BARCELONA

e was a Spanish catholic priest responsible for establishing missions from around 1686. The first missions were established in Naparima, Princes Town and St. Anns.

KENNETH GRANT (1839-1931)

anadian-born, this Presbyterian missionary, along with John Morton, was one of the founding fathers of the Presbyterian Church of Trinidad and Tobago. He also founded Naparima College in 1894. Grant Memorial Presbyterian School in San Fernando is named in his memory. In 1872 he founded the Susamachar Presbyterian School in San Fernando and was its minister from 1870 to 1907. He was the father of T. Geddes Grant, one of the early pioneers in business in Port of Spain.

ELTON G. GRIFFITH (1913-1992)

lected Spiritual Baptist Archbishop in 1942, he was a strong advocate for the rights of Baptist worshippers and was largely responsible for the repeal of the Shouters Prohibition Ordinance in 1951 and having Baptist ministers legally recognised as marriage officers in 1965. 1988: Hummingbird Silver Medal 1992: Chaconia Medal Gold.

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MOHAMMED IBRAHIM (1890-1956)

K H T

nown as MI, he was responsible for the building of the Jama Masjid on Queen Street, Port of Spain. He established maktabs (religious instruction classes) and primary schools and served as President of ASJA in both pre and post World War II 1939-45 periods.

CHARLES D. LALLA (1880-1958)

e was the first local moderator of the Presbyterian church in 1931 as well as a Member of the Legislative Council from 1920-1924 and a member of the Franchise Committee in 1941. He was also a well known agriculturist and apiculturist (bee keeper).

HENRY MACLEOD
he British Governor of Trinidad from 1840 to 1846, he was one of the key persons responsible for the increase in the importance of the Anglican religion in Trinidad. Under him, the Anglican Church was made the official church of the colony in 1844.

RUKNUDEEN MEAH (1865-1963)

orn in India, he arrived here in 1893 as an indentured immigrant and taught Islam, rising to become an important Muslim spiritual leader. He also imported copies of the Quran and other Islamic books directly from India and sold these to other Muslims. Together with fellow Haji Maulana Shah Mohammed Hassan, a mis sionary from India, he formed ASJA in 1933. He was elected Kazi (chief judge) in 1927 upon the death of Syed Abdul and became the spiritual head of the Muslim community.
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JOHN MORTON (1839-1912)

anadian-born, he arrived here in 1868 and immediately began his work as missionary to the East Indians, along with Kenneth Grant. He spent the rest of his life working among the East Indian pop ulation, seeking to convert as many of them as possible to the Presbyterian religion. He started off at Iere village near Princes Town then moved the mission headquarters to San Fernando. Morton then moved to Tunapuna in the North and from there he extended the work of the mission eastwards to the Sangre Grande area, westwards to the estates in Aranguez and St. James and south wards to Couva and central Trinidad. Actively supported by the state as well as the planters, new churches and schools were opened up in rural areas which lay outside of the education system.

SARAH MORTON (1843-1929)

he was a Canadian Presbyterian missionary who supported her husband John Morton in the setting up of the Canadian Mission and doing missionary work especially among the East Indians in Trinidad. She taught in many schools, founded Homes for Girls and helped to raise funds for the Mission.

JOHN G. MULHAUSER (1810-1844)

n Anglican minister, he played a major part in the establishing of the Church of England in San Fernando. He built St. Pauls, the first Anglican church in San Fernando and established several primary schools, especially in rural areas.

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ARCHBISHOP ANTHONY PANTIN (1929-2000)

nthony Gordon Pantin attended Sacred Heart School and the Belmont Boys Secondary RC School and won a Government Scholarship to St. Marys College. At the age of 17 he decided to enter the priesthood. He went to Canada, entered the novitiate of the Holy Ghost Congregation in 1946 and attended the University of Montreal, graduating with a B.A. degree. He returned to Trinidad in 1949 and taught at St. Marys College for three years. In 1952 he left for Dublin, Ireland, where he pursued studies in Theology. He was ordained as a priest in July of 1955 and was sent to Guadeloupe as a missionary until 1959. He then returned to Trinidad and taught at Fatima College in Port of Spain until 1964. He composed the Fatima song, still used today, to uplift students and give them pride in their school. In 1965, Pantin returned to St Marys College where he was elected to the post of Religious Superior and served until 1967. In November of that year, he became the Archbishop, the head of the Archdiocese of Port of Spain. Father Pantins Episcopal consecration took place on March 19, 1968. He worked tirelessly with the disadvantaged and underprivileged, visiting hospitals and homes for the elderly and poor on Christmas Day. He founded the Mary Care Centre to provide a home for pregnant unmarried teenagers, was a mediator during the Black Power crisis and the 1990 attempted coup, and was instrumental in forming the Inter-Religious Organisation. Archbishop Pantin was also active in the activities of the Antilles Episcopal Conference and the association of Caribbean Bishops. 2000 Trinity Cross

CHARLES B. RAGBIR (1865-1951)

n Anglican priest who from 1905-1926 was the superintendent of the Anglican Churchs East Indian mission, and conducted a huge
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program of conversion. He also served as parish priest of Mayer from 1926-1932 and of Barataria from 1935-1951.

RICHARD RAWLE (1812-1889)

e was appointed the first Anglican bishop of Trinidad in 1872 and was responsible for building several churches and strengthening of the Anglican community.

Note

BHADASE SAGAN MARAJ, page 117, was also a prominent

figure in Religion.

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Science, Engineering and Architecture

HURBERT BRINSLEY (1873-1952)

E S

ngland-born architect, his works included the San Fernando Town Hall and the Treasury Building in Port of Spain.

GEORGE BROWN (1852-Not available)

cotland-born architect, he was responsible for the re-building of two business blocks stretching from Henry to Chacon Streets, Port of Spain after the destructive fire in 1895.

ANTHONY CHAN TACK (1944- )

nthony Chan Tack grew up in Belmont and attended Rosary Boys RC school and St. Marys College. He is a chemical engineer, who has been in the petrochemical industry for over three decades and has been an important person in making sure that industries related to the petrochemical industry are developed.

MICKEY CIPRIANI (1890-1934)

e served during World War 1 and was a pilot who started the process for an air route to Tobago and the setting up of an airport there. He named his two-seater aircraft Hummingbird. As an athlete he excelled in cycling, cricket, football and even boxing. He played cricket for T&T in Barbados in 1911. He studied law and qualified in 1914.
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ANDRE CROPPER (1961- )

D H A

r. Andre Dominic Cropper is a research scientist and innovator whose inventions are changing the way we look at TV. He is the mastermind behind the ground-breaking Flat Panel Display. He also holds two patents for the inexpensive manufacturing of thin layers of laboratory-produced diamonds for use in TV displays.

WILLIAM ECCLES
e was the owner of many estates in Trinidad and started the first railroad in 1859, the Cipero Tramroad in San Fernando, which operated between Princes Town and San Fernando. He also left money towards the setting up of the Tacarigua Orphanage for Indian children.

ADELBERT W. GRAY
n American, he set up the first practical service of telephones for the business community in 1885 in Port of Spain.

MAURA IMBERT (1929- )

reland-born, her work as a chemist and her contribution to the development of astronomy in T&T is important. In 1968 she became a research assistant in the Department of Biological Sciences at UWI and in 1973 obtained her PhD. Dr. Imbert lectured in the Chemistry Department before joining CARIRI in 1978. There, she conducted research on essential oils (such as thyme oil which is used in cosmetics), food products and medicinal plants. She led a project in the full utilisation
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of mangoes which culminated in an international conference in 1994, the year in which she retired from CARIRI as Principal Researcher.

RANJIT KUMAR (1912-1986)

ndia-born, his first area of work when he arrived here was as a distributor of Indian films which he did for two years. But it was as a Civil Engineer he made his greatest contribution, responsible for the construction of Wrightson Road on reclaimed land and developing the Morvant Housing Estate. He also engineered irrigation and drainage systems of Port-of-Spain to help with the problem of flooding. As a politician during the 1940s and 1950s he was a member and alderman of the Port of Spain City Council, a member of the Constitutional Reform Committee and a Member of the Legislative Council. His book Thoughts and Memories of Ranjit Kumar was published in 1981.

COLIN LAIRD (1924- )

ngland-born Colin Laird has been the sole architect in his architectural firm for 54 years. Among his most significant achievements are the design and completion of National Library and Information Systems Authority (NALIS) building in 2002, and earlier the design of the Queens Hall with it then unique roof in 1956. But there are many more architectural projects that he was an important part of, either in design or restoration: the Brian Lara Promenade, the Holy Trinity Cathedral, the Blood Bank at the Port-ofSpain General Hospital, the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, and the Hasely Crawford Stadium and Jean Pierre Complex. He came first in the Regional Competition for the design of CARICOM Secretariat headquarters. There is a collection of his material at NALIS.
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1974 Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Architects 2001 Chaconia Medal Gold 2005 T&T Institute of Architects Gold Medal

JULIEN MAISONNEUVE

H A

e was one of the pioneers in the use of asphalt for the paving of roads especially in San Fernando from the 1860s to the 1880s. He was also very involved in the movement for political change and started a petition that reached Queen Victoria that led to a commission to see if the people were in agreement with the reforms.

FREDERICK MALLETT
round 1797 under General Ralph Abercromby, he was given the job to survey Trinidad on things like crops, estates, slaves, land grants and population. He sailed around the island and produced the first survey map of Trinidad. Some of the coastal cities bear the names he gave to them such as Blanchisseuse, which means washer women since that was what he saw there that stuck in his mind.

DAVID OGDEN

H U

e was a USA army engineer in charge of the U.S. Base construction in early World War II (1940s). He supervised the building of the Churchill Roosevelt Highway, the Lady Young Road and the road to Maracas Bay. Camp Ogden in St. James is named after him.

PHILIP REINAGLE
nder Governor Woodford, he designed both the Catholic and Trinity Cathedrals in Port of Spain between 1813 and 1816.

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RAMSEY SAUNDERS (1945- )

rofessor Ramsey Saunders is a physicist, internationally recognised as both a research scientist and an educator. He introduced the worlds first undergraduate Medical Physics programme at The University of the West Indies (UWI), St. Augustine and developed materials sciences, medical physics, bioengineering and environmental physics as subjects in the Physics Department. In 1978 he became Professor of Physics at UWI and later Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences.

EDGAR TRIPP (About 1850-1915)

dgar Tripp got the contract from the Borough Council of Port of Spain in 1894 to supply electric light and power to the capital city. His companys name was The Electric Light and Power Company. In March 1895, huge crowds cheered him when the lights were turned on in Port of Spain.

WALSH WRIGHTSON

irector of Public Works from 1895-1907, he was responsible for several public buildings in Port of Spain including the Queens Royal College, and for the laying down of the road that now bears his name (Wrightson Road). His policy to install water meters led to the Water Riots of 1903.
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Sports

MICHAEL AGOSTINI (1935- )

ichael Agostini attended St. Marys College and Villanova University, Pennsylvania, before transferring to Fresno State University, California, USA. He was the first Trinidadian to accumulate five medals at the Pan American Games. When as a teenager he won the 100 yards final at the British Empire Games in Vancouver, Canada, on July 31, 1954, he became T&T`s first ever athletics gold medallist at the quadrennial multi sport festival, today known as the Commonwealth Games. His career included the following accomplishments: 1954 British Commonwealth Games, Vancouver, Canada - 100 yards (1st, 9.6); 1955 Pan American Games, Mexico City, Mexico - 100 meters (2nd, 10.3); 200 meters (3rd, 21.67); 1956 Olympics, Melbourne, Australia - 100 meters (6th, 10.9); 200 meters (4th, 21.1); 1958 British Commonwealth Games, Cardiff, Wales (represented Canada) - 100 yards (3rd, 9.6); 1959 Pan American Games, Chicago - 100 meters (2nd, 10.4); 200 meters (3rd, 21.1); 4 x 100 meters Relay (3rd, 41.6), with Cliff Bertrand, Wilton Jackson, and Dennis Johnson [Jamaica]). During the 1940s when Agostini was growing up, sport played an important part in Trinidad life. His family was a sporting one in many senses; his father played football, his mother hockey and elder brothers Sedley and Colin practiced football, athletics and whatever sports were available at St. Marys College. One year at CIC Sports, the results of the 100 yards, 220 yards and 440 yards were identical: 1st Colin Agostini, 2nd Michael Agostini. He later migrated to Australia.

