4/21/2003 Bonnie Jenkins

Memorandum for Team #3

Question presented: The Clinton administration changed its anti-terrorism policy

following the bombings of the two US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998. Prior
to that time, the US focused on international efforts as its main mechanism for combating
terrorism.

Findings: International efforts were important in the effort to combat terrorism, but such
efforts were not the sole policy prior to the Embassy bombings in 1998. The US military
strikes in Afghanistan and Sudan following the two embassy bombings were clearly a
more aggressive method to address terrorists who targeted the United States. However,
the administration was aggressive early in 1993 when it responded to an attempt on
President Bush's life in Saudi Arabia with a military strike on Iraq. In addition, the US
responded to continued terrorist action against the US with the development of domestic
efforts to combat terrorism.

Introduction: In the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union and prior to 911,
there were a number of terrorist incidents against Americans. They are as follows:
1. the 1993 assassination attempt by Iraq on President Bush
2. the 1993 World Trade center bombing that killed six and injured 1,042
3. the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing that killed 165 and injured 467
4. the 1995 bombing in Saudi Arabia at an American-run military training center
that killed five US military personnel
5. the 1996 al-Khobar towers bombing in Saudi Arabia that killed 19 and injured
200 US military personnel
6. the 1996 pipe bomb at the Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta that killed one
person and injured hundreds more
7. the 1998 bombing of two US embassies in Africa that killed 257 and injured
5,000
8. the 2000 bombing of the USS Cole that killed 17 and injured three US military
personnel

The paper highlights the policy statements, administration initiatives, legislation

and other related actions taken by the US government to combat terrorism prior to 911.
The paper does not cover all such actions and does not try to answer whether these
initiatives were or were not successful, or whether the initiatives were good or bad.
However, a general understanding of US policy as it developed after the end of the Cold
War can be assessed from what is presented below.

1993

President Clinton's first inaugural address on January 20, 1993 reflects a new
administration focused on new challenges the new century would bring. In his reference
to challenges abroad, Clinton included the following list of potential issues: world
economy, world environment, AIDS and the words arms race. Terrorism was not
mentioned. He noted that the collapse of communism highlighted old animosities and
new dangers and the US must continue to lead in meeting these challenges. In addition,
President Clinton made the following statement, "When our vital interests are challenged,
or the will and conscience of the international community is defied, we will act — with
peaceful diplomacy whenever possible, with force when necessary." Three months after
the inaugural address, President Clinton noted that the US must not put on blinders to
world violence including the aggression of Saddam Hussein and the violence of Bosnia.
He noted the US military must be especially mobile, agile, precise and flexible to address
the complex threats of the day. However, again there was no reference to the issue of
terrorism. This was about to change.

Attempted Assassination Attempt on President Bush

In June 1993, the administration announced to the US an Iraqi plot to assassinate
former President Bush that was directed and pursued by the Iraqi Intelligence Service.
The Kuwaiti government in April that year originally uncovered the plot. The Iraqi
government at the highest levels directed the attack, which was to take place during
Bush's visit to Kuwait, 14-16 April 1993. hi response, on June 26, 1993, the
Administration ordered the U.S. military to launch a cruise missile attack on the Iraqi
Intelligence Service's principal command and control facility in Baghdad. Clinton
announced the attack was against the facility associated with Iraq's support of terrorism,
hi his view, "the Iraqi attack against President Bush was an attack against our country and
against all Americans." We see here an emerging new focus on terrorism in the following
passage from President Clinton's June 26th statement:

There should be no mistake about the message we intend these actions to convey
to Saddam Hussein, to the rest of the Iraqi leadership, and to any nation, group, or
person who would harm our leaders or out country. We will combat terrorism. We
will deter aggression. We will protect our people...While the cold war has ended,
the world is not free of danger. And I am determined to take the steps necessary to
keep our nation secure. We will keep our forces ready to fight. We will work to
head off emerging threats and we will take action when action is required. That is
precisely what we have done today.

Two days later, the President stated, "American people know enough about
terrorism to know that it is always potential problem, but we are going to be very
aggressive in dealing with it and we're going to do everything we possibly can to deal
with it." On June 30th, Clinton stated, "We will combat terrorism. We will deter
aggression. We will protect our people."

