Table 8.11.

Average Water Quality Standards for Process waters for Certain Important industries Turbidity Colour Hardness Alkalinity pH Total Fe and Other properties, S. Industry on silica on expressed in mg/l ualue dissolued Mnin and remarks No. scale cobalt in mgll as solids in mg/l ifany scale CaC03 mgll (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) l. Baking 10 10 ... ... ... ... 0.5 Some hardness is desirable; other properties conforming' to standards for potable waters Ca e 100-500 ;csso, = 100-500 2. Brewing Odour = Low ; other properties (i) light 10 ... ... 75 6.5-7 500 0.1 confirming to standards of potable (ii) dark 10 ... ... 150 7.0 1000 0.1 waters 3. Canning (i) General 10 ... ... ... ... ... 0.2 Other properties confuming to standards of potable waters (ii) Legumes 10 ... 25-75 ... .,. ... 0.2 " 4. Carbonated beverages 2 10 - 50 ... 850 0.3 " 5. Confectionary ... ... 250 ... ... 100 0.2 " 6. Ice making 1-5 ... 50 30-50 ... 300 0.2 " 7. Laundering ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.2 .. Contd ... ~W 0\ ~ ~~ en c:g ro( ~oZ

rr1 ~Z o Table 8.11 Continues I:) c:: ~ =-<i ~:;c or ~ ~>-! ~ Turbidity Colour Hardness Alkalinity pH Total Fe and Other properties, S. Industry on silica on expressed in mg/l value dissolved Mnin and remarks No. scale cobalt in mg l l as solids in mg/l irany scale CaC03 mg/l (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 8. Clean plastics 2 2 50 ... ... 200 0.02 Other properties confirming to standards of potable waters 9. Pulp and paper ... (((ii(iviiii)))) LGKSiorrgoadhufattnd&papswueolrpohdite 5210555 2110505 11150080000 ............ ............ 322.000..000 0001....2110 """" 10. R((iaiiy))oPMnroa(dnvuuicfsatcicootsnuer)e 0-.3 -5 585 5..0. 7.8.-..8.3 ...... 000...0225 """ 11. Tanning 20 1-100 55-135 133 8.0 ... " 12. Textiles (((ii(iiviii)))) CGDWoeyotnetoeoinlrnagslcboaunrdinagge .555., 5-2752000 50222100035 ............ ............ ............ 001.....2.205 """" tIl c::

~r~ .;.. VJ -.I

Table 8.9. WHO's Latest Standard Guidelines for Potable Waters (1984 guidelines as modified in 1993) , Organism Unit Guideline oalue Remarks (1) (2, (3) (4) (1) Microbiological Quality A Piped water supplied IAl Treated water entering the distribution system fecal coliforms number/IOO ml 0 turbidity < 1 NTU ; for disinfection with Icoliform organisms chlorine, pH preferably < 8.0 ; number/IOO ml 0 free chlorine residual 0.2-0.5 mg/litre IA2 Untreated water entering the distribution system following 30 minutes (minimum) contact I fecal coliforms I numberllOO ml 0 number/lOO ml 0 in 98% of I coliform organisms samples examined throughout the year-in the case of large supplies when sufficient samples are examined I coliform organisms number 100 ml 3 in an occasional sample, but not in conI secutive samples IA3 Water in the distribution system I fecal coliforms I number/IOO ml 0 I coliform organisms number/IOO ml 0 in 95% of samples examined throughout the year-in the case of large supplies I when sufficient samples are examined

Table 8.9 continues (1) I (2) (3) (4) coliform organisms number/100 ml 3 in an occasional sample, but not in consecutive samples I B. Unpiped water supplies I fecal coliforms number/100 ml 0 Icoliform organisms number/100 ml 10 should not occur repeatedly; if occurrence is frequent and if sanitary protection canI not be improved, an alternative source I must be found if possible C. Bottled drinking-water fecal coliforms numberllOO ml 0 source should be free from fecal contamination coliform organisms numberllOO ml 0 D. Emergency water supplies fecal coliforms numberllOO ml 0 advise public to boil water in case of failure to meet guideline values Coliform organisms number/100 ml 0 Enteroviruses - no guideline value set I(2) BIological Quality protozoa (pathogenic) - no guideline value set I helminths (pathogenic) - no guideline value set I free-living organisms - no guideline value set

Table 8.9 continues (1) (2) (4) mgll

mg/l mgll mgll mgll mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l (3) 0.005 0.01 no guideline value set 0.7 no guideline value set 0.3 0.003 0.05 0.07 1.5 no health-related guideline value set natural or deliberately added ; local or climatic conditions may necessitate adaptation I !! (3) Inorgonic Constituents of Health Significance Antimony I mg/l

