Professional Documents
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5.7 Method of Repair in Rectifying Concrete Defects
There are many methods that can be adopted to repair concrete defects.
Through this part of the questionnaire will identify the methods that are used by
Public Work Department (PWD) in rectifying concrete defects.
Table 5.5: Method of Repair in Rectifying Concrete Defects
Method of Repair Min Rank
1 2 3 4 5 Index
1. Crack Injection 4 9 7 0 0 2.15 7
2. Patch Repairs 0 0 4 8 8 4.20 1
3. Sprayed Concrete 0 14 6 0 0 2.30 6
4. Grouting 3 11 3 1 2 2.40 5
5. Cathite Method 10 10 0 0 0 1.50 13
6. Cathodic Method 9 11 0 0 0 1.55 11
7. Decholorisation Method 7 12 1 0 0 1.70 10
8. Sealing 3 0 8 9 0 3.30 2
9.Dry Packing 4 12 3 1 0 2.05 8
10.Thin Bonded Resurfacing 4 1 6 9 0 3.00 4
11.Stitching 7 11 2 0 0 1.75 9
12.Caulking 10 9 1 0 0 1.55 12
13.Recasting 1 1 11 7 0 3.20 3
Number of Respondents
1 Least frequent 2 less frequent 3 average 4frequent 5- Very frequent
Table 5.4 shows the results in which the most common repair technique used
by Public Work Department (PWD) to rectify concrete defect is by patching.
According to the analysis shows that the average mean index is 4.20 which is
significantly high. This is followed by sealing and recasting with 3.30 and 3.20 each.
The methods which are least used are caulking (1.55), cathodic method (1.55) and
cathite method (2.50). The distribution of method of repair is further described in
Figure 5.5.
55
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Factors Affecting Choice Min
Of Repair 1 2 3 4 5 Index
a. Severity of defects 0 3 4 9 0 3.70
b. Time needed to execute the repair work 0 2 10 6 2 3.40
c. Repair cost (material and labour) 0 0 5 12 3 3.90
d. Total manpower available to conduct work 0 3 12 5 0 3.10
Number of Respondents
5.8 Factors Affecting Choice of Repair
There are various choices of concrete repairs depending on the type of defect
that occur and its severity of damage. This part of the questionnaire asks respondents
regarding the factors that affect the choice of repair done by PWD. In PWD Sabah
the two departments that are in charge of proposing method of repair are lab
investigation department and building (structural) department.
Through Table 5.6, it clearly shows that the four main factors are clearly
important. However, most respondents agreed that repair cost which consists of
material and labor with an average mean index of 3.90 plays an important role in the
choice of repair. Others agreed that the severity of defects (3.70) also is dependent
on the choice of repair. Meanwhile the time needed to execute the repair work is also
taken into consideration with a mean index of 3.40. Lastly is the lowest mean index
(3.10) for the total manpower available to conduct work.
Table 5.6: Factors Affecting Choice of Repair
1 Totally disagree 2 Disagree 3 Average 4 Agree 5 Totally agree
Meanwhile Figure 5.6 shows the bar chart for the factors and its average
mean index.
57
Factors Affecting Choice of Repair
3.70
3.40
3.90
3.10
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
Severity of
Defects
Time Needed to
Execute the
Repair Work
Repair cost
(material and
labour)
Total manpower
available to
conduct work
Factors
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Figure 5.7: Factors Affecting Choice of Repair
5.9 Common Problems Faced by PWD in Building Maintenance
In building maintenance, there are more than one party involved and various
procedures. This part of the questionnaire is to identify the common problems faced
by Public Work Department (PWD) in building maintenance.
From Table 5.7, the average mean index for the common problems faced by
PWD ranges from 2.75 to 3.65. Figure 5.8 shows that the most frequent problem
faced is delay in maintenance procedure (3.65) followed by delay from contractor
(3.35), inefficient funding (3.25), lack of manpower (3.10), unavailability of previous
records of building (3.10), less exposure to current technologies (3.00), incomplete
and outdated tools/equipment (2.95) and the lowest mean index is personnel lack of
experience and skills (2.75).