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KELVIN PA ALEONG (1902-1980)

or decades from around 1940 to 1980, Pa, Pappy to some, was a coach for generations of schoolboys and adults who played football and cricket. For years every afternoon, many mornings and most of Saturdays and Sundays, even on Christmas Day from 11 am to 2 pm, one would see Pa Aleong instructing or observing the young cricketers or footballers at St. Marys College grounds or on the Queens Park Savannah. Many top players in these two sports of that era would say that they owe a lot of their success to the coaching skills of Pa Aleong. In 1971, he was awarded the Humming Bird Silver Medal and in 2004 was inducted into the First Citizens Sports Foundation Hall of Fame.

STEPHEN AMES (1964- )

rom San Fernando but now living in Canada, Stephen Ames is a professional golfer who grew up in Pointe--Pierre and learned to play at the Pointe--Pierre Golf Club. In his Hoerman Cup debut at the age of 16 in 1980, he broke the course record at Sandy Lane, Barbados with a six-under-par total of 66. He turned professional in 1987 and won his first professional tournament in the United States (the Pensacola Open) in 1991. From 1993 until 1997, he played on the European Tour. He captured his first Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) Tour title in 2004 at the Cialis Western Open in Illinois, USA among a field that included many of the best professionals in the world including Tiger Woods and Vijay Singh. Later that year, he reached the top twenty in the Official World Golf Rankings. 1994 - Lyon Open (1st); 1996 - Benson & Hedges Open (1st); 2004 Cialis Western Open, Cog Hill Golf and Country Club, Lemont, Illinois, USA (1st); 2005 - Ames started the Stephen Ames Cup (Canada versus T&T); 2006 - The Players Championship, Sawgrass, Florida, US (1st); 2007- Third PGA Tour victory at the Childrens Miracle Network
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Classic; 2009 - Fourth time PGA, again at the Childrens Miracle Network Classic. 2004 Chaconia Medal Gold 2006, 2007 T&T Sports Foundation Sportsman of the Year Award

RAY GOLDEN APOLLON (1924- 1997) Cyril Joseph

orn Cyril Joseph, he was educated at St. Marys College after which his father sent him to the USA to Howard University to study medicine, hoping that his son would follow in his footsteps. Joseph instead obtained a Bachelor of Arts Honours Degree at Howard University but was unable to get into medical school because preference was given to those members of the United States Armed Services returning from World War II at the time. He then went to Paris, France to the Sorbonne University to continue his studies. It was here that he became drawn to wrestling and went on to become an internationally famous wrestler. It was wrestling that opened up windows of the world for Ray. He fought in Europe, India, Lebanon, Africa, Trinidad, Saudi Arabia and Japan. On the African and Asian continents, he was treated more like a king than a wrestler. He was the houseguest of Jomo Kenyatta, president of Kenya and was made an honorary Chief of Nigeria, one of the highest honours in the country where he was known as The African Lion. He invited some of the best wrestlers in the world to Trinidad, including the famous Harold Sakata, a star of James Bond fame, and Victor Jovica. Apollon always had fans calling for his trademark head butts whenever he fought at home. Thunderbolt Williams, his son Fernando, Des The Artist and Ted Herbert who campaigned in Japan were some of his pupils.

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MACDONALD BAILEY (1921- )

e attended Queens Royal College where he showed his early abilities as an athlete. In 1939 he represented T&T at the British Games but by 1944 he had joined the Royal Air Force in England. It was our loss in 1946 when he was selected to team England at the British Games having made his mark there during his service in the air force. There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. In 1977 he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold.

ATO J. BOLDON (1973- )

to Boldon attended Newtown Boys RC School, Fatima College (1985-1988), Jamaica High School in Queens, New York (198890), Piedmont Hills High School, California (1990-92), San Jose City College, California (1992-93) and UCLA, California, USA (1993-96). Throughout his star studded athletic career he has always represented T&T to the fullest, even as a politician, before moving into the world of broadcasting with the major networks CBS and NBC in the USA. As a young teenager playing football in the USA, he was discovered as a potential track athlete. From there he went on to represent T&T at 18 years of age at the Olympic Games in Barcelona in 1992. It was at the World Junior Championships in Seoul, South Korea, in the same year, as well as at the CAC Junior Championships when he won gold in both the 100 metres and the 200 metres. Olympic glory for T&T would come in the form of two bronze medals in the 1996 100 and 200 metre races in Atlanta, and one silver and one bronze in the same races respectively in 2000 in Sydney, Australia. Added to these he captured the 200 metre gold and 100 metre silver medals at the Goodwill Games in 1998 in New York, the 100 metre gold at the Commonwealth Games
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in Malaysia in 1998 and the silver in the 4x100 metre in 2003 in the Dominican Republic. In 1997, he won gold in the 200 metre at the World Championships in Greece; his countrys first and only world title to date in the Athletics World Championships. This made him one of only a few male sprinters to win both a World Junior and World Senior title. Other World Championship medals were bronze in the 1995 100 metre in Sweden, and silver in the 100 metre and 200 metre in 2001 in Edmonton, Canada. After retiring from his track career, he was an Opposition Senator in the Trinidad and Tobago Parliament for a brief period in 2006 and 2007. In 2006 he compiled a film entitled Once In A Lifetime: Boldon in Bahrain documenting his experience in Bahrain, where the Soca Warriors defeated Bahrain 10 in a playoff to become the smallest country ever to qualify for the World Cup. In 2000, he was made a sports ambassador by the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. He is a qualified pilot. 1993 Humming Bird Medal Gold 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000 T&T Sportsman of the Year 1997 Chaconia Medal Gold 2011 Inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame.

GEORGE BOVELL III (1983- )

eorge Bovell III represented Trinidad and Tobago at the 2000, 2004 and 2008 Olympics and at the time of writing is hoping to bring glory to T&T at the 2012 London Olympics in the 50 metre freestyle race, in which he is currently ranked 4th in the world. At the 2004 Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the mens 200 IM, the 9th Olympic medalist in the countrys history and the only Olympic swimming medal ever for T&T. From the age of 7, George Bovell III started swimming in competitions. For the next few years, before heading to high school in Florida, he would travel throughout the Caribbean, competing and in the process improving on his strength, techniques and reputation. He first swim internationally was in 1999 at the US Open and Pan American Games. He chose to attend Auburn University in Alabama, USA, following high school and while there he accomplished a long
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list of feats and records: five-time NCAA Champion, five-time Pan Am Games Medalist (2 Gold, 2 Silver, 1 Bronze), seven-time World Championship finalist, eight-time Individual SEC Champion, two-time Caribbean and Central American Champion, most All American Honors in Auburn history with 25, multiple Caribbean and Central American record holder, four-time NCAA Team Champion, undefeated in college swimming career. In 2009 he broke the World Championships Record and became the fourth fastest man in history in the 50 meters freestyle. Bovell finished up the 2010 season with excellent performances at the World Championships in Dubai, finishing 4th in the 100 m IM and 10th in 50m free. 2004 Chaconia Medal Gold

AHAMAD CHARLES (1916-1973)

harles was an all-round sportsman who started off as a cyclist as a teenager at the then Siparia Recreation Ground and soon became a boy hero in his community. In 1934 at the age of 18 he competed in a West Indies Olympiad held in British Guiana emerging as one of the best Caribbean cyclists, beating all challengers to the finish line winning the two-mile championship. Back in Trinidad and Tobago, he became more popular as the crowds came out to see him pedal his way past all rivals. He represented T&T in Barbados, Jamaica and of course here at home at the Queens Park Oval. In 1936, at the annual cycle and athletics sports meeting of the Queens Park Cricket Club, he defeated all competitors with his bursts of finishing speed. At this Championship two-day event he won the half-mile, the one-mile, the two-mile, the three-mile championship event, a special five-mile event, and the ninemile event! He was also talented at football, which he loved playing. But even though he also thrilled Caribbean spectators as a centre-forward, cycling always occupied more of his energies. Sadly, when he was only 20, he was medically advised against cycling because of a heart condition. But even though he continued riding, 1939 was to be his final year of riding because of the condition.
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DAREEM CHARLES (1969- )

ased in Miami but born in Arouca, Dareem Charles rose to become one of the worlds leading bodybuilders placing in the top three in world class competitions between 1989 and 2009.

H. A. CLARKE (1910-1999)

ilton Alfonso Clarke was T&Ts biggest boxing promoter between 1950 and the late 1980s. As a younger man he used to box but it was in the field of promoting boxing fights that he made his mark. He arranged for the visit of Muhammad Ali to T&T in August 1971; Ali gave an exhibition boxing match at the Queens Park Oval on August 22nd as did Sugar Ray Robinson in the 1950s. In 1980 he was awarded the Medal of Merit Silver.

LEARIE NICHOLAS CONNIE CONSTANTINE (1901-1971)

ir Learie Constantine was West Indies and Trinidad and Tobagos first global cricket superstar, a lawyer, politician, statesman, diplomat, high commissioner, BBC Commentator, author, lecturer, knight, MBE, baron, and Lord. As a right-handed batsman and fast bowler, he became one of the biggest attractions in the history of the game as one of the greatest all rounders. His fielding was superb, miraculous, as described by some
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who saw him. Don Bradman rated him as the greatest fieldsman ever. Neville Cardus a famous cricket writer, paid glowing tributes to his cricketing abilities. In 1928, Constantine became the first West Indian to take a wicket in a Test match at Lords and two years later was the first to capture 5 wickets in a Test match inning, in our first Test victory, at Bourda, British Guiana (5-87). He saved one of his better performances for the Queens Park Oval in 1935 in a Test match against England, scoring 90 and 31 and taking 5 wickets. The WI won by 217 runs, thrilling the fans with the penultimate ball to take the final wicket. He scored 28 first class fifties (4 in Tests), held 133 catches and took 5 or more wickets in a Test match on 6 occasions. Both internationally and at home he fought against a selection process that favoured those of fairer skin. His efforts led to selectors being pushed towards the selection based on meritocracy. As CLR James put it: He revolted against the revolting contrast between his first-class status as a cricketer and his third-class status as a man. In 1944, he successfully sued the Imperial Hotel in London for refusing to receive him; such was his determination to fight racism and his own high moral values. In T&Ts general elections in 1956, he won the Tunapuna seat for the PNM and served as minister in the Ministry of Community Works and Utilities. From 1961 to 1964 he was the first High Commissioner to London, England, a position which also allowed him to take part in T&Ts Independence talks. Wisden Cricketer of the Year, 1940 MBE (Member of the British Order), 1945 1954 Lawyer, LLB, called to the Bar (UK); 1955 called to the Bar (T&T) Knighted (Sir), 1962 Freeman of the Borough of Nelson, 1962 Honorary Master of the Bench, 1963 Life Peerage, 1969 Baron of Nelson and Maraval, 1969 T&T Trinity Cross (Posthumous), 1971 Sports Hall of Fame Inductee, 1984 Featured on T&T Postage Stamp, 1988 Millennium Award, Ministry of Sport T&T, 2000 One of Nelsons (UK) 2 men of the Millennium, 2000 Learie Constantine Collection, NALIS, Port of Spain (19,000+ items) Featured on popular BBC TV series This is your life Learie Constantine Stand, Queens Park Oval
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Constantine Park, Tunapuna

Biographies: A Look at Learie Constantine, Undine Giuseppi, 1974; Learie N. Constantine (booklet), compiled by Eustace Ward, 1948; Learie Constantine, Gerald Howat, 1975; Learie Constantine by Peter Mason 2008 Books written by him: Cricket And I, 1933 (with CLR James); Colour Bar, 1954 (with CLR James); The Changing Face of Cricket, 1966 (with Denzil Batchelor); Cricket in the Sun 1946; How to Play Cricket 1951; Cricketers Carnival 1948; Cricket Crackers 1949; The Young Cricketers Companion 1964; Cricket and I with C.L.R. James 1933; Cricketers Cricket, 1949; Its like this Cat, 1963; The Young Cricketers Companion, 1964. Recorded Calypsoes about him: Lord Caresser 1939; Black Stalin 1962 Other positions held: Member of Race Relations Board and the Sports Council (UK); BBC Broadcaster; Rector of St. Andrews University 1967.