The US administration based its military action on Article 51 of the UN Charter

regarding self-defense. The administration noted the response was proportionate, intended
to disrupt Iraq's terrorist capabilities, and deter future attacks.
The 1993 World Trade Center Bombings
On February 26, 1993 at approximately 12:18, an explosive device exploded on
the second level of the World Trade Center parking basement. Following the bombing,
President Clinton stated he would put the "full resources of the federal law enforcement
agencies...at the service of those who are trying to figure out who did this and why.""
FeSefaTagencies, including the FBI, were immediately put to the task of uncovering the
perpetrators of the bombing.

On December 12, 1993 at the site of the groundbreaking ceremonies for a chain of
remembrances for the Pan American Flight 103 victims from the terrorist bombing of that
flight five years earlier, President Clinton stated that the administration had secured
tougher international sanctions against Libya. Regarding the emerging US policy against
terrorism, he noted his administration was "closely monitoring the terrible threat...we
must remain ever vigilant if we are to combat merciless brutality and secure the security
of all of our citizens."

1995

Oklahoma City
While the attack on Oklahoma City was by Americans, it focused the US and the
administration again on the general threat of terrorism against American citizens.
Following the attack, the President promised the American people, "let there be no room
for doubt, we will find the people who did this. When we do, justice will be swift, certain
and severe. These people are killers and they must be treated as killers." Clinton stated at
a Prayer Service for the victims in April 1995 in Oklahoma City, "to my fellow
Americans... I say, one thing we owe those who have sacrificed is the duty to purge
ourselves of the dark forces that gave rise to this evil. They are forces that threaten our
common peace, our freedom, our way of life."

In response to the Oklahoma City bombings, on February 10, 1995, the Clinton
administration drafted anti-terrorism legislation that would do, among other things, the
following:
1. provide more than 1,000 new law enforcement personnel solely to fight
terrorism
2. create a domestic anti-terrorism center headed by the FBI
2. make available up-to-date technology to trace the source of any bomb that
goes off
3. provide tough new punishment for carrying stolen explosives, selling those
explosives for use in a violent crime, and for attacking members of the
uniformed services or federal workers.
4. harmonize the standards for obtaining a roving microphone and a roving
electronic intercept.
5. sought legislation to strengthen ability to prevent terrorists from coming into
possession of the technology to encrypt their communications and data so they
are beyond the reach of law enforcement
 6. expand wiretap authority for emergency situations to those, which are clearly
terrorist related, but which do not trigger one of the exceptions.
7. extend the statue of limitation for firearms - crimes designed to prohibit the
possession of machine guns and short-barreled firearms - registrations
offenses from 3 to 5 years
8. amend the Fair Credit Reporting Act to ease access to financial and credit
reports in anti- terrorism cases
9. amend the Posse Comitatus Act to permit military participation in crime
fighting involving weapons of mass destruction

In April 1995, the administration set forth its counter-terrorism policy. The
administration stated that terrorism is a top priority of the Clinton Administration. The
Counter-terrorism policies announced in 1995 included:
1. the proposed counter-terrorism act of 95 (noted above).
2. provide more tools to federal law enforcement agencies fighting terrorism
3. conduct terrorism threat assessments of every federal facility in the country
within the next 60 days
4. direct GS A to replace the federal building in Oklahoma City
5. direct the FBI Director, the Attorney General, and the National Security
Advisor to prepare a Presidential Decision Directive authorizing any and all
further steps necessary to combat foreign and domestic terrorism.
6. develop new legislative proposals regarding investigations, prosecution and
penalties.

1996

In 1996, the Department of State made the following comment regarding

terrorism: "Terrorism in 1996 continued to cause grave concern and disruption in scores
of countries. Combating this measure remains a very high priority for the United States
and many other nations. But finding clear 'patterns' in this form of political violence is
becoming more difficult."

