Turboprop Engine: Consideration On Propulsion Characteristics

HMP&TM AE4041 Aircraft Design 27
Turboprop Engine
Consideration on Propulsion Characteristics
Parametric Studies
A way of finding the best compromise of design parameters
is the so-called trade-off studies or parametric studies.
In this analysis, some design performance objectives are
assessed based on a variation of several design parameters
within some design constraints.
Performance objectives
Design constraints
Design parameters
Source:
Torenbook, Ch. 5
Matching Chart
Matching Chart is one form of parametric studies, where
Thrust to Weight ratio, (T/W)
TO
, or Power Loading, (W/P)
TO
,
and Wing Loading, (W/S)
TO
, are varied to reflect changes in
Take-off Weight W
TO
within the constraints of some
performance targets.
Source:
Torenbook, Ch. 5
Performance Constraints
Take Off Distance
TOFL, C
Lmax
TO
, Take-off environment
Landing Distance
LFL, C
Lmax
L
, Landing environment
Climb Requirements
Drag Polar, No. of Engines
Cruise Requirements
Drag Polar
Others : Stall speed, Maneuver performance, Service
Ceiling, etc.
Constructing The Matching Chart
Performance Constraints
Requirements are based on:
Regulations
(FAR/JAR 23, FAR/JAR 25, MILSPEC)
Performance targets set in DR&O
Designer Choice
If two or more requirements conflict each other, sizing
follows the most difficult one.
Translate Weight and Thrust/Power level to TO, SL and
standard atmosphere condition, considering installation
and accessories losses.
= /
SL
C
L
Lift off
= C
L
maxTO
/ 1.21
V
A
= 1.3 V
S
LDG
Things to Consider
FAR 23 :
for W
TO
> 6000 lbs , V
S
<= 61 kts
FAR 25 : no requirement
LDG L
S
C
S W
V
max
.
) / .( 2
=
Stall Speed Requirements
Low Speed Aerodynamics
Wing and airfoil design
Flap type and flap size
Center of gravity
location
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
Take Off Distance
Determining factors
Take Off Weight
Lift Off Speed
Take-off Thrust/Power (and propeller performance)
Aerodynamic Drag
Ground friction coefficient
Pilot Technique
FAR 23 Take Off Field Length
Take off Distance
TO parameter
2
23 23
. 0149 . 0 . 134 . 8 TOP TOP S
TO
+ =
TO L
TO TO
C
P W S W
TOP
max
23
.
) / ( ) / (
=
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
FAR 25 Take Off Field Length
Take off distance
Take off parameter
For propeller driven aircraft, conversion from P/W to T/W
is necessary
25
. 5 . 3 TOP S
TOFL
=
TO L TO
TO
C W T
S W
TOP
max
25
. ) / (
) / (
=
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
Landing Field Length
Determining factors :
Landing weight, W
L
Approach speed, V
A
Deceleration method (brakes, thrust reversers,
parachutes, arresting systems, crash barriers)
Flying qualities of the airplane
Pilot technique
FAR 23 Landing Field Length
S
L
= 0.5136 V
S
L
2
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
FAR 25 Landing Field Length
S
L
= 0.507 V
S
L
2
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
Climb Requirements
Determining factors :
Drag polar (TO flap, LG down
and clean)
Throttle setting
Number of engines
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
Preliminary Drag Estimation
Drag Polar expression
Zero lift drag
Equivalent parasite area :
log f = a + b log S
wet
; a,b are a function of c
f
e AR
C
C C
L
Do D
. .
2
+ =
wet
Do
S
f
C =
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
Wetted area
log S
wet
= c + d log W
TO
Configuration C
D
o
e
Clean 0 0.80 - 0.85
Take off flap 0.010 - 0.020 0.75 - 0.80
Landing flaps 0.055 - 0.075 0.70 - 0.75
Landing gear 0.015 - 0.025 No effect
Drag Contribution of Flaps and Landing Gear Down
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
Typical values for drag coefficients
FAR 23 and 25 Climb Requirements.
Reciprocating (piston) engine : calculated at 80%
humidity at and below ISA
Turbine engine : calculated at 34% humidity at ISA+50F
AEO and OEI, Balked Landing Climb
FAR 23 Climb Sizing
Rate of Climb
RC (fpm) = 33000 x RCP
For max RC :
C
L
= (3 C
Do
AR e)
0.5
C
D
= 4 C
Do
=
D
L
p
C
C
S W
P W
RCP
2 / 3
19
) / (
) / (
FAR 23 Climb Sizing
Climb Gradient (CGR)
Suggestion : C
L
climb
= C
L
max
0.2
( )
L
C
D L CGR
CGRP
1
/