HASELY J. CRAWFORD (1950- )

an Fernando-born, Hasely Crawford had the world at his feet, literally, in 1976 when he became the first T&T national to capture a gold medal at the Olympics. Guaracara Park was his home ground and it was from here that he graduated to an athletic scholarship in 1971 to the University of Eastern Michigan in the United States of America. Haselys rise was quick and dazzling. In 1972 he was chosen to represent T&T at the Olympic Games at Munich but an injury caused his poor showing in the final. Determined, he trained hard until 1976 rolled around. He also competed at the 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Olympics but did not make it to the finals. In his honour he had a BWIA plane named after him, has appeared on postage stamps and had the national stadium renamed the Hasely Crawford Stadium.
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Crawfords last international medals were a bronze and a silver which he won at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in the 100 metres and the 4x100 metres relay respectively. 1972, 1976, 1977 T&T Sportsman of the Year 1976 Trinity Cross 2000 Trinidad & Tobago Athlete of the Millennium 2000 T&T Sports Hall of Fame 2005 Central American and Caribbean Hall of Fame

MANNIE DOOKIE (1915-1968)

is name will remain in the history of T&T athletics because he was a top class long-distance runner and because he was a pioneer: the first athlete to represent us in international athletics at the 2nd British Empire Games in London in 1934. Mannie Dookie was probably the most famous T&T athlete of his time. St. James-born, he lit up the running scene at the age of 15 when he surprised everyone in completing the Saddle Road 15 mile race in 1 hour and 39 minutes. One of the things that became his trade mark was that he never liked running in shoes for which he became known as the bare-footed runner. In 1931 at the Queens Park Oval at the age of 16 he beat the field to win again and established himself as an up and coming star. Dookie again held the attention of the sporting public when he beat all rivals in a road race from the St. James bridge to Teteron Bay. He covered the distance in the fast time of 1 hour and 8 minutes. He followed this up in 1933 with one of the greatest victories of his career, this time a miler at the Queens Park Oval for its grand sports meeting. At the sound of the starting pistol Dookie took off and against all predictions he turned in a great performance, beating the favourites in 4 minutes 43 seconds. Also in 1933, running for T&T in then British Guiana, he became the West Indian mile and three-mile champion.

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CHRISTOPHER FORDE (About 1935 -2011)

hristopher Forde held both the local and West Indies championships in body building until 1959. In 1964, in New York, he entered and won the International Federation of Body Builders Mr. Universe Tall Man Class, putting T&T on the world map. In the famous calypso Portrait of Trinidad sung by the Mighty Sniper, he is immortalised .or maybe they forgetting Mr. Universe belongs to Trinidad. In1987 he was inducted into the T&T Sports Hall of Fame.

ROGER GIBBON (1944- )

oger Gibbon attended Queens Royal College and was one of T&Ts best cyclists ever. Starting at the age of 15 he became the countrys champion cyclist at the age of 17. He rode and won every distance from the sprints to the long distance races over a period of 8 consecutive years, 1961 to 1968. He had exciting battles with rising star Leslie King which had fans going wild. Gibbon represented Trinidad and Tobago at regional and international competitions including the Central American and Caribbean Games in Jamaica in 1962, the Pan American Games in Brazil in 1963, the Olympics in Japan in 1964, the Commonwealth Games in Jamaica and the Central American and Caribbean Games in Puerto Rico in 1966, the World Cycling Championships in Amsterdam and the Pan American Games in Canada in 1967 and finally to the 1968 Olympics in Mexico in 1968. He later became involved in the administration of the sport. --1962 GOLD and SILVER: Central American and Caribbean Games, Kingston, Jamaica - 1,000 meters Time Trial (1st); Match Sprint (2nd) --1963 SILVER and GOLD: Pan American Games, So Paulo, Brazil 1,000 meters Time Trial (2nd); Match Sprint (1st) --1966 GOLD X 2: Central American and Caribbean Games, San Juan,
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Puerto Rico - 1,000 meters Time Trial (1st); Match Sprint (1st) --1966 GOLD X 2: British Commonwealth Games, Kingston, Jamaica - 1,000 meters Time Trial (1st); Match Sprint (1st) --1967 GOLD X 2: Pan American Games, Winnipeg, Canada - 1,000 meters Time Trial (1st); Match Sprint (1st) 1969 Trinidad & Tobago Humming Bird Medal Silver Gene Samuel also did T&T proud in the 1980s and 1990s on the cycling track, locally, regionally and internationally.

JOEY KAUFFMAN (1934-1999)

British Guiana (now Guyana) native, he was the driving force behind the development of swimming in T&T. He established himself as the top swimmer from the late 1950s, capturing gold at the Central American and Caribbean Games in Jamaica in the 200 metres breaststroke. From 1960 to 1963 he was the West Indies top swimmer. He was also a success as a coach but it was when he formed the Blue Dolphins Club that other clubs took root, bringing about inter club competitions. In 1982, he joined a group of top swimmers of the past in forming the Trinity Master. In 2008 he was inducted into the T&T Sports Hall of Fame.

HAROLD (1963-

) and KWAILAN LA BORDE

arold La Borde began his sailing career by building dinghies, in which he taught himself the basics of the sea by reading books. Sailing is a sport and although they competed against no one but themselves and the elements, their adventures are included in this Sports chapter. In his first book, An Ocean to Ourselves, La Borde tells of how he built the 26 foot boat the Humming Bird. Together with his new bride, Kwailan, and a friend, Buck Wong Chong, they crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the Humming Bird from Trinidad to Trinidad. The La Bordes spent some time in Nigeria from 1961, then returned home in 1963. They then built the 40 foot Humming Bird II in three
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years, rented it out to raise funds for another three years and finally took off on their dream adventure to sail around the world in 1969. After four years and four months, they returned to a heros welcome in 1973 to be met by the then Prime Minister Dr. Eric Williams. The La Bordes adventures are described in the books An Ocean to Ourselves (1960) and All Oceans Blue which was published in 1977. In 1973 they received the Trinity Cross.

BRIAN CHARLES LARA (1969- )

rain Lara scored more hundreds and runs than any other West Indian player and is one of the greatest batsmen of all time. He was one of the most popular cricketers in the world, well known for his exciting and entertaining style of batting. Born in Cantaro, Santa Cruz, Trinidad, the left-handed batsman attended St. Joseph RC and Fatima College. From the age of six he was taken to the Harvard Coaching Clinic for coaching. Among his many glorious moments in cricket was when he captained the West Indies as they won the International Cricket Council (ICC) trophy in an exciting final against England in 2004. His blazing bat has taken him to amazing heights, TIME and SPORTS ILLUSTRATED magazines as well as CNN reported his Test record of 375 (scored in 537 minutes with 45 fours) against England in April 1994. He appeared again in TIME magazine following his innings of 501 not out (62 fours and 10 sixes!). It was his 7th century in eight first class innings that started with the 375, becoming the first batsman ever to do so. He holds the world record for scoring most runs (28) in a single over in Test cricket. Three innings by Lara were placed in the top 15 of all time in all forms of the game in an international survey conducted in 2001: his heroic 153 not out in Bridgetown, Barbados, during West Indies 2-2 home series draw against Australia in 1999; his famous 375 in 1994 against England and his 213 at Sabina Park in Jamaica, in 1999. Another survey rated his 213 against Australia as the top innings with his 375 and 153 not out also being highly rated. He has travelled to every cricket playing nation in the world where he has scored centuries and has played match-winning innings. Such
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countries include Australia, Guyana, Antigua, England, Jamaica, Barbados, South Africa, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia, Zimbabwe, Pakistan, Sharjah, New Zealand, India, Singapore, St. Vincent, Bangladesh and of course his homeland of Trinidad and Tobago. He has met with world leaders including Nelson Mandela and Barack Obama. Major teams he has played for include the Queens Park Cricket Club, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies, ICC World XI, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), Northern Transvaal and Warwickshire. He is the fastest batsman in the history of the game to reach 9,000, 10,000 and 11,000 Test runs and would have been the first to 12,000 if he had not retired early just 47 runs short of that total. He is the only batsman to have ever scored a century, a double century, a triple century, a quadruple century and a quintuple century in first-class games. His batting and fielding averages are:
Tests Mat Inns NO 131 232 6 32 Runs 11953 10405 HS 169 Ave BF 100 34 19 50 48 63 4s 1559 1035 6s 88 Ct 164 400* 52.88 19753 40.48 13086

ODIs 299 289

133 120

In the space of two months in 1994 his 375 and 501 not out broke world records for the highest Test and first-class scores ever by a batsman. In Adelaide, Australia, in November 2005, he went past Australian Allan Borders total of 11,174 runs to become the batman to score the most number of Test runs. Lara is the current holder of the world record for the highest individual Test score (400 not out) as well as the world record for the highest first class individual score (501 not out). The Brian Lara Promenade in Port of Spain is named in his honour. He was awarded the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World honour for 1994 as well as the prestigious BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year award. Signal to Lara sung by Superblue following his glorious batting feats of 1994 became the Road March in 2005. There are a number of books that have chronicled his spectacular career. 1992 Humming Bird Medal Silver 1993, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005 T&T Sportsman of the Year 1994 Trinity Cross 1995 Wisden Cricketer of the Year Preceding and following Brian Lara there were and are many top cricketers such as Clifford Roach, Learie Constantine, Jeffrey Stollmeyer, Sonny Ramadhin, Jackie Grant, Gerry Gomez, Joey Carew, Ian Bishop, Charlie Davis, Larry Gomes, Bernard Julien, Gus Logie, Deryck Murray, Phil Simmons, Kieron Pollard and Dwayne Bravo.
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LYSTRA LEWIS (1924-2009)

idely known as the Mother of Netball, Lystra Lewis attended Tranquillity Girls School and later Bedford College in England. Although she started her involvement in the game as a player, she excelled as a coach, umpire, tester and administrator. She served at all levels of the administration for the game, including President of West Indies Netball Board, President of the Caribbean Netball Association and President of the Americas Federation of Netball Associations. Her love for netball led her into coaching, and she went on to conduct many clinics and seminars throughout the Caribbean. Lewis founded the West Indies Netball Association in 1963, and coached the national team at the inaugural World Netball Championships in 1963. She assisted in the formation of the Caribbean Netball Association in 1974, and served as an executive member of the IFNA. It is said that she lived and breathed netball, making a successful bid to stage the fifth World Netball Championship here in 1979. She did everything for that 1979 tournament, first getting government to erect what is now known as the Jean Pierre Complex. And she was secretary, coach and whatever else was needed for that tournament. In the end, one of her biggest dreams came to fruition when her Calypso Girls netballers became the joint world champions in 1979. There is a collection of her material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. 1963 Member of the British Empire (MBE) 1969 Public Service Medal of Merit Silver

LYNETTE GRANNY LUCES (1928- )

eteran marathon runner Lynette Granny Luces, now in her 80s is truly a hero and an inspiration. Her home in San Juan is adorned
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with her over-one hundred trophies and medals she has won over the decades competing in long distance running outpacing many a younger rival in many races. In 2011 the 23rd Annual Granny Luces Classic races and the Second Walk Against Diabetes were held from Arima and Tacarigua ending in St. Joseph.