1996 Antiterrorism Act

On April 24, 1996, Clinton signed into law the Antiterrorism Act. The act
included many of the administration's proposals. It includes the following:
1. bans fundraising in the US that supports terrorism and any funds these
organizations have in the US will be blocked
2. allows US officials to deport terrorists from US soil without being compelled to
divulge classified information
3. bars terrorists from entering the US in the first place
4. put limits on federal appeals by death row inmates and other prisoners.
Some of the provisions that were not included from the administrations original request
are:
 1. request for US law enforcement to have increased wiretap authority in terrorism
cases
2. request for the Secretary of Treasury consider the inclusion of taggants in
explosive materials, so that bombs can be traced more easily to the bomb makers,
and Congress exempted black and smokeless powder (arguably two of the most
commonly used substances in improvised explosive devices)

Also in April 1996, the administration announced it would provide Israel with
$100 million in equipment, training and aid under a counter-terrorism accord signed by
Clinton and Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres. It was believed this would help reduce
the risks of terrorism. The administration had recently sent to Israel approximately $22
million of anti-terrorism aid including advanced bomb-detection devices. The following
month, in May 1996, Clinton signed the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act to limit the flow of
resources necessary to obtain weapons of mass destruction and to heighten pressure on
Libya to extradite suspects in the bombing of Pan Am 103.

In the following month, in September 1996, the administration set forth its policy to
combat terrorism:1
1. seek out relentlessly and punish terrorists by using combined assets of US law
enforcement, diplomacy, and intelligence.
2. make no concessions to terrorists.
3. designate states that sponsor terrorism, impose economic sanctions, and ask our
friends to do likewise
4. stress the rule of law in dealing with terrorists, and insist that terrorism is an
unmitigated crime, wherever its motives or causes
5. use military in the rare cases the situation demands
6. invest heavily in the collection and analysis of intelligence
7. continue training. DOS Bureau of Diplomatic Security has trained over 18,000
foreign government officials from over 80 countries in counterterrorism
techniques and aviation security through the Anti-Terrorism Assistance Program
8. a strong program of research and development in counterterrorism technology,
especially in explosives detection
9. the President proposed a $1 billion package of additional counterterrorism
measures that would enhance aviation security, increase the number of law
enforcement agents, and improve their forensic capabilities
10. cooperation with other states. Clinton and Christopher gave high priority to
counterterrorism in our diplomatic agenda.

1 In August 1996, Clinton set forth the administration's national and international strategy against terrorism,
which had three facets: 1. an international front since that requires common action; 2. giving American law
enforcement officials the most powerful tools available to fight terrorism without undermining US civil
liberties; 3. the airports and airplanes that brings the US closer together. The administration began testing
new high tech explosives detection machines in Atlanta and San Francisco. The US increased security at the
airports and FAA created a new government and industry panel to review airline security.
 Also in September 1996, President Clinton called for the adoption by all
nations of the Declaration on Crime and Public Security, which would bar any
country from offerings sanctuary to terrorists and drug distributors.

1998

In 1998, the administration continued its trend to be more specific in its policies
and strategies to combat (administration policies were also outlined in 1997 but are not
included due to space constraints). In 1998, Clinton stated, "Our target is terror. Our
mission is clear — to strike at the network of radical groups affiliated with annual funded
by Osama bin Laden, perhaps the preeminent organizer and financier of international
terrorism in the world today." In May 1998, the Administration developed the
International Crime Control Strategy (ICCS), to provide a framework for integrating all
facets of the federal government's response to international crime. These crimes included
drug and firearms trafficking, terrorism, money laundering, counterfeiting, illegal alien
smuggling, trafficking in women and children, advanced fee scams, credit card fraud,
auto theft, economic espionage, intellectual property theft, computer hacking, and public
corruption linked to international criminal activity. The ICCS had eight goals and 30
implementing objectives. The goals were as follows:
1. extend the first line of defense beyond US borders
2. protect US borders
3. deny safe haven to international criminals
4. counter international financed crime
5. prevent criminal exploitation of international trade
6. respond to emerging international crime threats
7. foster international cooperation and the rule of law
8. optimize the range of US efforts

Also in May 1998, PDD-62, "Terrorism and Bioterrorism Resources," was

released that reaffirmed PDD-39 "United States Policy on Counterterrorism," signed June
21, 1995. PDD-62 created a new and more systematic approach to fighting the terrorist
threat. The goal was to set forth the mission of the many US agencies charged with roles
in defeating terrorism, as well as codify and clarify the agency's activities in the wide
range of US counter-terrorism programs. The FBI continued to serves as the lead federal
agency for "crisis management" and the Federal Emergency Management Agency
continued to serve as the lead federal agency for "consequence management." The Public
Health Services in the Department of Health and Human Services was designated as the
lead federal agency in planning and preparing for response to WMD related medical
emergencies. The Department of Defense would provide training to metropolitan first
responders and will maintain trained military units to assist State and Local responders.
PDD-62 also established the Office of the National Coordinator for Security,
Infrastructure Protection and Counter-Terrorism.

