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Divisions of ANS. Pre-ganglionic and Post ganglionic fibers. Receptors types in the ANS. Functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Role of adrenal glands in ANS.
Also called the craniosacral system because all its preganglionic neurons are in the brain stem or sacral levels of the spinal cord
Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X In lateral horn of gray matter from S2-S4
Cranial outflow
IX parotid salivary gland X (Vagus n) visceral organs of thorax & abdomen: Stimulates digestive glands Increases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract Decreases heart rate Causes bronchial constriction Sacral outflow (S2-4): form pelvic splanchnic nerves Supply 2nd half of large intestine
fight, flight or fright Also called thoracolumbar system: all its neurons are in lateral horn of gray matter from T1-L2
Easy to remember that when nervous, you sweat; when afraid, hair stands on end; when excited blood pressure rises (vasoconstriction): these sympathetic only Also causes: dry mouth, pupils to dilate, increased heart & respiratory rates to increase O2 to skeletal muscles, and liver to release glucose Regardless of target, all begin same
Preganglionic axons exit spinal cord through ventral root and enter spinal nerve
Exit spinal nerve via communicating ramus Enter sympathetic trunk/chain where postganglionic neurons are
Organization of ANS
Autonomic nervous system Chain of two motor neurons Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Conduction is slower due to thinly or unmyelinated axons Axon of 1st (preganglionic) neuron leaves CNS to synapse with the 2nd (ganglionic) neuron Axon of 2nd (ganglionic) neuron extends to the organ it serves.
Preganglionic cell body Axons move through ventral root of spinal nerve. Synapses w/postganglionic at sympathetic chain ganglion Axons of post ganglions exit via spinal nerve and sympathetic nerve. Exceptions: some preganglionic fibers do not synapse at symp chain i.e Splanchnic nerve and Adrenal gland
b. Parasympathetic nervous
Cell bodies of preganglionic brainstem( nuclei) and sacral region of spinal cord. Axons moves through cranial nerves and spinal nerves Synapses with post ganglion at ganglia or in the target system
system
Length of postganglionic fibers Sympathetic long postganglionic fibers Parasympathetic short postganglionic fibers Branching of axons
Sympathetic axons highly branched Influences many organs Parasympathetic axons few branches Localized effect
Figure 15.4a
Figure 15.4b
Signal transmission
A. Parasympathetic Preganglionic fibers secretes acetylcholine Post ganglionic receptor = nicotinic Post ganglionic secretes acetylcholine. Target are smooth muscles ,heart and glands Receptor = muscranic
B .Sympathetic Preganglionic fibers secretes acetylcholine Post ganglionic receptor = nicotinic Post ganglionic secretes NE Target are smooth muscles ,heart and glands Receptor = Adrenergic and beta
- Location : vascular smooth muscle of the skin and splanchnic regions ,GIT and urinary bladder sphincters and the radial muscle of the iris. - Produce :excitation(contraction or constriction) - Equally sensitive to nor-epinephrine and epinephrine. - Mechanism of action : Formation of inositol triphosphate and increase in intracellular ca. b .Alpha 2 Receptors. - Location : in pre-synaptic nerve terminals,platelets ,fat cells and the walls of GIT. - Produces: inhibition.(relaxation or dilatation) - MOA :Inhibition of adenylate cyclase and decreases cAMP C .Beta 1 Receptor - Location: SA Node ,AV node and ventricular muscle wall. - Produces :excitation. - Sensitive to both epinephrine and norephinephrine and are more sensitive than the alpha 1 receptors. - MOA: Excitation of adenylate cyclase and increases cAMP D .Beta 2 Receptor - Location: Vascular smooth muscle,bronchial smooth muscle and wall of GIT bladder. - Produces: relaxation. - More Sensitive to epinephrine than NE - More Sensitive to epinephrine than the alpha 1 receptors. - MOA: Excitation of adenylate cyclase and increases cAMP
Cholinergic receptors
a .Nicotinic Receptor - Location: Autonomic ganglia of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, at neuromuscular junction and in the adrenal medulla. - Produces :Excitation. - Activated : By Ach Or nicotine. - MOA: Ach binds to nicotinic Ach receptor .The nicotinic Ach Receptors are also ion channels for Na+ and K+ b .Muscarinic Receptor - Location:Heart, smooth muscle and glands. - Produces : inhibitory in the heart excitatory in smooth muscle and glands - Activated : By Ach Or muscarine. - MOA: Heart SA Node : Inhibition of adenylate cyclase . Smooth muscle and glands: Formation of inositol triphosphate and increase in intracellular ca.