CLAUDE NOEL (1949)

laude Noel was born in Roxborough, Tobago. During his professional lightweight boxing career from 1973 to 1984, Noel won a total of 31 fights, winning 18 of them by knockouts. He captured the WBA World Lighweight title and the Commonwealth Lightweight title, bringing glory on the world sporting stage to T&T, especially to his home town in Tobago. On September 12, 1981 Noel once again challenged for the WBA title which took place in Atlantic City, New Jersey, against the Mexican boxer Rodolfo Gonzalez, which he won on points. He, however, lost the title in December 1981. Although Noel never fought for a world title again, he was able to win the Commonwealth Lightweight title and defend it twice. He was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold in 1982 and was T&Ts Sportsman of the Year in 1991.

COLVIN PATRICK (1904-Not available)

e was one of the countrys most recognisable athletes for half a century. As a champion in the sport of walking, he raced 6 times in England competing in the London to Brighton Road event at times racing against men half his age. In 1928 he established a one mile record in 6 minutes and 22 seconds and in 1964, many years later he completed
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the Port of Spain to San Fernando and back to Port of Spain walking race in an amazing 15 hours and 45 minutes. At the age of 74, following a car accident some years earlier, he resumed walking races again. There is a street named after him in La Horquetta, East Trinidad. In 1973 he received the Humming Bird Gold Medal and in 1985 was inducted into the Trinidad and Tobago Sports Hall of Fame.

JEAN T. PIERRE (1944-2002)

ugenia Theodosia Jean Pierre, originally from Fyzabad, attended the Oropouche Government Primary School. Her family moved to Port of Spain where she attended Mucurapo Girls Primary School. She later attended the Progressive Educational Institute and soon became one of the schools best netballers. She rose to become one of the worlds best players and the first to play in all 5 of the World Championships in England (1963), Australia (1967), Jamaica (1971), New Zealand (1975) and Trinidad and Tobago (1979). But it was at the 1979 World Championship that she and the T&T team brought glory to the nation, sharing the World Championship honours with Australia and New Zealand. During her playing years she received many honours and awards as a player, especially as a shooter, and in 1975 was voted as one of the worlds top 10 players. The West Port of Spain Regional Sports Complex where the 1979 championship was held, was renamed the Jean Pierre Sports Complex in her honor. After her playing days were over Pierre managed, administered and coached at the highest levels of the sport both locally and regionally. She later became a government sports minister from 1991 to 1995. 1979 Trinity Cross; Chaconia Medal Gold 1975 Sportswoman of the Year 1974 Humming Medal Gold

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SONNY RAMADHIN (1929- )

onny Ramadhin was best described as The Houdini of spin bowling. He played cricket for the West Indies between 1950 and 1961, a man of slim build, spinning a web of mystery, cap on, long sleeved shirt buttoned at the wrist... the original doosra bowler and first player of East Indian descent to represent the West Indies. Along with Alf Valentine of Jamaica, he brought England to their cricketing knees in June 1950 at the famous Lords cricket ground. This victory brought in a new era, the coming of age, of West Indies cricket. Along with Valentine, Ramadhin is the subject in at least 3 calypsos recorded around that time: Victory Test Match/Cricket Lovely Cricket by Lord Beginner (With those little pals of mine, Ramadhin and Valentine); Ramadhin on the Ball by King Radio (We want Ramadhin on the ball); Cricket Calypso by Lord Kitchener (Ramadhin, you deserve a title, Sir Ramadhin, followed by a medal). His match winning figures of 11 for 152 (5-66 and 6-86) in that famous victory at Lords in 1950, remains the best match analysis by a West Indian versus England at that venue. He bowled the highest number of balls bowled by one player in a Test, 774, West Indies versus England at Edgbaston 1957, including the highest in one innings of 588 with match figures of 31-16-49-7; 98-35179-2. He captured 10 wickets or more in a match (first-class) 15 times and claimed 5 or more in an innings 51 times. He was the first West Indian to take 150 wickets at the Test level. 1951 Wisden Cricketer of the year 1972 Humming Bird Gold Medal 1985 Inductee WITCO Sports Hall of Fame 1988 Featured on Trinidad & Tobago postage stamp 1995 Chaconia Gold Medal 2000 Millenium Award, Ministry of Sports 2004 Annual Sonny Ramadhin lecture series started at UWI, Trinidad

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CLIFFORD ROACH (1908-1988)

lifford Roach first represented T&T in cricket in 1924 and went on to represent the West Indies in their first Test match ever in 1928, alongside Learie Constantine, Wilton St. Hill and Joe Small. A brilliant right-handed opening batsman, who also represented T&T in football, he scored the first century (122 against England in January 1930 in Barbados) and double century (209 one month later in British Guiana in the same series) ever by a West Indian batsman.

GISELLE SALANDY (1987-2009)

iselle Salandy was an unbeaten world-class female boxer (17 fights, 17 wins with 6 knockouts) and was ranked as the #1 female light middleweight boxer of all-time. She died in a car accident on January 4, 2009. She attended St. Bridgids Girls RC School, Penal Junior Secondary School and then Fyzabad Composite School, making her professional debut at just 13 years of age. In October 2001, Salandy fought and defeated Paola Rojas, becoming the youngest person to win a boxing title, the WIBA IBERO Title, at the age of fourteen years. In September 2005 on a T&T vs. USA boxing card, Salandy defeated Manela Daniels, breaking a second world record by becoming the youngest female in the world to win the NABC World Title. Then in December 2006 she became the first person to win six world title belts in one fight. Salandy was awarded Top History Making Fighter of the year 2006 by WBAN and awarded the First Citizens Sports Woman of the year 2006 by the First Citizens Sports Foundation in Trinidad and Tobago.
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Salandy successfully defended her six world titles against Yvonne Reis on 24 March 2007 and in March 2008 at the Centre of Excellence she defeated the previously unbeaten Karolina Lukasik, regaining her world record by winning eight title belts in one fight (WBC, WBA, WBE, WIBA, IWBF, WIBF, GBU and UBC)! In December 2008 she successfully defended her titles against Yahaira Hernandez. 2006, 2008 T&T Sportswoman of the Year 2007 Chaconia Medal Gold 2009 Awarded posthumously the Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.

LESLIE M. STEWART (1961- )

aventille-born, he became the world light heavyweight champion in 1987 at the Hasely Crawford National Stadium in 1987. He also won the Latin American boxing title in 1983 and the Commonwealth light heavyweight championship in 1985. 1983, 1985 Sportsman of the Year 1987 Chaconia Gold Medal

RODNEY A. WILKES (1925- )

odney Wilkes had a successful featherweight weightlifting career from 1942 to 1960. In 1946, he burst onto the international scene, winning a gold medal in the featherweight class at the Central American and Caribbean Games in Colombia. In 1950 he retained this title in Guatemala with another gold medal. At the Pan-American Games level, Wilkes competed in the first Pan American Games in Buenos Aires in 1951 where he won gold. He was also the winner of a gold and bronze at the then British Empire
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and Commonwealth Games in Canada, and in Wales, in 1954 and 1958 respectively. He took part in three Olympic Games (1948, 1952, 1956), winning the first ever medal for Trinidad and Tobago when he was second in London, England in 1948. Wilkes won a bronze medal at the Helsinki Olympics in 1952 and placed fourth at the Melbourne Games, plagued by a slipped disc. He retired at the age of 35 in 1960. 1972 Humming Bird Gold Medal

DWIGHT E. YORKE (1971- )

rom his early days as a forward or as a mid fielder, a hungry-forgoals teenager at Signal Hill Secondary School in Tobago to his last professional playing days at Sunderland in England, Yorke has had a star-studded career scoring many goals for the teams he played with: Aston Villa (England), 1989-1998; Manchester United (England), 1998-2002; Blackburn Rovers (England), 2002-2004 ; Birmingham City (England), 2004-2005; Sydney (Australia), 2005-2006; Sunderland (England), 2006-2009and of course Trinidad and Tobago from 1989 to 2010. During his 9 years with the Villa, he made 231 appearances and scored 97 goals. He was the clubs top-scorer in the 1994-95, 1995-96, and 1996-97 seasons. He also won the Player of the Year award for the 1996-97 season. He then switched to Manchester United in August 1998 and they won the Football Association (FA) Premier League for the 1998-99 and the next two consecutive seasons. He emerged as the top league goal scorer for the 1998-1999 season. The team also won the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Champions League, the FA Cup, the Intercontinental Cup and the UEFA Super Cup runner-up title in 1999. His great performances earned him the English Premier League winners medal for the 1998-99, 1999-00 and 2000-01 seasons. He scored 64 goals for Manchester United in 188 appearances. He won the English Premier League Golden Boot Award for scoring 18 goals in the 1998-99 season.Then it was onto Blackburn Rovers, where he spent two years rejoining his old United strike partner, Andy
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Cole. He joined Birmingham City in 2004 and then Sydney Football Club in Australia in 2005 where he played a major role in leading Sydney FC to victory in the A-League Grand Final in front of a sell-out crowd of over 41,000. Yorke was awarded the Joe Marston Medal as best player. In August 2006 he transferred to Sunderland where he later had a man of the match performance against Arsenal in October 2008, a game which Sunderland drew 11 at home. His days there ended in 2009. Yorke was capped 72 official times for the Trinidad and Tobago national team. He did play many other matches for T&T but these were friendlies only. Yorke was a member of the 1989 Strike Squad, the national team which narrowly failed to qualify for the 1990 FIFA World Cup and of course the 2006 Soca Warriors which did qualify for the prestigious tournament in Germany. Yorke was nicknamed The Smiling Assassin because of his goal scoring abilities and his constant smile. He released his autobiography in 2009 titled, Born To Score. 1992 Humming Bird Medal Silver 1999 Chaconia Medal Gold Trinidad & Tobago Footballer of the Year (2005, 2006), the Tobago House of Assembly Chief Secretarys Award (2005), the Trinidad & Tobago Olympic Committee Sports Personality of the Year (1998). The Dwight Yorke Stadium in Bacolet, Tobago, was named in his honour, and he was made a Sports Ambassador in 2006. Before and alongside Canaan-Tobagos Dwight Yorke, there were many excellent footballers that Trinidad and Tobago produced. Among them were Alfred Charles, Ken Galt, Carlton The General Franco, Carlton Squeaky Hinds, Joey Gonzalves, Alvin Corneal, Tyrone The Tank de la Bastide, Bobby Sookram, Victor Gamaldo, Everard Gally Cummings, Warren Archibald, Leroy de Leon, Leo Twinkle Toes Brewster, Kelvin Berassa, Sedley Joseph, Lincoln Tiger Phillips, Shaka Hislop and Russell Latapy.