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Table 5.7: Common Problems Faced by PWD in Building Maintenance
1 Totally disagree 2 Disagree 3 Average 4 Agree 5 Totally agree
Common Problem in Building Maintenance Number of
Respondents
Min
Index
Rank
1 2 3 4 5
1. Insufficient Funding 0 2 11 7 0 3.25 3
2. Lack of Manpower 1 4 10 2 3 3.10 4
3. Personnel lack of experience and skills 0 8 10 1 1 2.75 8
4. Incomplete and outdated tools/equipment 0 6 10 3 1 2.95 7
5. Delay in maintenance procedures 0 0 8 11 1 3.65 1
6. Less exposure to current technologies 0 4 12 4 0 3.00 6
7. Unavailability of previous records of building 0 6 7 6 1 3.10 5
8. Delay from contractor 0 0 13 7 0 3.35 2
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Introduction
This research has been carried out to study the maintenance of concrete
defects in government building. The scope includes maintenance done by Public
Work Department (PWD) throughout Sabah. The data collected consists of data
from PWD past records, interviews, observation and questionnaires. Analysis of data
has been carried out using SPSS software and results are shown in chapter 4. From
the analysis, the conclusion is made in relation to these following objectives:
v. To study the types of concrete defects that occurs in buildings
vi. To identify the factors that causes the concrete defects in buildings
vii. To identify the method of concrete repair carried out
viii. To identify the problems faced by PWD in maintenance of buildings
61
6.2 Conclusion
Conclusions are drawn based on the outcome of analysis from the previous
chapter. All of the results are based on the questionnaire distributed. Besides that,
past records and information that is collected from Public Work Department (PWD)
are also used as comparison and added value to this whole research. From the study
these are the conclusions that are described as follow.
6.2.1 Types of Concrete Defects that Occurs in Buildings
From the study, the types of concrete defects that occur in government
buildings under the supervision of Public Work Department (PWD) can be
determined. Below are the lists of defects from highest to lowest occurrence.
(i) Spalling
(ii) Delamination
(iii) Plastic Shrinkage Crack
(iv) Longitudinal crack
(v) Scaling
(vi) Plastic Settlement Crack
(vii) Transverse crack
(viii) Shear Crack
(ix) Crazing Map Crack
(x) Pop outs
(xi) Honeycombing
62
6.2.2 Factors that Causes the Concrete Defects in Buildings
From the study, the factors that cause concrete defects in buildings are
identified and analyzed to obtain each average mean index. The conclusion are as
below from highest to lowest mean index.
(i) Inefficient maintenance
(ii) Poor Construction Method
(iii) Faulty Materials
(iv) Alkali-aggregate Reaction
(v) Fire Damage
(vi) Structural Overloading
(vii) Sulphate Deterioration
6.2.3 Method of Concrete Repair Carried Out
From the study, the method of repair adopted by PWD can be identified.
Different types of method apply to different type of defects. These are the method of
concrete repair that are rated from highest to lowest mean index.
(i) Patch Repairs
(ii) Sealing
(iii) Recasting
(iv) Thin Bonded Resurfacing
(v) Grouting
(vi) Sprayed Concrete
(vii) Crack Injection
63
(viii) Dry Packing
(ix) Stitching
(x) Decholorisation Method
(xi) Cathodic Method
(xii) Caulking
(xiii) Cathite Method
6.2.4 Problems faced by PWD in Maintenance of Buildings
From the study, the most common problems faced by PWD are identified
based on the replies of respondents. The ratings are as below from highest to lowest
average mean index.
(i) Delay in maintenance procedures
(ii) Delay from contractor
(iii) Insufficient Funding
(iv) Lack of Manpower
(v) Unavailability of previous records of building
(vi) Less exposure to current technologies
(vii) Incomplete and outdated tools/equipment
(viii) Personnel lack of experience and skills
64
6.3 Recommendation
Based on the study, these are a few recommendations that can be made to
improve the maintenance done by PWD.
