COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS Brick Block Stone Concrete Timber Metal Building System Components The building system

system can be broken down physically into four major structural components: 1. The roof system 2. The wall system 3. The floor system 4. The foundation system Types of Foundations Shallow Foundation a. Wall footing Strip Foundation b. Column Footing Isolated Combined Deep Foundation a. Pile Foundation b. Matt/Raft Foundation

Matt footings - where the required superimposed loads require most of the buildings footprint to transfer the accumulated soil bearing capacity.

Footings Variations of spread footings include: Combined footings, where two or more columns must share one footing.

Pile Foundations

Crawl space

Foundations Basement walls made of poured concrete or concrete blocks

Slab at grade

Elevated slab

Four main types of foundation systems Full basement

Loads Types of loads. 1. Dead Load 2. Live Load 3. Wind Load 4. Horizontal Pressures Below Grade 5. Forces (Uplift) 6. Earthquake Wood Floors 1x12 T&G sheet floor decking Laminated 2x4s or 2x 6s on edge at right angles to the floor beams Spiked together side by side

Composite Construction

The wall system Installation of Decking As an alternative to welding, powder actuated tools may be used to attach metal decking to structural steel nail-like fastener

ROOF SYSTEM Pitched roofs rely on rafters to provide the main skeleton of the frame Distribution of roof loads is determined by rafter spans, overhangs and rafter spacing Ridge, intermediate and wall supports share the load Intermediate supports break rafters into two spans, thus making them continuous rather than single span elements

Basic Concepts

Pitched Roofs can be Coupled or Non-coupled Systems Coupled roofs use a horizontal member to couple the base of the two opposing rafters together thus resisting loads running down the rafters

Non-coupled roofs dont have a horizontal member thus loads must be resolved differently e.g. via vertical supports from walls and ridge beams

Treatment of Cathedral Roofs Cathedral roofs have some similarities with Skillions: Rafters take both roof and ceiling loads They are non-coupled roofs i.e. no horizontal framework coupling opposing sides of the roof together Cathedral roofs also have: Two directional opposing roof planes (these may have different pitches and rafter lengths) Greater emphasis on beams to increase rafter span ridge beams support the tops of rafters intermediate beams break rafter lengths into two spans beams may be supported by posts instead of walls

Treatment of Skillion Roofs Skillion roofs are classified as non-coupled roofs Skillions have evolved from the most basic of shelter structures Building width is limited by the available size of rafter timbers Rafters slope is one directional Rafters take both roof and ceiling loads No horizontal framework coupling opposing sides of the roof together

Treatment of Gable Roofs Gable roofs typically utilise the coupled roof concept i.e: Two equal and opposing rafters push against each other (via the ridge board which locates and stabilises the rafter ends) Some loads run down the rafters causing the support walls to splay outwards (like a collapsing roof made of cards) but ceiling joists and collar ties prevent this action by coupling the two sides together Rafters support the roofing but ceiling joists support the ceiling

Underpurlins are often efficient than large rafters required to make single spans Struts (a type of raking column) support underpurlins Struts are supported by internal walls or by strutting beams which are in turn supported by internal walls Ceiling joists are not structurally involved in supporting struts

Treatment of Hip and Valley Roofs Hips are typically added to the ends of gable roof sections Broken hips and valleys occur where the main roof branches off into smaller roofs Different rafter types are used in hips and valleys compared to gable roof sections: Hip and Valley rafters define the main changes in roof lines Creeper rafters - which graduate in length - fill between Hip and Valley rafters

Low Slope - Disadvantages water drains slowly standing water can cause deterioration structural movement - tear the membrane. Low Slope - Advantages can cover building of any horizontal dimension can serve as Balconies decks Patios landscaped gardens. Steep Slope drains quickly can be covered with roofing material of small overlapping units - shingles of wood - slate - artificial composition - tiles of fired clay or concrete - bundles of reeds (thatch). Thermal expansion / contraction minimized Movement in structure is minimized - by the ability of small units to move with - respect to one another. Water vapor vents from the interior through the loose joints in the roofing material.

Intermediate Support for Wider Buildings Roofs for wider buildings (including gable and hip roofs) can be achieved by adding underpurlins a type of beam offering intermediate support. This is often more efficient than using large rafters to span large distances: Underpurlins break rafter lengths into two spans Struts (a type of raking column) support underpurlins along the length Struts are supported directly by internal walls or strutting beams supported by internal walls (ceiling joists are not involved) Other forms of support for struts are also possible

Treatment of Wider Hip and Gable Roofs Wider hip and gable roofs can be achieved by adding underpurlins a type of beam offering intermediate support. Underpurlins break rafter lengths into two spans