BARANGAY AND SULTANATES AS TWO POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS

BARANGAY 1. LEADER Datu or Maginoo ( in some areas) Rajah- big barangay which had contacts with Muslim traders - Assisted by Council of Elders ( Agorang for Bisayans) - Staff of Loyal followers or sakop **headed by atubang sa datu (executive secretary) - influential persons (rich families) DUTIES
> protect the barangay from outside enemies > maintain peace and order > lead warriors in battle > administer needs of people > settle family feuds & other disputes - intermediary/ go-between in marriage negotiations * gabay than ruler (kinship defined & tradition bound: brgy political community)

SULTANATE Bayang Moro or Kampong in Sulu: > Appointed Sultan or Datu **must be a Tausug living in Jolo Sultan > Panglima (officials under the Sultan) for other tribes > Palace of the Sultan ** once the old Sultan dies, the new Sultan must find a new place to live in (bad luck if he stays in the old palace) **the palace must also be only in Jolo

PRIVILEGES - share of crops -help in planting and harvesting - assisted in hunting & fishing - joined in religious festivities - fought with when community is raided

instrument of production and exploitation should be a descendant of the

Prophet Mohammed continues the work of Allah Sultans are expected to attend Friday prayers in state, No one ever contested the Sultans ecclesiastical rights * Datus take charge in the crowning of a Sultan * Datus and Sultans work hand in hand

2. BASIS

Kinship (Bilateral type) -organized on the basis of generation & indefinite lateral range of relatives - based on kinship, age (oldest) and knowledge of the local lore - simplicity & adaptibility (Kroeber) Legitimized by custom laws or the Battasan (limits of the behaviour in society) - basis of local decision making, social control & social justice - social & religious stage - handed down orally and ritually - religious prescriptions for good moral behaviour
**Similar to contemporary system: define & limit authority, maintain peace & order, protect interest of society, insure harmonious relations, enhance peoples welfare

Religion; Standard Islam Ideology - Political Leader = Religious Leader - life revolves in worshipping Allah and what he desires

3. LAWS

Tartib: the protocol of the Sultans **crowning symbolize the political and religious powers of the sultan

4. How does one become a leader?

Datuship - based on descent; hereditary -possible for a commoner to be a datu through:

- courage & skills in war - accumulation of material wealth - marriage - Personal Charisma - MOST IMPORTANT

SANDUGO = Alliances through brotherhood - marriage bet. datu-families of adjacent brgys - no sovereign datu - limited to mutual protection & assistance only - no permanent allegiance

HEREDITARY - leader should be a descendant of Mohammad - must have knowledge of the Batas ng Islam

** even if kadatoan but was weak and inept = lose datuship to a capable leader **datu influence over another datu = pangulo (head/leader)
**if also founder of brgy; called pinuno

5. Biggest
Prehispanic Phils

Manila, Cebu, Sulu, Butuan, Panay, Bicol, Batangas

Sulu, Maguindanao, Manila

6. Why is it legitimate to be called a state?

Criteria to be a state by a Political Scientist: 1.Defined Territory -independent sociopolitical unit, well defined rights over its domain (all lands, water areas of households including hills, forestland)
** persons not belonging to the same barangay cant farm, fish or trade in the marker w/o datus permission or paying for the privilege; cultivate from own households ** incase of boundary disputes - resolved through chiefs of the barangays arbitration

According to Majul, it is legitmate because of the Kampong >Kampong: synonymous to banua or kadatuhan in Maguindanao - It is a tower surrounded with brass cannons. Tall dams and enclosures made out of wood and stones surrounding a fortress. It is the political and religious center. Situated outside the kampong are markets.

2. Large aggregate of people

3. Government
-led by the datu (legislator/ judge/ arbiter/ mediator/ leader in war ) - Authority, power and Influence - some aided by council of elders - datus residence = seat of governance - barangay (as a whole) protector of community: resisting & repelling invasion - preserver of peace, and order within its territory

4. Sovereignty
- barangay = independent of each other - sovereignty over its own territory - no one intrudes from one barangay to another - range & limits of barangay & territory (no cultivation of land until ownership is established or permission is granted) 5. Common Heritage - traced heritage to founding families - barangay = boat called balanghai (place of origin to place where they settle)

Government - led by a Sultan - controls the work done in the politics, religion and military - officials (panglima) under him are from different tribes - militia is composed of warriors, not soldiers Sovereignty - sultan is all-powerful within the limits of his territory

Barangays ( trading centers) - forging alliances w/ each other before the Spaniards arrived *14th century - Barangay of Sulu consolidated by Muslim leaders into sultanate engaged in profitable spice trade diplomatic relations with China * The early Filipinos developed their own cultures and social and economic organizations. Barangay number of things (originally) * In a boat (balangay/biniray), datu, the leader, moves about with wife, children, relatives and friends in search for economic oppurtunities * Upon settlement, the group via a boat is known as barangay of (name of the leader) * kinship unit - pan-community relationships; cabarangay (members of same brgy)

1. 11th century SE Asia part of intl trade: * Contact of early Philippine inhabitants with the Arab Merchants and Muslim mystics * Facilitated by trade routes Due to a local Chinese rebellion, Arabs & Indian Muslim settled in SE Asia (later on to Malay Peninsula and Southern Philippines) * Propelled Sultanate of Sulu in 1450, Maguindanao in 1515 Manila, Luzon (Buayans, Kabuntulan & Maranaos) Relationships further flourished due to intermarriages among Brunei, Sulu and Manila 2. 1st Islamic Political Institution in the Philippines * Sultans- treaty relations locally and outside

References: Baviera. (1998). Philippine External Relations: A Centennial Vista. Foreign Service Institute. Jocano, F. L. (1998). Filipino Prehistory. Punlad Research House. Veneracion. Agos ng dugong Kayumanggi Majul. (1973). Muslims in the Philippines