FDD 63, also released in May 1998, titled, "The Critical Infrastructure Protection"
called for a national effort to assure the security of the increasingly vulnerable and
interconnected infrastructure of the U.S. Such infrastructure includes
telecommunications, banking and finance, energy, transportation, and essential
government services. The directive requires immediate federal government action
including risk assessment and planning to reduce exposure to attack. Also in May, at the
Commencement exercises of the US Naval Academy, President Clinton announced three
new US initiatives in addition to the ICCS.
1. use its new integrated approach to intensify the fight against all forms of
terrorism
2. launch a comprehensive plan to direct, deter, and defend against attacks on US
critical infrastructure
3. undertake a concerted effort to prevent the spread and use of biological
weapons and protect the US in the event these weapons are ever unleashed by a
rogue state, a terrorist group or an international criminal organization.

Bombings in Africa
On August 7, 1998, US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
were bombed. Clinton stated, "It is important that we all, as Americans, send a clear
signal to the world that we are not going to back away from our involvement with other
people, and we are not going to back away from our opposition to terrorism...It makes us
more vulnerable because we have taken the toughest stand around the world against
terrorism. Now is the time to bear down, not back up, on that. And that is my
determination. And I believe that's what the American people support." Albright stated,
"Rest assured that these bombings will not cause Americans to back down or retreat. We
will not be intimidated."

On August 20, 1998, the US launched an attack on one of Osama bin Laden's
terrorist bases located in Afghanistan as well as a chemical weapons-related facility in
Sudan. This was done for four reasons:
1. evidence these groups played the key role in the embassy bombings in Kenya
and Tanzania
2. the groups executed terrorist attacks against Americans in the past
3. the US had compelling information they were planning additional terrorist
attacks against US citizens
4. the groups were seeking to acquire chemical weapons and other dangerous
weapons.
The strikes were to disrupt and attempt to destroy the suspected training and support
facilities used to train terrorists, particularly the network of groups affiliated with the
funded by Osama bin Laden.

At the UNGA in September 1998, Clinton called terrorism, "a clear and present
danger to tolerant and open societies and innocent people everywhere. No one is this
room nor the people you represent are immune." The bulk of his speech was devoted to
terrorism and the common obligation of the international body to put the fight against
terrorism at the top of its agenda.
1999

In January 1999, the administration proposed an anti-terrorism plan. Clinton

sought $2.8 billion to help the US guard against attacks via computers, viruses or
chemicals. The money would go towards research for better methods to detect computer
hackers, the development of detection networks, an information center for the private
sector to help it protect against invasion of its computer systems, and the building up of
the ranks of government computer experts able to deal with a terrorist crisis. The money
would also go towards research and development for vaccines against chemical and germ
weapons, dealing with nuclear emergencies, stockpiling medicines and antibiotics for
civilian population, protecting federal facilities, and equipping and training emergency
personnel in US cities and otherwise planning to combat the effects of WMD.

2000

USS Cole
On October 12, 2000, terrorists bombed the USS Cole while it was sitting in the
Yemen port of Aden. President Clinton stated, "We will find out who was responsible,
and hold them accountable. If their intention was to deter us from our mission of
promoting peace and security in the Middle East, they will fail, utterly." The Pentagon
stated a new security plan would be put into place for US troops in the area that would
take into account the "new dimension in terrorist attacks." As a precautionary measure,
the DOS closed 37 of its posts in the Middle East, Persian Gulf, North Africa, Nigeria,
Tanzania, Senegal, Mauritania, Djibouti, South Africa, Kenya, Pakistan and Sierra Leone.
The DOD, FBI and State sent officials to Yemen to begin investigations. Military
presence in the region was enhanced following the attack. A reward of up to $5 million
for information leading to the arrest or conviction of persons responsible was offered.

Anti-terrorism Convention
On October 12, 2000, Clinton sent to the Senate, for advice and consent, a UN-
approved convention that would provide "a means of choking off the resources that fuel
international terrorism." The International Convention for the Suppression of the
Financing of Terrorism was adopted by the UNGA on December 9, 1999 and was signed
by the US on January 10, 2000.