Arsenic I mg/l Asbestos Barium Beryllium Boron Cadmium Chromium Cyanide as CN Fluoride Hardness 0.01 0.001 0.02 11.3 0.91 0.01 no guideline value set no guideline value set no guideline value set Contd ... .. tv 0\ :E ;J> o-j m:-:l CIl c::: ~r-< ma.z.... rn ~

ZC')

Table 8.9 continues ,.. ; (1) ! (2) (4) r- (3);(4O)rganic ConstitueofnH~easlth Significance ----,I!-----------------j Aldrin and dieldrin ~gll Benzene ~gll Benzolclpyrene ~gll Carbon tetrachloride I ~gll Chlordane . ~gll Chlorobenzenes I I1g/l no health-related guideline value set 0.03 10" o.oi3a 0.3 Chloroform I ~g/l I 30" Chlorophenols I1gll no health-related guideline value set 2,4-D I1gll 100e DDT I ~g/l 1 l,2-dichloroethanc I1gll 10" l,l-dichloroethentf I I1g/l 0.3a heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide Jlgll 0.1

. hexachlorobenzene ~gll o.oii . ; gamma-HCH (lindane) I1gll 3 : methoxychlor I ~gll 30 ; pentachlorophenol ~gll 10 tentative guidelinevalue" odour threashold concentration between 0.1 and 3 ~Il disinfection efficiency must not be com-] promised when controlling chloroform content Odour threshold concentration O.lllg/l Contd ... oc>r =-<i ooz~ :>:: or o"'I1 ~ >~ r::n0 :;n c:: :g rm:;n ~I I-.V..I j

Table 8.9 continues (1) (4) tetrachloroethene'' trichloroethene" 2,4,6-trichlorophenol trihalomethanes (2) ~g/l ~g/l ~g/l (3) 10" 30" 10'" c no guideline value set tentative guideline value" tentative guideline valueb , odour threshold concentration, 0.1 ~g/l I see chloroform a These guideline values were computed from a conservative hypothetical mathematical model which cannot be experimentally verified and values should therefore be interpreted differently. Uncertainties involved may amount to two orders of magnitude (i.e., from 0.1 to 10 times the number). b When the available carcinogenicity data did not support a guideline value, but the compounds were judged to be of importance in drinking-water and guidance was considered essential, a tentative guideline value was set on the basis of the available health-related

I data. C May be detectable by taste and odour at lower concentrations. d These compounds were previously known as l,l-dichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene respectively. I (5)Parameters controlling Aesthatic Quality of Potable Waters Aluminium Ammonia Chloride . Chlorobenzenes and . Chlorophenols Colour Copper I Detergents mg/l mg/l mg/l true colour units (TCU) mg/l 0.2 1.5 250 no guideline value set 15 1.0 no guideline value set these compounds may affect taste and odour there should not be any foaming or taste and odour problems

Table 8.9 continues (1) (2) (3) (4) Hardness mgll (as CaC03) 500 Hydrogen sulfide - not detectable by consumers Iron mgll 0.3 I Manganese mgll 0.1 Oxygen-dissolved - no guideline value set pH preferably < 8.0 6.5-8.5 Sodium mgll 200 Solids--total dissolved mgll 1000 Sulfate mgll 250 Taste and odour - inoffensive to most consumers Temperature - no guideline value set Turbidity nephelometric turbidity 5 preferably < 1 for disinfection efficiency units (NTU) Zinc mgll 3.0 (6) Radioactive Constituents Gross alpha activity Bq/l* 0.1 (a) If the levels are exceeded, more Gross beta activity Bq/l* 1 detailed radionuc1ide analysis may be necessary. (b) Higher levels do not necessarily imply that the water is unsuitable for human consumption

Table 8.10. Indian Standard Drinking Water Specifications (IS 10500 : 1991) ,--------I S. Substance or Requirement Undesirable Effect Outside Permissible Remarks No. Characteristic (Desirable Limit) the Desirable Limit Limit in the I Absence of Alternate Source -(1) (2) (3) (4) (5\ (6) (1) Essential Characteristics (i) Colour, Hazen units, Max 5 Above 5, consumer acceptance 25 Extended to 25 only if toxic decreases substances are not suspected, in absence of alternate sources (ii) Odour Unobjectionable - - (a) Test cold and when heated (b) Test at several dilutions (iii) Taste Agreeable - - Test to be conducted only after safety has been established I (iv) Turbidity, NTU, Max 5 Above 5, consumer acceptance decreases 10 - -1 (v) pH value 6.5 to 8.5 Beyound this range, the water No relaxation I will affect the mucous membrane and/or water supply system I (vi) Total hardness (as CaC03) 300 Encrustation in water supply 600 - mg/l,Max structure and adverse effects J on domestic use Contd ...