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Trade Unionism

TUBAL URIAH BUZZ BUTLER (1897-1977)

utler was Grenadian-born who became close to his hero Captain Cipriani from World War 1 and to the growing T&T oil industry in 1921 when he moved to Trinidad. In 1929, he was injured in an industrial accident on his job as a rig man/pipe fitter that left him with a permanent limp and no compensation. Becoming a preacher, known for his fiery style that sometimes rubbed people the wrong way, he began to champion in earnest those in situations like him, workers with grievances and adverse working conditions. He wholeheartedly embraced the labour movement and its cause, joining Ciprianis Trinidad Labour Party. But he left his mentor in 1936 to fight more aggressively for his beliefs and workers rights. In 1935, he led a hunger march from the oil belt of Fyzabad, Siparia and Point Fortin to Port-of-Spain, to highlight the workers demands. In 1936, he formed his own party, the British Empire Workers and Citizen Home Rule Party (BEW&CHRP) and in 1937 organised a sit down strike that proved to be a catalyst in the development of the labour movement. The demonstration was a peaceful one until the police tried to arrest Butler, sparking off a riot leading to carnage, including the death of policeman Charlie King after whom the junction is named in Fyzabad. He was tried, convicted of sedition and sentenced to two years in prison, fiercely defended by his comrade, lawyer and fellow labour leader Adrian Cola Rienzi. In 1939, he was made Chief Organiser of the OWTU but was soon expelled for his fiery and aggressive nature and stances. After organising another strike in 1941, Butler was again imprisoned from 1941-1945, since the government regarded his disruption of oil production as a threat to the War effort. In 1945, the same year as the death of his former mentor and leader Captain Andrew Cipriani, he was released and hailed as a hero of the working class. In 1946/7, he called a general strike, with some of his supporters storming the Red House. Even in his foray into
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the political arena via his political parties, culminating in The Butler Party, his focus and platform was always for the improvement of the working class. He served on the Legislative Council from 1950-1961 and ran unsuccessfully for the Elections in 1958 and in 1961. In 1969 he was officially brought back into the fold of the OWTU, made a life member and awarded the honour, The Labour Star. In 1970, he was honoured with the Trinity Cross, T&Ts highest honour. By the time T&T gained independence in 1962, Butlers contribution as a labour leader and his reputation as a fighter for and a hero of the working class was being widely recognised. He was regarded as a hero of the people, and in fact, he was seen as one of the first men, if not the first, who landed the first dismantling blow against colonialism, giving courage to the fighters for independence. The greatest tribute came in 1973, when the anniversary of the oilfield riots, June 19, was declared an annual national holiday and celebrated as Labour Day. Also the former Princess Margaret Highway was renamed in his honor. In 1971, a lifesize statue in his honour was erected in Fyzabad. NOTE: Elbert Redvers Blades, the first general secretary of the Oilfields Workers Trade Union (OWTU) is one of those credited for helping save the struggle from collapse in 1937 when Tubal Uriah Buzz Butler went into hiding to avoid arrest. Blades, a resident of Cumuto, Wallerfield, contributed significantly to the benefits now enjoyed by workers. 1988 Humming Bird Medal Silver.

ARTHUR ANDREW CIPRIANI (1875-1945)

ort of Spain-born, he came from a family of cocoa planters. A soldier at first, who loved horse racing, later achieving the rank of Captain in the British West India Regiment in World War 1, he became a leader not just to the ex-soldiers but to labourers also, becoming well known throughout Trinidad and Tobago as the champion of the ordinary workers, friend of the barefoot man. In November 1919, during a labour dispute on the Port of Spain wharves, Cipriani called on the workers to strike, resulting in their first important industrial strike in Trinidad. In 1921 he was elected to a seat
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on the City Council of Port of Spain. In 1923, he was elected President of the Trinidad Workingmens Association, at that time the countrys leading workers organisation. In 1925 he became the Mayor of Port of Spain, which helped him to a seat on the Legislative Council in Trinidads first general elections. On the Legislative Council he championed key issues such as old age pension, womens rights, a minimum wage, compulsory education, an end to plantation child labour and the end of the Crown Colony System. In 1934, he formed the Trinidad Labour Party, which was really the Trinidad Workingmens Association under a new title to give it a revival and a political beginning. During his tenure he had the likes of Uriah Butler and Adrian Cola Rienzi as close comrades, both of whom left the ranks in 1936 to form their own parties when attention began to turn to the plight of the oilfield workers and the families of sugar cane workers. Cipriani was also an advocate for the latter group before Rienzi took up the mantle. Cipriani, a solicitor, retired from public life in 1944, having never lost his seat on the City Council since he had first been elected to it in 1921 along with his record eight terms as Mayor. As a keen fan of race horses, he was heavily involved in the sport for decades as well as being a commission agent and auctioneer. A statue to his memory was erected in Port-of-Spain at the base of Frederick Street, unveiled on April 17, 1959 by Chief Minister Dr. Eric Williams who said: Captain Cipriani is the pioneer of the nationalist movement of Trinidad and Tobago. With the unveiling of this statue we commemorate our own historical development, our own positive action, our own native history made by native hands, and the aspiration of our native peoples. The Cipriani College of Labour and Co-operative Studies is named in his honour and a postage stamp was issued in 1971, also in his honour.

DAISY CRICK (1898-1979)

he was a Trade Unionist, and although a housewife and not an oil worker, she held positions of increasing responsibility in the related Transport Union and OWTU.

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ELMA CONSTANCE FRANCOIS (1897-1944)

he was an active Trade Unionist and together with Uriah Buzz Butler and others, led the historic general strike in June 1937.

ADRIAN COLA RIENZI (1905-1972)

orn Krishna Deonarine, a high school drop-out due to family circumstances, he became an avid reader learning about Cola di Rienzo, a fourteenth century Italian activist and patriot who organised and fought great battles on behalf of workers. In 1927, Deonarine changed his name to Adrian Cola Rienzi, after a British magistrate Adrian Clarke and Cola di Rienzo and eventually became a lawyer in spite of his early educational setbacks. From 1930 to 1934, he studied abroad, first at Trinity College, Dublin, then at Middle Temple, England. A close comrade of Arthur Andrew Cipriani in the fight for the betterment of the working class with the passion to make Trinidad a better place, he parted ways with Ciprianis party/union in 1936 to champion workers in the sugar cane industry in central Trinidad. That was the same year that Butler did the same to champion the plight of workers in the oil industry that was, like the sugar cane industry, based outside of Port of Spain, in the oil belt in south Trinidad. Rienzi was the first president of the Trinidad and Tobago Trades Union Council, from its foundation in 1938 until 1944. He had earlier been instrumental in the formation of the Trinidad Citizens League (1934), a party closely aligned to the sugar industry. In November 1937 the All Trinidad Sugar Estate and Factory Workers Trade Union (ATSEFWTU) was registered, with Rienzi serving as president of both the Oilfield Workers Trade Union (OWTU) and ATSEFWT, both of which he founded. In 1939 the Trade Union Congress (TUC) was established and Rienzi was elected its
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first president. He also represented labour at the Forster and Moynes commissions. As a lawyer he intensified his personal opposition against all attempts of exploitation of workers. In addition to pushing for workers rights, Rienzi also fought for the rights of Indo-Trinidadians, helping to secure more employment in the public service as well as the right to cremate, the recognition of Hindu and Muslim marriages and the setting up of schools by non-Christian religious denominations. In addition to being a Member of the Legislative Council from 1937-1944, he was also the Mayor of San Fernando from 1939 to 1942 and served four terms on the San Fernando Borough Council. He was a member of the franchise committee appointed in 1941, and strongly advocated universal adult suffrage. He stoutly defended Uriah Butlers agitation in the oil belt in June 1937 and did his best to defend his comrade becoming his legal counsel in the charges that were brought against him. During the two year period that Butler was jailed and subsequent detention on war security grounds, Rienzi made all efforts to keep the Butlers supporters together and his image alive so that upon his release in 1945, he was warmly welcomed back. Adrian Cola Rienzis long stint in the Legislative Council saw him working tirelessly for the end of the Crown Colony System and the coming in of Adult Franchise. A prominent building in the heart of what once was the sugar belt in Couva, central Trinidad, is named the Rienzi Complex in his honour.

CLOTIL WALCOTT (1925-2007)

he worked tirelessly for the rights of the working woman. In 1965 she began her activities in the Labour Movement by joining the Union of Commercial and Industrial Workers (UCIW) which was later replaced as the representative union for the Cannings workers by the National Union of Government and Federated Workers (NUGFW) and in 1967 she joined that union. In 1985 she got the United Nations to move that womens work should be counted in the Gross National Product. In 1998 Clotil Walcott was awarded the Humming Bird Medal Silver.
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GEORGE WEEKES (1921-1995)

e was the President General of the Oilfield Workers Trade Union from 1962 to 1987 who used aggressive tactics in his fight against those in power. He aligned himself and his followers with the Black Power movement of 1970. He had a powerful style and always stood up with confidence for what he felt was just and right.

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Writing and Journalism

ALBERT BOOTINS ALKINS (1915-1995)

or almost 50 years he was a sports journalist and was the sports editor for the countrys leading newspapers at various times. He played many sports excelling as a lightweight boxer, a national footballer, a hockey player and a long distance runner. In 1977 he was awarded the Public Service Medal of Merit Gold. There have been other sports journalists and writers of note, among them Brunnell Jones, Leroy Fathead Williams and Mervyn Pee Wee Wong, the latter a statistician.

MICHAEL ANTHONY (1930- )

ichael Anthony is Trinidad and Tobagos #1 go-to historian. He was born and raised in Mayaro. His passion for research and writing is boundless, and his impressive list of publications dates back to 1963. Once an avid swimmer, an athletics fan and football fan of the Tottenham Hotspurs (he resided near their home ground in London for some fourteen years in his early days), Anthony even in his later years is nearing completion of Volume 2 of his series of books History of Trinidad and Tobago in the 20th century. While in England for a period of time he had the honour of communicating with Nobel prizewinning author V.S. Naipaul who encouraged him to pursue his short story writing. Thus evolved his first published novel The Games Were Coming, in 1963, followed by a long list of other novels up to High Tide of Intrigue in 2001. Other noted titles were The Year in San Fernando and Cricket in the Road. He ranks his personal favourite novel as All that Glitters, a detective fiction, and his favorite non-fiction works as Towns and Villages of Trinidad and Tobago and Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago.
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Michael Anthony is truly another of Trinidad and Tobagos literary giants, a published author of some thirty books with more looming on the horizon. His latest in 2012 is Christopher Columbus: A Close Look at the Man and his Voyages. There is a collection of his material at UWI, St. Augustine. 1967 Fellowship by the Arts Council of Great Britain 1979 Humming Bird Gold Medal 2003 Honorary doctorate, University of the West Indies

GERARD A. JERRY BESSON (1942- )

e has published and produced over 80 titles on the history and culture of Trinidad and Tobago. At least ten of these he wrote himself among them: Photograph Album of Trinidad at the turn of the 19th century and the Book of Trinidad (with Bridget Brereton). Over the years, Besson served as a member of or advisor to various governmentappointed work groups. In 2004, he established a museum for the Police Service at Police Headquarters, Port of Spain. It was the third in a series of small museums he planned and designed, the first being a company museum for the House of Angostura, and the second the City of Portof-Spain Museum at Fort San Andrs. In 2007 he was awarded the Hummingbird Medal Gold.

PIERRE G. L. BORDE (1820-1891)

s a writer and historian, he published his 19 years of research in two volumes in 1876 and 1882: Histoire de lile de la Trinidad sous le Gouvernement Espagnol (History of the island of Trinidad under the Spanish Government). He was also the keeper of the Lapeyrouse Cemetery for many years.

ANDREW CARR (1902-1976)

e wrote a lot about our folklore, carnival, calypso and tourism for many years. He was a member of Prime Ministers Best Village
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Competition committee, a member of the Zoological Society and the Field Naturalist Club. In 1969 he was awarded the Hummingbird Gold Medal.

DANIEL DEFOE (1669-1731)

A A

n English novelist who made Tobago internationally famous in his novel Robinson Crusoe.

JOSEPH DE SUZE (1846-1941)

n educator and a writer, he was a primary school teacher and author of many text books for children about our history, geography and culture, the most well known being Little Folks Trinidad, first published in 1910.

FR. ANTHONY DE VERTEUIL (1932- )

r. Anthony De Verteuil is a teacher, noted historian and writer who published approximately 20 books. Following his graduation from University College, Ireland, where he obtained a B.A. in English and History, Fr. De Verteuil was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in Ireland in 1962. After a short period of missionary work in Nigeria, he returned to Trinidad and taught at his alma mater, St. Marys College, from 1963 until his retirement in 1992, except for a two year break from 1966 to 1968 when he served as Vice-Principal of Fatima College. He was
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Principal of St. Marys from 1978 to 1992. Fr. De Verteuil edited and published The Urich Diary Trinidad 18301832; the original was hand-written in German by Friedrich Urich in the 1830s and paints a clear picture of life in Trinidad during that time. It was translated into English by Urichs granddaughter Irene Urich in the 1950s. Fr. De Verteuils books include: The Story of Gene Smile and the Gas Station Racket 1981, Eight East Indian Immigrants (1989), The Germans in Trinidad (1994), Surgery in Trinidad (1996), Western Isles of Trinidad (2002), Temples of Trinidad (2004), and The Corsicans in Trinidad (2005). 1992 - Humming Bird Medal Gold 2004 - Honorary LL.D. degree from The University of the West Indies (for work as educator, historian, and writer)

LIONEL M. FRASER (Not available-1901)

lthough he was a civil servant and a Chief of Police, he is best remembered for his historical writings, History of Trinidad 17831813 and History of Trinidad 1814-1839.