(i) There should be proper documentation of building maintenance records by
PWD. A system database can provide the faster and easier access to
information rather searching manual documentation.
(ii) Inspection and supervision on government buildings should be stricter as
regular maintenance can reduce the possibility of structural failure that is more
expensive and time consuming to rectify.
(iii) Personnel should undergo more training to gain more exposure on current
technologies and techniques.
6.4 Recommendation for Further Study
From this study, a few recommendations are made for further study. There
are as listed below:
(i) Detailed study on building maintenance procurement
(ii) To study the selection of material and repair technique in maintenance of
concrete defect
(iii) To study the relationship between cost and defects in buildings
65
(iv) To study the difference of building maintenance works done by PWD and by
contractor
(v) To study the selection of contractor by PWD to conduct works
(vi) To study the implementation of information system in building maintenance
66
REFERENCES
Abdul Hakim bin Mohammed and Wan Min bin Wan Mat (1991). Teknologi
Penyenggelaraan Bangunan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Abid, A. and Ribakov Y. (2006). Non-destructive measurements of crack assessment
and defect detection in concrete structures. Material and Design. 1-9.
Bernard,E.S (2001). Shortcrete: Engineering Developments. Netherland: Swets &
Zeitlinger Publishers.
Campbell,D and Allen (1977). Cracking in Concrete. Cracks, codes and creep. 27
July. Concrete Institute of Australia.
Emmons, P.H (1993). Concrete Repair and Maintenance Ilustrated. Kingston: R.S.
Means Company.
Grantham, M.G., Barret, Herts and Dr Broomfield, J. (1997). The Use of Linear
Polarisation Corrosion Rate Measurements in Aiding Rehabilitation Options
for the Deck Slabs of Reinforced Concrete Underground Carpark.
Construction and Building Material. Volume (II). 215-224
Hans, B. (2005). Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Structures. Woodland: Woodland
Publishing Limited.
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Ho. N. Y. (1991). Techniques of Repairing Concrete Structures. Buletin IEM (20-25)
Mays, G. (1992). Durability of Concrete Structures: Investigation, Repair,
Protection. London: Chapman and Hall.
Pathmanaban, S and Berkeley K. G. C. (1990). Cathodic Protection of Reinforcement
Steel in Concrete. Cornwall: Butterworth & co Ltd
Raupach, M. (2006). Patch Repairs on RC Structures: Model Investigations on the
Required Size and Practical Consequences. Cement and Concrete
Composites. Volume (28). 679-684
Said, K.and Romdane, B. (2003). Evaluation and repair of Algiers new airport
building. Cement and Concrete composites. Volume (25). 633-641
Sansalone, M. and Arino, N.J. (1986). Detecting honeycombing, the depth of surface-
opening cracks, and un-grouted ducts. ACI Annual Convention, San Antonio
SchieBl, P., Breit, N., and Raupach, M. (1994). Durability of local repair measures
on concrete structures damaged by reinforcement corrosion. 22-25 May
1994. Third International Conference, Nice France.
See Shiou Ling (2006). Periodical Inspection on Reinforced Concrete Building.
Bachelor Degree . Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai
Singh, P (1991). Seminar on Repair and Maintenance of Concrete Structures, 28
August. Institut Teknologi Mara
Strecker, P.P. (1988). Corrosion Damaged Concrete Assessment and Repair. Essex:
Anchor Brendon Ltd.
Turton et al. (1992). Non Structural Cracks in Concrete: Third Edition. Concrete
Society
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Uemote, T. (2000). Maintenance of concrete structures and application of non-
destructive inspection in Japan.1-11
Yeng Kim Ling (2006). Bridge Maintenance. Bachelor Degree (Constuction
Management). Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SKUDAI JOHOR
QUESTIONNAIRE FORM
MAINTENANCE OF CONCRETE DEFECTS IN BUILDING
This research is conducted to have a better understanding on the maintenance of
government buildings throughout Sabah.