.l:V.) o ~;I> -l ~ CIl c: "0 "0 r-< ~aZ mm ::c za Table 8.10 continues (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (vii) Iron (as Fe) mgll, Max 0.3 Beyond this limit, taste/ap- 1.0 pearance are affected, has adverse effect on domestic uses and water supply structures, and promotes iron bacteria (viii) Chlorides (8<1 Cl) mgll, Max 250 Beyond this limit, taste, cor- 1000 rosion and palatability are affected (ix) Residual, free chlorine, mgll, 0.2 - - To be applicable only when Min water is chlorinated. Tested at consumer end. When protection against viral infection is required, it should be min 0.5 mgll (x) Fluoride (as F) mgll, Max 1.0 Fluoride may be kept as low as 1.5 -

possible. High fluoride may cause fluorosis (2) Desirable Characteristics + (xi) Dissolved solids mgll, Max 500 Beyond this palatability 2000 decreases and may effuse gastro intestinal irritation (xii) Magnesium (as Mg), mgll, 30 Encrustation to water supply 100 //lax structure and adverse effects on domestic use

Table 8.10 continues (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) I (6) txiii) Calcium (as Ca) mg/l, Max 75 Encrustation in water supply 200 structure and adverse effects on domestic use (xiv) Copper (as Cu) mg/l, Max 0.05 Astringent taste, discolora- 1.5 tion and corrosion of pipes, fittings and utensils will be I caused beyond this (xv) Manganese (as Mn) mg/l, Max 0.1 Beyond this limit, taste/ap- 0.3 pearance are affected, has adverse effect on domestic uses and water supply structures (xvi) Sulphate (as SO.) mg/l, Max 200 Beyond this, causes gastro in- 400 May be extended up to 400 tenstinal irritation when mag- (see col6) provided magnesium does not nesium or sodium are present exceed 30

(xvii) Nitrate (as NOa) mg/l, Max 45 Beyond this 100 methaemoglobinemia takes place (xviii) Phenolic compounds (as 0.001 Beyond this, it may cause ob- 0.002 C&iIsOH) mg/l, Max jectionable taste and odour (xix) Mercury (as Hg) mg/l, Max 0.001 Beyond this, the water be- No relaxation To be tested when pollution is comes toxic suspected (xx) Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, Max 0.01 Beyond this, the water be- No relaxation To be tested when pollution is comes toxic suspected Contd ... .;. \.U IV ~> -! ~ Vl c::g ~ ~oZ gJ ::0 Zo Table 8.10 continues (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (xxi) Selenium (as Se), mgll, Max 0.01 Beyond this, the water be- No relaxation To be tested when pollution is comes toxic suspected

(xxii) Arsenic (as As), mgfl, Max 0.01* Beyond this, the water be- No relaxation To be tested when pollution is comes toxic suspected (xxiii) Cyanide (as CN), mgll, Max 0.05 Beyond this limit, the water No relaxation To be tested when pollution is becomes toxic suspected (xxiv) Lead (as Pb), mgll, Max 0.05 Beyond this limit, the water No relaxation To be tested when pollubecomes toxic tionlplumbosolvency is suspected (xxv) Zinc (as Zn), mgll, Max 5 Beyond this limit, it can cause 15 To be tested when pollution is astringent taste and an suspected opalescence in water (xxvi) Anionic detergents (as MBAS) 0.2 Beyond this limit, it can cause 1.0 To be tested when pollution is mgll,Max a light froth in water suspected (xxvii) Chromium (as Cr6+) mgfl, Max 0.05 May be carcinogenic above No relaxation To be tested when pollution is this limit suspected (xxviii) Polynuclear aromatic hydro- - May be carcinogenic - carbons (as PAR) gfl, Max (xxix) Mineral oil mgfl, Max 0.01 Beyond this limit, undesirable 0.03 To be tested when pollution is taste and odour afterchlorina- suspected tion take place *Amended from 0.05 mg/l (i.e. 50 ppb) to 0.01 mg/l (i.e. 10 ppb) vide amendment made in Sept. 2003. Contd ... I:) c

;l> r- ::j -< 8z ~o ro'T] ~ ~ ~ en C "0 "0 r~ .l>v.> v.> Table 8.10 continues (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (xxx) Pesticides mg/l, Max Absent Toxic 0.001 (xxxi) Radioactive materials: (a) Alpha emitters BqI1,Max - - 0.1 (b) Beta emitters pci/\, max - - 1 (xxxii) Alkalinity mg/l, Max 200 Beyond this limit, taste be- 600 comes unpleasant (xxxiii) Aluminium (as AI), mg/l, Max 0.03 Cumulative effect is reported 0.2 to cause dementia (xxxiv) Boron, mg/l, Max 1 - 5 Contd ...

~Vl ~ ~ >tri ;:0 Vl e ~ ~ ~oZ tTl rn ;:0 ~