RICHARD P. FFRENCH (1929-2010)

rriving to teach the arts in Trinidad at St Peters, the school at Pointe-Pierre in 1958, he was always a bird lover and went on to author The Guide to the Birds of Trinidad & Tobago, first published in 1973. This was an outstanding book produced after years of bird watching and documenting. The scarlet ibis, our national bird, was one of the many he researched with the help of his wife Margaret. He was well known as an inspirational teacher, musician and conductor. In 1984 he was awarded the Chaconia Medal Silver. He also received the MBE award.

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C.L.R. JAMES (1901- 1989)

yril Lionel Robert James was an influential political thinker, activist and writer during the era of Trinidads independence. He was also passionate about cricket and his love for the sport is reflected in his work. In 1932, James moved to England, and worked as a cricket commentator and writer. He became active in left-wing politics, and was an advocate of socialism. He wrote several books during this period, including Minty Alley (1936), World Revolution (1937) and a widely acclaimed history of the Haitian revolution. In 1938, James went to the U.S. He continued to be a political activist, campaigning against colonialism and advocating for independence of the West Indies. After being in Ghana for its revolution in 1957, James returned to Trinidad to help in the nationalist movement. He edited the PNM newspaper, the Nation, and was a champion of the Pan-African movement. After a dispute with Eric Williams, he left Trinidad in 1961. Back in Britain, in 1963 he published Beyond a Boundary, a classic, about cricket but also an autobiography and a description of Trinidadian society. There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. 1987 Trinity Cross.

EDWARD JOSEPH

is writings about things Trinidad (geography, flora and fauna, and history) were documented in the 1830s and later published as History of Trinidad in 1838. It was the first attempt to record our history.

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EARL LOVELACE (1935- )

oco-born internationally acclaimed author, for decades he has been a major figure in Caribbean literature and has risen to the height of his literary glory by copping some of the prestigious awards in his field. He attended Scarborough Methodist Primary School, Nelson Street Boys, R.C., Port of Spain, and Ideal High School, Port of Spain. In the 1950s and 1960s he worked at the Trinidad Guardian as a proofreader for the Department of Forestry and the Ministry of Agriculture. He then studied at Howard University, Washington, DC, from 1966 to 1967, and in 1974 he received an MA in English from Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. From 1977 to 1987 he lectured in literature and creative writing at the University of the West Indies at St. Augustine. He was appointed Writer-in-Residence in England by the London Arts Board (1995-6), a visiting lecturer in the Africana Studies Department at Wellesley College, Massachusetts (1996-7), and was Distinguished Novelist in the Department of English at Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington (1999-2004). His first novel, While Gods Are Falling, was published in 1965 and won the British Petroleum Independence Literary Award. It was followed by The Schoolmaster (1968), about the impact of the arrival of a new teacher in a remote community. His third novel, The Dragon Cant Dance (1979), regarded by many critics as his best work, describes the rejuvenating effects of carnival on the inhabitants of a slum on the outskirts of Port of Spain. In The Wine of Astonishment (1982) he examines popular religion through the story of a member of the Baptist Church in a rural village. A collection of his plays, Jestinas Calypso and Other Plays, was published in 1984. His novel, Salt, was published in 1996 and won the Commonwealth Writers Prize (Overall Winner, Best Book) in 1997. He even authored a childrens book entitled Crawfie the Crapaud and a collection of his essays are published in Glowing in the dark, Selected Essays. He co-wrote the script for the film Joebell and America with daughter Asha Lovelace in 2004. There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI.
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 1988: Chaconia Medal Gold 1997: His novel, Salt, won the Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best Book 2011: Grand Prize for Caribbean Literature by the Regional Council of Guadeloupe for his book Is Just a Movie

OLGA (BOOS) MAVROGORDATO (1903-1993)

lga Mavrogordato helped to run the Boos family firm, J.N. Harriman, for many decades and had a passion for the history of Trinidad, helping researchers and writers. She also collected manuscripts and rare books, and published in 1977 a well researched book on local history, Voices in the Street.

THERESE MILLS (1931- )

ince the late 1940s she has been a journalist, editor, author before branching out on her own to help build the Newsday Newspaper as its Editor-n-Chief in 1993. In 1987 she was awarded the Humming Bird Medal Silver.

VIDIA S. NAIPAUL (1932- )

.S. Naipaul attended University College, Oxford University, England. After his graduation in 1953, he worked at the British
175

Broadcasting Corporation as a broadcaster and joint editor of the programme Caribbean voices. In 1957, he wrote his first novel, The Mystic Masseur. Since then both his fiction and non-fiction works have been widely read worldwide. For instance Naipauls fourth novel, A House for Mr. Biswas, depicting the life and times of an East Indian family of Chaguanas, has been ranked as one of the best novels of the 20th century. In 1990, Naipaul was knighted by the Queen of England. In 2001, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Naipauls work has been the subject of controversy for what has been interpreted as his negative portrayal of life in the Caribbean. Recurring themes in his work are about people without roots and people searching for belonging after being estranged from the societies to which they belong. Some of his best known works include: Miguel Street (1959); A House for Mr. Biswas (1961); The Mimic Men (1967); In A Free State (1971); A Bend in The River (1979); The Enigma of Arrival (1987); Magic Seeds (2004) 1970 - Trinidad & Tobago Humming Bird Medal Gold 1989 - Trinidad & Tobago Trinity Cross 1990 - Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II of England 2001 - Nobel Prize for Literature

SAMUEL SELVON (1923-1994)

amuel Selvon began his writing career as a reporter for the Trinidad Guardian newspaper after World War II, but it was his novels that made him famous. Selvon moved to London, England in the 1950s and then to Alberta, Canada in the 1970s. His 1956 novel The Lonely Londoners was groundbreaking for its use of creolised English rather than Standard English in narrative and dialogue. His novel A Brighter Sun (1952), the story of a young East-Indian man named Tiger, was frequently used on the CXC English literature syllabus. In the 1970s and 1980s, Selvon converted several of his novels into radio scripts, which were broadcast on the BBC. Some of his other
176

notable works includeWays of Sunlight(1957),Turn Again Tiger(1958) andThose Who Eat the Cascadura (1972). There is a collection of his material at the West Indiana and Special Collections Division at UWI. 1969 - Trinidad & Tobago Humming Bird Medal Gold for Literature 1989 - Honorary Doctorate, University of Warwick, Coventry, England 1995 - Trinidad & Tobago Chaconia Medal Gold for Literature

KEITH SMITH (1946-2011)

eith Smith was a journalist and editor whose career spanned more than four decades. Over the years he worked as a reporter, feature writer, editor, and columnist. Smith was well known for his column, the Keith Smith Column. It appeared daily in the paper for years, and covered all topics including carnival, art, sports, politics, life in Trinidad, and race. Smith retired from his position as Express Editor-at-Large on his 65th birthday. A collection of his works The Best of Keith Smith has been published. 2009 - Hummingbird Medal Silver

DEREK WALCOTT (1930- )

erek Walcott is an author and poet who was born in St. Lucia. After studying at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica, Walcott moved to Trinidad in 1953, where he worked as a theatre and art critic. In 1959, he founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop which produced many
177

of his early plays. He taught literature and writing at Boston University in the United States for more than two decades. He published new books of poetry and plays on a regular basis and retired in 2007. In 2009, Walcott began a three-year distinguished scholar-in-residence position at the University of Alberta. In 2010, he became Professor of Poetry at the University of Essex. There is a special collection of his material at UWI, St. Augustine. Notable works: Omeros (1990); In a Green Night: Poems 1948-1960 (1962); White Egrets (2010). 1969 Hummingbird Medal Gold 1971 Obie Award for Best Foreign Play, for Dream on Monkey Mountain 1972 OBE 1981 MacArthur Foundation Fellowship (genius award) 1988 Queens Gold Medal for Poetry 1990 Arts Council of Wales International Writers Prize 1990 W. H. Smith Literary Award for Omeros (poetry) 1992 Nobel Prize for Literature 1993 Trinity Cross 2008 Honorary doctorate from the University of Essex 2011 T. S. Eliot Prize for White Egrets (poetry) 2011 OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature for White Egrets

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SOME FIRSTS IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

1610 First set of African slaves to Trinidad 1799 First English newspaper is published, the Trinidad Courant 1839 First carnival, as we know it today, on the streets in Trinidad 1845 First set of East Indian indentured labourers to Trinidad 1853 Louis de Verteuil: first Port of Spain Mayor 1859 First rail transport system, the Cipero Tramway in south Trinidad, pulled by horses then later by steam engines 1867 First oil well to strike oil in Trinidad at Aripero in south western Trinidad near La Brea by Captain Walter Darwent 1876 First Passenger railway service started (August 31st) starts fully between Port of Spain and St. Joseph 1883 First telephone used in Trinidad 1895 First time electricity is introduced in Port of Spain 1889 Trinidad and Tobago joined as one country 1895 First electric tram introduced (from Belmont Circular Road at the Queens Park Savannah) 1900 First motor car on streets of Port of Spain 1902 Oil is first brought to the surface after large quantities were found in Guayaguayare (through the efforts of John Lee Lum and Randolph Rust) 1911 First cinema, the London Electric Theatre, opens in Port of Spain (silent films) 1913 First airplane flight in Trinidad 1925 First General Elections in Trinidad and Tobago (limited voting rights. See 1946) 1930 First Test cricket century and double century for the West Indies, both scored by T&Ts Clifford Roach 1930 First talking movie shown (not silent as before) 1932 Gladys Ramsaran: first woman to be admitted to the Bar in T&T 1934 Mannie Dookie: first athlete to represent T&T in international athletics at the 2nd British Emperor Games in London 1936 Audrey Jeffers: first woman to be elected to Port of Spains City Council 1937 First female to record a calypso, Thelma Lane, Lady Trinidad 1945 First steelbands on the street, celebrating the end of the war 1946 First elections where all or most adults were allowed to vote 1948 Isabella Cabral: first female to obtain a pilots licence 1950 Beryl Archibald-Crichlow: first woman Mayor (San Fernando)
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1951 First steelband overseas tour (TAPSO, Trinidad All Percussion Steel Orchestra), to Europe 1955 First set of women drafted into the Police Force 1956 Edna Thomas, Lady Iere: first Calypso Competition Queen 1956 Joseph Goddard: Tobagos first Olympian, Melbourne Australia, 100 & 200 metres 1956-1959 Eric Williams: first Chief Minister 1959-1962 Eric Williams: first Premier of Trinidad and Tobago 1961 Isabel Teshea: first woman elected to House of Representatives 1962-1981 Eric Williams: first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago 1962 Lord Bryner: first Independence Calypso King 1962 Solomon Hochoy: first Governor General of Independent T&T 1962 Hugh Wooding: first Chief Justice after Independence 1962 Television pictures first transmitted in T&T 1963-67 Isabel Teshea: first woman to serve as a Cabinet Minister 1966-1971 Lilas Wight: first woman to be elected to the legislature in T&T 1972 Marie Elizabeth Bourne: first female judge (TT Post Stamp 1980) 1976 Trinidad and Tobago becomes a Republic 1976 Ellis Clarke: first President of T&T 1976 Hasely Crawford: first and only one to win an Olympic Gold Medal 1977 Calypso Rose: first woman to win Road March 1978 Calypso Rose: first woman to win Calypso Monarch 1981 First World Champion Boxer, Claude Noel 1995 Pamela Nicholson: first female MP from Tobago 1995 Kamla Persad-Bissessar: first female Attorney General 1999 Wendy Yawching: first female captain of the T&T National Airline 2010 Marcia Ayers-Caesar: first female Chief Magistrate 2010 Kamla Persad-Bissessar: first female Prime Minister 2011 Kamla Persad-Bissessar: Commonwealths first female Chairperson-in-Office

Please feel free to add to this list.