ALL GIVEN INFORMATION IS STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL AND STRICTLY FOR ACADEMIC
PURPOSES ONLY
Section A
For question 1-5, please refer to the rating below. Please circle the numbers. As:
1 Least frequent 2 less frequent 3 average 4frequent 5- Very frequent
1. The type of maintenance conducted on government buildings:
(a) Planned Maintenance
(i) Preventive Maintenance 1 2 3 4 5
(ii) Corrective Maintenance 1 2 3 4 5
(b) Unplanned Maintenance 1 2 3 4 5
2. Maintenance works on government buildings are usually carried out by:
a) Public Work Department (PWD) 1 2 3 4 5
b) Contractor 1 2 3 4 5
3. According to your experience, how soon in the life of a structure do defects start to
occur?
a) <1 years 1 2 3 4 5
b) 1-5 years 1 2 3 4 5
c) 6-10 years 1 2 3 4 5
d) >10 years 1 2 3 4 5
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4. Types of concrete defects that frequently occur in government buildings?
a) Corrosion of steel reinforcement 1 2 3 4 5
b) Cracks 1 2 3 4 5
i. Longitudinal crack 1 2 3 4 5
ii. Transverse crack 1 2 3 4 5
iii. Shear Crack 1 2 3 4 5
iv. Plastic Shrinkage Crack 1 2 3 4 5
v. Plastic Settlement Crack 1 2 3 4 5
vi. Crazing Map Cracks 1 2 3 4 5
c) Spalling 1 2 3 4 5
d) Delamination 1 2 3 4 5
e) Honeycombing 1 2 3 4 5
f) Scaling 1 2 3 4 5
g) Pop outs 1 2 3 4 5
h) Others (please state)
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
5. The method of repair carried out in rectifying concrete defects:
a) Crack injection 1 2 3 4 5
b) Patch Repairs 1 2 3 4 5
c) Sprayed concrete 1 2 3 4 5
d) Grouting 1 2 3 4 5
e) Cathite method 1 2 3 4 5
f) Cathodic method 1 2 3 4 5
g) Decholorisation method 1 2 3 4 5
h) Sealing 1 2 3 4 5
i) Dry packing 1 2 3 4 5
j) Thin bonded resurfacing 1 2 3 4 5
k) Stitching 1 2 3 4 5
l) Caulking 1 2 3 4 5
m) Recasting 1 2 3 4 5
n) Others (please state)
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
71
Section B
For question 6-8, please refer to the rating below. Please circle the number. As:
1 Totally disagree 2 Disagree 3 Average 4 Agree 5 Totally agree
____________________________________________________________________
6. Factors that usually causes concrete defects in government buildings:
a) Construction defect 1 2 3 4 5
i. Faulty materials 1 2 3 4 5
ii. Poor construction method 1 2 3 4 5
iii. Deficiencies in quality control 1 2 3 4 5
b) Faulty design 1 2 3 4 5
c) Sulphate deterioration 1 2 3 4 5
d) Alkali-aggregate reaction 1 2 3 4 5
e) Structural overloading 1 2 3 4 5
f) Inefficient maintenance 1 2 3 4 5
g) Fire damage
h) Seismic movements
i) Others (please state)
___________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5
___________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5
___________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5
___________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5
7. The factors affecting the choice of repair technique to rectify concrete defects:
a) Severity of defects 1 2 3 4 5
b) Time needed to execute the repair work 1 2 3 4 5
c) Repair cost (material and labour) 1 2 3 4 5
d) Total manpower available to conduct work 1 2 3 4 5
e) Others (please state)
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
____________________________________1 2 3 4 5
72
8. Common problems faced by PWD in building maintenance
a) Insufficient funding 1 2 3 4 5
b) Lack of manpower 1 2 3 4 5
c) Personnel lack of experience and skills 1 2 3 4 5
d) Incomplete and outdated tools/equipment 1 2 3 4 5
e) Delay in maintenance procedures 1 2 3 4 5
f) Less exposure to current technologies 1 2 3 4 5
in repair technique
g) Unavailability of previous 1 2 3 4 5
records of building
h) Delay from contractor 1 2 3 4 5
i) Others (please state)
__________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5
__________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5
__________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5
__________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5
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