+
=
) / ( ) / (
9 . 18
S W P W
CGRP
p

=
FAR 25 Climb Sizing
Prop driven : see FAR23 sizing
Jet driven :
Climb gradient
Rate of climb (g < 15deg)
[ ] CGR D L
N
N
W T +
=
1
) / (
1
) / (
CGR D L W T + =
1
) / ( ) / (
=
) / (
1
) / (
D L
W T V RC
e AR C
S W
V
Do
. . .
) / ( 2

=
( )
Do
C
e AR
D L
. .
2
1
/
max

=
Time to Climb
Known : time to climb (t
cl
)
Assumption : linear RC variation to altitude
Absolute ceiling H
abs
is known or typical
1
1 ln

=
abs
abs
h
h
tcl
h
RCo
Maneuvering Requirement
Sustained turn (load factor)
Turn rate ()
( )
q e AR
n S W
S W
qC
W T
Do
. . .
) / (
) / (
) / (
2
max
+ =
1
.
2
+
=
g
V
n


.
Cruise Speed Requirement
Propeller driven
Jet driven
D cr
C V
S W
P W
. .
) / ( 2
) / (
3
=
e AR q
S W
S W
q C
W T
Do
. . .
) / (
) / (
.
) / (
+ =
Putting It All Together
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
Twin engine
propeller driven
airplane
(W/P)
TO
= 8.8 psf/lb
(W/S)
TO
= 46 psf
C
L
max
TO
= 1.85
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
Jet transport
airplane
(T/W)
TO
= 0.375
(W/S)
TO
= 98 psf
C
L
max
TO
= 2.8
C
L
max
L
= 3.2
Source:
Roskam, Part 1
(T/W)
TO
= 0.46
(W/S)
TO
= 55 psf
C
L
max
TO
= 1.8
Fighter
SelectingThe Design Point
Reasonable Design Point
Lowest T/W (highest W/P)
Highest W/S
Meets all requirements
Under assumed and implied parameters
(T/W)
TO
(W/S)
TO
Trend line
Smaller wing, larger C
Di Larger wing, larger C
D
0
Larger engine, larger excess power
Smaller engine, limited excess power
FinalizingThe SizingProcess
Calculate the other size parameters by using the known
relationships:
Use the database to obtain the initial values of other
geometric parameters.
T
TO
= (T/W)
TO
W
TO
S = W
TO
/ (W/S)
TO
b = AR . S
Source:
Roskam, Part 2
Find out a matching Engine type and specification
Sketch out your Aircraft reasonably and proportionally
Get the correct geometry !
Allow for extras: system power requirements
Think of the details:
Use common sense!
Intake
Exhaust
Installation mount
Propeller size and number of blades
Finalizing The Sizing Process
Estimate the size of the fuselage based on the payload
it accommodates Source:
Roskam, Part 3
Raymer p.110
L
f
= a W
TO
C
Wing location relative to fuselage
Position the wing aerodynamic at fuselage mid point
For aft-fuselage mounted engine, move wing aft 5%
For nose-fuselage mounted engine, move wing
forward 10%
Source:
Torenbook, Ch 8
Use tail volume to determine tail size:
V
H
=
S
H
l
H
S c
V
V
=
S
V
l
V
S b
Source:
Roskam, Part 2
Landing gear layout
Assumed CG at 55% mac
Landing gear load: NLG at most forward CG (8 15% W
TO
)
MLG at most aft CG (85 92% W
TO
)
For tricycle LG
Source:
Roskam, Part 2
Landing gear layout
Spanwise location: allow for ground maneuver stability
(tip over and ground clearance)
For retractable LG, think about the retraction
mechanism!
Source:
Roskam, Part 2
Landing gear layout
For retractable LG, think about the retraction
mechanism!
Source:
Raymer, Ch. 1
Prepare the Progress Report:
Explain how and why you came out with your design
Review and discuss the result of the sizing process
Finalize the Sizing and Configuration Definition Process with
Three-View Drawing
Some Helpful Tips!
Familiarize yourself with the given DR&O :
List and re-write DR&O in the simplest and easy to read
manner
Familiarize yourself with your competitors :
List and tabulate parameters of similar aircrafts,
Discuss differences in mission requirements and configuration
Quickly make decisions (size or configuration) and move on:
Note and discuss your decisions (assumed value) and verify
their conformity at every progress
Do not be afraid of making errors as long as you are aware of it!
Better being aware of the mistakes at the very beginning than at the
end of design process
KISS :
Keep It Simple Stupid !
Some Helpful Tips!
What We Have Learned
SIZING AND
TRADE STUDIES
DESIGN
SYNTHESIS
DESIGN
ANALYSIS
DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS
Performance
targets from
DR&O
Define a configuration and size
that may satisfy the Requirements
Estimate W
TO
Estimate Drag
Perform parametric
studies
Construct Matching Chart
Requirements
for Next Process:
C
L
max
W
TO
, W
OE
, W
F

Turboprop Engine: Consideration On Propulsion Characteristics

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HMP&TM AE4041 Aircraft Design 27

Constructing The Matching Chart

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