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HIGHEST INDEPENDENCE DAY NATIONAL AWARDS THE ORDER OF THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO/THE TRINITY CROSS
(Source: National Awards Database: www.thepresident.tt)
YEAR AWARD 2011 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2010 2009 The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago RECIPIENT Mr. Anthony Norman Sabga Mr. Philip Louis Ulric Cross Mrs. Helen Bhagwansingh Mrs. Zalayhar Hassanali Dr. Wahid Ali [Posthumous] CATEGORY Community Service Law Community Service Community Service Community Service

Mr. Kamaluddin Mohammed

National Service Law Community Service For the Sport Steelpan Steelpan Development Steelpan Technology Development

The Order of the Republic Mr. Karl Terrence Hudson-Phillips, of Trinidad and Tobago Q.C. The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Pundit Krishna Maharaj[Posthumous]

The Order of the Republic Ms. Jizelle Salandy of Trinidad and Tobago of (Boxing) 2008 The Order of the Republic Mr. Anthony Williams of Trinidad and Tobago Development 2008 The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Mr. Bertram Bertie Lloyd Marshall 2008 The Order of the Republic Professor Brian Copeland of Trinidad and Tobago 2007 2006 2005 The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross No Trinity Cross Medals awarded No Trinity Cross Medals awarded His Excellency Edwin Wilberforce Carrington 181

National / Regional Development

2003 2003

The Trinity Cross His Excellency George Maxwell Richards Ex-Officio The Trinity Cross Professor Kenneth Julien Leadership role in National Economic Development Contribution as Judge in the High Court and Court of Appeal to the Development of the law Outstanding and distinguished service in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the Independence of Trinidad and Tobago

2003 The Trinity Cross The Honourable Justice Satnarine Sharma 2002 The Trinity Cross The Right Honourable Dr. Eric Eustace Williams [Posthumous] 2001 The Trinity Cross No Trinity Cross Medals awarded Archbishop Anthony Pantin [Posthumous] Chief Eleazar Chukwuemeka Anyaoku, C.O.N., Adazie of Obosi, Ogwumba of Idemili [Honorary] Dr. Henry Wesley Moulton Collymore - MBBS, FRCS Sylvan Bowles [Posthumous] His Excellency Arthur N. R. Robinson - S.C., Hon. D.C.L., Hon. Fellow St. Johns College Oxford University Mr. Michael Anthony De la Bastide Mr. Peter Minshall Father Gerard Arthur Pantin-C.S.Sp Miss Patricia Alison Bishop-H.B.M. Mr. Brian Lara Mr. Derek Walcott [Honorary]

2000 The Trinity Cross 1999 The Trinity Cross 1999 The Trinity Cross 1998 The Trinity Cross

Community Service International Affairs

Medicine and Community Service Education Ex-Officio

1997 The Trinity Cross 1996 1996 1995 1995 1994 1993 The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross

Law Art and Culture Community Service Community Service Sport Creative Writing

1992 The Trinity Cross No Trinity Cross Medals awarded 1991 The Trinity Cross The Regiment of the Trinidad and The Preservation of Tobago Defence Force Democracy and Constitutional Government 182

1991 The Trinity Cross The Trinidad and Tobago Police Service 1990 The Trinity Cross No Trinity Cross Medals awarded

The Preservation of Democracy and Constitutional Government

1989 The Trinity Cross Dr. Beryl Eugenia Mc Burnie - H.B.M . 1989 The Trinity Cross Mr. Vidia S. Naipaul - H.B.M 1988 The Trinity Cross Mr. Cyril Duprey 1988 The Trinity Cross Mr. William Gilbert Demas 1987 1987 1987 1987 The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross His Excellency Noor M. Hassanali Mr. C.L.R. James Mr. George Weekes Pan Trinbago The Honourable Mr Justice Clinton Bernard No Trinity Cross Medals awarded The Honourable Mr Justice Cecil Kelsick No Trinity Cross Medals awarded No Trinity Cross Medals awarded Mr. Tajmool Hosein Mrs. Isabella Teshea [Posthumous]

Promotion of the Arts Literature Business / Community Service Outstanding Public Service and Promotion of the National Welfare Ex-Officio Literature Trade Unionism Culture (Steelband Music) Law

1987 The Trinity Cross 1986 The Trinity Cross

1985 The Trinity Cross 1984 The Trinity Cross

Public Service (Legal and Judicial)

1983 The Trinity Cross 1982 The Trinity Cross 1981 The Trinity Cross

Law Public Service

1980 The Trinity Cross 1980 The Trinity Cross 1980 1980 The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross

Commander Mervyn Williams M.O.M. Defence Mr. Errol Gregoire Mr. Randolph Burroughs - M.O.M. Mr. Victor Bruce - H.B.M. Mr. Clement Ewart Gladstone Phillips Mr. Gerard Montano Mr. Mitra G. Sinanan 183 Public and Social Service Police Service Finance Law Public Service Law and Public Service

1979 The Trinity Cross 1979 The Trinity Cross 1979 The Trinity Cross

1979 The Trinity Cross 1978 The Trinity Cross 1978 The Trinity Cross

Mrs. Eugenia Theodosia Pierre C.M.T., H.B.M. Brigadier Joffre Charles Harold Serrette - M.O.M., C.V.O., M.B.E., E.D.

Sport (Netball) Public Service

Dr. Patrick Vincent Joseph Solomon- Public Service L.R.C.P. (Ed.), L.R.C.S. (Ed.), L.R.F.P.+S.(Glas.) Law and Public Service Public Service Promotion of the image of Trinidad and Tobago

1978 The Trinity Cross Mr. Joseph Algernon Wharton - Q.C 1977 The Trinity Cross Dr. Wahid Ali

1977 The Trinity Cross Miss Janelle Penny Commissiong 1977 The Trinity Cross 1977 The Trinity Cross 1976 1976 The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross

Professor Emmanuel Ciprian Medicine Amoroso - C.B.E., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S., F.R.C.O.G., F.R.C.(Path), D.Sc.(Lond.), D.Phil(Freiberg); PhD(Lond) M.D.; B.Sc.; B.A.D. (Nui) Sir Alan Reece Lord David Thomas Pitt Mr. Hasely Joachim Crawford Mr. Rodney Maingot - M.R.C.S (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Lond.), M.B., B.S. (Lond.), F.R.C.S. (Eng.) The Honourable Clytus Arnold Thomasos No Trinity Cross Medals awarded Sir Werner James Boos - C.B.E. [Posthumous] The Honourable Sir Isaac Hyatali Public Service Justice Navigation and Adventure Navigation and Adventure Public Service Public Service Sport Medicine

1976 The Trinity Cross 1976 The Trinity Cross 1975 The Trinity Cross

Public Service

1974 The Trinity Cross 1974 The Trinity Cross

1973 The Trinity Cross Mr. Charles Harold La Borde 1973 The Trinity Cross Mrs. Mary Kwailan La Borde

1972 The Trinity Cross Dr. George Roderick Marcano Social Service 1972 The Trinity Cross Mr. Garfield St. Auburn Sobers Sport 184

 1972 The Trinity Cross

[Honorary] Mr. Rupert Carlyle Archbald - Q.C. Baron Learie Constantine [Posthumous] Mr. Julius Hamilton Maurice Mr. Mario Gibson Barboza Neighbourhood Relations Sir Arthur Hugh Mc Shine-Kt. Bach. His Excellency Mr. Donald C. Granado Mr. George Richards - Q.C. Mr. Tubal Uriah Buzz Butler Dr. Rudranath Capildeo Law Public Service Public Service Friendly Justice Public Service Public Service Trade Unionism Science

1971 The Trinity Cross 1971 The Trinity Cross

1971 The Trinity Cross 1971 The Trinity Cross 1970 The Trinity Cross 1970 1970 1969 The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross

1969 The Trinity Cross His Excellency Count Finbar Ryan Religion - O.P. Social Service 1969 The Trinity Cross His Excellency Sir Solomon Hochoy Ex-Officio - G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., O.B.E. 1969 The Trinity Cross 1969 The Trinity Cross Sir Ellis Clarke - C.M.G., Q.C. Constitution of Independent Trinidad and Tobago The Right Honourable Sir Hugh Wooding - P.C., C.B.E., Q.C. Drafting the

Justice

185

186

187

REFERENCE SOURCES

Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago, By Michael Anthony (1997) Dictionary of Caribbean Biography, Volume One: Trinidad and Tobago, By Bridget Brereton, Brinsley Samaroo and Glenroy Taitt (1998) Heroes of the People of Trinidad and Tobago, By Michael Anthony (2005) NIHERSTS Trinidad and Tobago Icons in Science and Technology Volume I (2005) NIHERSTS Trinidad and Tobago Icons in Science and Technology Volume II (2009) NIHERSTS Caribbean Women in Science and Their Careers (2011) WHOS WHO and Handbook of Trinidad and Tobago, Express Newspapers Ltd./Inprint Caribbean Ltd. (1991) The 90 Most Prominent Women in Trinidad and Tobago, Express Newspapers Ltd./Inprint Caribbean Ltd. (1991)

NALIS website: www.nalis.gov.tt Ronald Emrits website: www.bestoftrinidad.com First Citizens Sports Foundations Trinidad and Tobago Sports Hall of Fame website: www.ttsportshall.com National Awards database: www.thepresident.tt Authors note: As stated in the Introduction, sincere thanks must be given to all the writers, historians/researchers and organisations whose works I have listed as the reference sources (especially Michael Anthony, Bridget Brereton, Ronald Emrit, NALIS and NIHERST who have willingly given their approval for the use of their works). All of the references sources are recommended reading to gain further knowledge of our Heroes, Pioneers and Role Models.

188

ADDENDUM KESHORN WALCOTT (1993)

Still a teenager, Toco born and bred Keshorn Walcott, brought golden glory to Trinidad and Tobago on Saturday 11th August, 2012 at the Olympics in London, England. His homecoming was fit for the king of the sport of javelin-throwing that he had become with a record throw of 84.58 metres. He was the second Olympic gold medallist in the history of Trinidad and Tobago, the first being Hasely Crawford, 36 years ago in Montreal, and the youngest ever to win the event at the Olympics. Prior to his Olympic achievement, Walcott was the Junior World Champion at the 2012 Barcelona Games, a three-time winner in the Under-20 Javelin throw at the Carifta Games and a two-time champion at the CAC Junior Championships. Monday 13th August 2012 was declared a national holiday in his honour and he was bestowed with many valuable gifts by the Government for his great achievement. The famous landmark, the Toco Lighthouse, has been renamed The Keshorn Walcott Toco Lighthouse and the high school from which he graduated, Toco Composite, will become The Keshorn Walcott Secondary School.

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INDEX
Abidh, Clarence, 83 Achong, Bert, 100 Adams, Aubrey, 38 Agitation, John, 39 Agostini, Michael, 141 Ahamad, Nazeer, 17 Ahye, Molly, 64 Aleong, Kelvin Pa, 142 Ali, Ameer, 130 Ali, Ian, 124 Ali, Salisha, 125 Alkins, Albert Bootins, 169 Alladin, M. P, 39 Alleyne, Clyde, 124 Alston, George, 24 Ames, Stephen, 142 Aming, Choy, 54 Anstey, Arthur Henry, 83 Anthony, Michael, 169 Antoine, Glen, 124 Apollon, Ray Golden, 143 Assoon, Barbara, 124 Atwell, Winnifred, 41 Austin, Ann, 124 Ayoung, Edwin, 41 Aziz S. M., 41 Aziz, Syed, A., 130 Bacon, Peter, 91 Bailey, George, 42 Bailey, MacDonald, 144 Bartholomew, Courtnenay, 100 Bath, Jonas, M., 2 Battoo, Ethelbert Meg, 24 Beaubrun, Michael, 102 Beeby-Thompson, Arthur, 112 Beetham, Edward, 6 Belasco, Lionel, 43 Bennett, Stephen, 18 Berkeley, Wayne, 43 Bermudez, Jose M, 24 Besson, Gerard, 170 Best, Lloyd, 80 Betaudier, Holly, 125 Bishop, Pat, 44 Blackman, Garfield (Ras Shorty I), 73 Blades, Elbert, R., 164 Bodu, Jose and Ignacio, 45 Boldon, Ato, 144 Boos, Karl, 25 Borde, Hugh, 45 Borde, Pierre, 170 Bourne, Desmond, 124 Bovell, George III, 145 Brereton, Bridget, 83 Brierly, John, 121 Brinsley, Hurbert, 136 Brown, George, 136 Bryan, Fitz Vaughn, 54 Bryner, Lord, 46 Bulbrook, John, 91 Burroughs, Randolph, 121 Butler, Knolly, 84 Butler, Tubal Uriah, 163 Cambridge, Thomas, 92 Camps-Campins, Adrian, 48 Canning, Ernest, 25 Capildeo, Pundit, 130 Capildeo, Rudranath, 115 Carr, Andrew, 170 Carrington, Edwin, 121 Castagne, Patrick, 47 Castillo, Paul, 47 Cazabon, Michel Jean, 48 Chacon, Jose Maria, 4 Chambers, Ashton, 124 Chambers, George, 10 Chan Tack, Anthony, 136, Chang, Carlisle, 48 Charles, Ahamad, 146 Charles, Dareem, 147 Charles, Joseph, 25 Charles, Rudolph, 49 Chevalier, Errol, 124 Chu Foon, Patrick, 50 Cipriani, Andre, 102 Cipriani, Arthur Andrew, 164 Cipriani, Mikey, 136 Clarke, Ellis, 9 Clarke, H. A., 147 Codallo, Alfred, 50 Commissiong, Janelle Penny, 94 Connor, Edric, 51 Constantine, Learie, 147 Cope, Francis, 18 Crawford, Hasely, 149 Crick, Daisy, 165 Cropper, Andre, 137 Curvan, Clarence, 54 Cutteridge, Joseph, 85 Daaga, Makandal, 115 Daniell, Alvin, 51 Darwent, Walter, 112 Davis, Marcus, 27 Davis, Reginald, 27 De Barcelona, Thomas, 131 De Berrio, Antonio, 4 De Berrio, Fernando, 4 De Boissiere, William, 122 Deen, Shamshu, 85 DeFoe, Daniel, 171 De Leon, Leo, 124 De Lima, Yldefonso A, 26 Demas, William, 80 De Silva, Brenda, 124 De St Laurent, Philippe-Rose Roume, 1 De Suze, Joseph, 171 De Verteuil, Anthony, 171 De Verteuil, Louis, 102 Devi, Champa, 52 Devine, Winsford, 52 Dookie, Mannie, 150 Dopson, Syl, 54 Douglass, Raphael, 86 Douglas, Walter, 53 Dowland, Kaye, 122 Dumbell, Thora, 53 Duncan, Julian, 19 Duncan, Sel, 54 Duprey, Cyril, 26 Eccles, William, 137 Edinborough, Felix, 54 Edwards, Julia, 54 Elder, Jacob, 55 Elliot, Samuel Ebenezer, 103 Fernandez, Denzil, 56 Ffrench, Richard, 172 Fitzwilliam, Wendy, 94 Forde, Christopher, 151 Francis, Frankie, 54 Francisco, Slinger (Mighty Sparrow), 75 Francois, Elma, 166 Fraser, Lionel, 172 Freeman, William, 19 Fung, Ed, 124 Gabriel, Rosalind, 156 Garcia, Phillip (Lord Executor), 57 Gaskin, Molly, 92 Ghany, Sam, 124 Ghouralal, Samuel, 103 Gibbon, Roger, 151 Gilkes, George, 112 Gittens, Bob, 124 Goddard, George Sonny, 57 Gomes, Albert, 116 Gonsalves, June, 124 Gordon, Arthur, 5 Gordon, William, 27 Graf, Leonard, 86 Grant, Geddes, 27 Grant, George, 27 Grant, Rupert (Lord Invader), 60 Grant, Kenneth, 131 Gray, Adelbert, 137 Griffith, Elton, 131 Guppy, Robert, 87 Hall, Wes, 36 Hanoomansingh, Hans, 125 Hardy, Fredrick, 20 Harris, Lord, 5 Hart, Edmund and Lil, 57 Hassanali, Noor, 13 Hennessey, Allyson Hezekiah, 126 Hing Wan, Edwin, 58 Hochoy, Solomon, 7 Hochoy, Thelma, 33 Holder, Boscoe, 59 Hong Wing, Chang, 27 Hosein, F E M, 97 Huggins, George, F., 27 Hughes, Frank, 124 Hull, Barbara, 104 Ibrahim, Mohammed, 132 Imbert, Maura, 137 Ince, Winston, 104 Ingram, William, 93 Jaleel, S. M., 28 James, Alphonso, 116 James, C L R, 173 Jan, Alice, 52

190

Jean, Gros, 1 Jeffers, Audrey, 33 Jones, Brunnell, 169 Joseph, Edward, 173 Kauffman, Joey, 152 Keenan, Patrick, 87 Kenny, Julian, 93 Khan, Ibrahim, 28 Khan, Ishmael, M., 28 King, Leslie, 151 Kirton, Joyce, 60 Kissoon, Freddie, 61 Knowles, Ralph Raphie, 127 Kugler, Hans, 112 Kumar Harbance, 62 Kumar, Ranjit, 138 La Borde, Harold and Kwailan, 152 La Ronde-West, Giselle, 95 Lai Fook, Arthur, 87 Laird, Colin, 138 Lalla, Charles, 132 Lane, Thelma, 62 Lara, Brian Charles, 153 Laughlin, Ken, 124 Lazare, Emmanuel Mzumbo, 3 Le Blanc, Norman, 62 Lee Heung, Stephen and Elsie, 79 Lee Lum, John, 113 Leotaud, Antoine, 105 Lewis, Arthur, 81 Lewis, Christina, 35 Lewis, Joey, 54 Lewis, Lystra, 155 Lovelace, Earl, 174 Luces, Granny, 155 Lucie-Smith, Paula, 88 MacFarlane, Brian, 66 Macleod, Henry, 132 Madiera, Jones P., 124 Maharaj, Kewal, 28 Maingot, Rhonda, 35 Maisonneuve, Julian, 139 Mallett, Frederick, 139 Mannette, Elliot, 62 Manning, Patrick, 14 Maraj, Bhadase Sagan, 117 Marcellin, Mano, 54 Maresse-Paul, Belvidiara, 37 Maresse-Smith, Edgar, 37 Marshall, Bertram Bertie, 63 Massy, Charles, 29 Mathura, Pat, 127 Mavrogordato, Olga, 175 McBurnie, Beryl, 64 McDavidson, Muriel Donawa, 117 McDonald, Trevor, 127 McEnearney, Charles, 29 McShine, Arthur , 105 McShine Halsey, 106 McWilliams, Irvin, 65 Meah, Gookool, 26 Meah, Ruknudeen, 132 Meiling, Esau, 95 Miles, Gene, 122 Mills, Therese, 175

Minshall, Peter, 66 Mohammed, Kamaluddin, 118 Mohammed, Moean, 124 Mohammed, Nazeer, 17 Mohammed, Sham, 128 Moon Sammy, George, 21 Morris, Ken, 67 Morton, John, 133 Morton, Sarah, 133 Muhammad, Farouk, 124 Mulhauser, John, 133 Murphy, Max, 89 Naipaul, Vidia, 175 Neal, Henry, 29 Noel, Claude, 156 Norton, Noel, 68 Ogden, David, 139 OReilly, Lennox, 98 Padmore, Marjorie, 68 Panday, Basdeo , 12 Pandit, Doon, 35 Pantin, Anthony, 134 Pantin, Clive, 36 Pantin, Gerard, 36 Pardo, Frank, 124 Patrick, Colvin, 156 Pawan, Lennox, 107 Permanand, Jean, 97 Persad, Taran, 41 Persad-Bissessar, Kamla, 16 Philip, Michael Maxwell, 119 Phillips, Jessica, 123 Phillips, Karl Hudson, 119 Pierre, Henry, 107 Pierre, Jean, 157 Poon-King, Theodosius, 108 Popo, Sundar, 69 Proudfoot, Don, 124 Quamina, Elizabeth, 109 Quevedo, Raymond, 40 Ragbir, Charles, 134 Rahamut, 29 Ramadhin, Sonny, 158 Ramaya, Narsalo, 41 Ramgoonai, Drupatie, 69 Ramon-Fortune, Jose, 124 Rampersad, Frank, 81 Rawle. Richard, 135 Redhead, Carl, 124 Reinagle, Philip, 139 Richards, Maxwell, 15 Rienzi, Adrian Cola, 166 Roach, Clifford, 159 Roberts, Aldwyn (Lord Kitchener), 61 Robinson, A. N. R., 10 Robinson, William, 6 Roodal, Timothy, 26 Rose, B. H., 29 Rose, Calypso, 70 Rust, Randolph, 114 Ryan, Finbar, 89 Sabga, Abdou Y., 30 Sa Gomes, Eduardo, 30 Salandy, Giselle, 159 Saldenha, Harold, 71

Samaroo, Jit, 72 Samaroo, Norman, 30 Samuel, Gene, 52 Saunders, Ramsey, 140 Sawh, Lall, 110 Scott, Bernadette Laughlin, 72 Scott, W. H., 31 Selvon, Samuel, 176 Seukeran, Lionel, F., 120 Sewlal, Enos, 123 Sharpe, Len Boogsie, 73 Siegert, Carlos-Luis-Alfredo, 31 Simon, Kade (Lord Bryner), 46 Simon, Winston Spree, 74 Smith, Keith, 177 Soodeen, Charles, 89 Span, Norman King Radio, 69 Spence, John, 21 Spence, Leslie, 110 Stewart, Leslie, 160 Stollmeyer,Conrad, 31 Strasser, Wilfred, 75 Streetly, Frederick, 90 Sylvester, Ray, 54 Syne, Asgaralli, 32 Swann, Harold, 90 Teelucksingh, Saran, 26 Telfer, Mervyn, 124 Teshea, Isabel, 120 Thomas, John Jacob, 2 Tikasingh, Elisha, 111 Tripp, Edgar, 140 Valasquez, Cito, 76 Voisin, Daisy, 76 Walcott, Clotil, 167 Walcott, Derek, 177 Walcott, Keshorn, 189 Walke, Olive, 77 Ward-Redman, Hazel, 128 Warner, Charles, W., 98 Warner, Kathleen Aunty Kay, 128 Watkins, Watty, 54 Watson, Ed, 54 Weekes, George, 168 Wharwood, Freddie, 124 Wilkes, Rodney, 160 Williams, Anthony, 77 Williams, Dunstan E, 78 Williams, Eric Eustace, 8 Williams, John Buddy, 79 Williams, Leroy, 169 Williams, L. J., 32 Wilmoth, Frederick Houdini, 60 Wilson, Lawrence, 22 Wong, Jimmy, 124 Wong, Mervyn, 169 Wong Sang, Joyce, 123 Woodford, Ralph J., 4 Wooding, Hugh, 98 Wrightson, Walsh, 140 Yerex, Lowell, 32 Yorke, Dwight, 161

191