International Efforts
As noted earlier, a large part of the US efforts to combat terrorism has been
multilateral collaboration in attacking the threat. Diplomacy and international cooperation
were considered critical to a successful effort against terrorism. In May 1996, Clinton
stated "Whether the threat is the aggression of rogue states or the spread of weapons of
mass destruction...no nation can defeat it alone. But together, we can deal with these
problems and we can make America more secure." Listed below are some of the
international efforts against terrorism.
 1. The Summit of the Peacemakers in Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt in March 1996
called by the US (co-hosted by President Mubarak). It was a gathering of 29
regional and world leaders to design and support new counter-terrorism initiatives
and to further the Middle East Peace Process
2. 2000 Moscow Summit on Nuclear Terrorism.
3. The DOS Coordinator for Counterterrorism conducted consultations with
foreign governments. Interagency teams were sent to Moscow, New Delhi,
Islamabad, Riyadh and Sanna to engage in consultations. In addition, there were
consultations with counterrorism experts of the EU and the Group of Eight.
4. 1996 conference on terrorism hosted by Philippines and Japan. The US
participated in this conference. This was the first of its kind in Asia.
5. 1996(?) Inter-American Specialized Conference on Terrorism in Lima, Peru
that confirmed the principle that terrorism, regardless of political motive, is a
serious crime.
6. 1996 Ministerial Meeting on Counterterrorism in Paris. The US, Britain,
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Russia endorsed 25 explicit ways to
enhance cooperation in the fight against terrorism and transnational crime.
7. US - EU Statement of Shared Objectives and Close Cooperation on
Counterterrorism, 1998
8. 1998 US DOS and Council on Foreign Relations Counterterrorism conference.
Representatives from 22 nations including the Middle East, South Asia, Europe,
Central Asia, and Canada attended.
9. In 1999 Saudi Arabia hosted an Arab anti-terrorism conference. Ten Arab states
took part.
10. Ministerial Conference on Terrorism of the Group of Eight in Ottawa
December 1995.
11. DOS facilitated anti-terrorism law enforcement overseas, eg., establishing and
supporting FBI investigations abroad, and working with FBI, Justice and foreign
governments when extradition or rendition of terrorist suspects to the US.
12. The US trained more than 19,000 foreign law enforcement officials from more
than 80 countries in such areas as airport security, bomb detection, maritime
security, VIP protection, hostage rescue, and crisis management.

Resourcees

Statements (or excerpts of statements) from administration officials):

1993 Jan 20 President Clinton's first Inaugural Speech

1993 Mar 12 President Clinton says U.S. Must Face new Security Challenges
1993 Jun 26 Background Briefing by Senior Administration Officials, The
White House
1993 Jun 26 President Clinton, Remarks in Address to the Nation
1993 Jun 28 President Clinton, Text of a letter from the President to the Speaker
of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of
 the Senate
1993 Jun 30 President Clinton, "We Will Protect our People"
1993 Dec 21 President Clinton vows justice for Pan Am Flight 103 victims
1995 President Clinton's Speech (Oklahoma City)
1995 Apr 23 President Clinton, Remarks During "A Time of Healing" Prayer
Service, Oklahoma City
1995 President Clinton, Address at Michigan State University's Spring
Convocation
1996 Jan 23 President Clinton, State of the Union Address
1996 Mar 5 Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox, Testimony before the House of
Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
1996 Mar 14 President Clinton pledges $100 million Anti-Terrorism package to
Israel
1996 Apr 24 Clinton signs anti-terrorism bill
1996 May 8 Clinton Signs Iran-Libya Sanctions Act 1996
1996 May 9 Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
Samuel Berger, Address to the 1996 American Jewish Committee
1996 Jun 14 Excerpts from Presidential Speeches on Arms Control
1996 Jul 25 Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox, Testimony before the Committee on
International Relations, House of Representatives
1996 Jul 30 President Clinton urged Congress Tuesday to act swiftly in
developing anti-terrorism legislation before its August recess
1996 Jul 30 President Clinton wants Senate to hurry with new Anti-Terrorism
laws
1996 Aug 6 President Clinton urges Anti-Terrorism Action
1996 Sep 12 Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox Remarks before the Denver Council
of Foreign Relations
1997 Feb 28 Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox, Remarks to the 15th annual
Government/Industry Conference on Terrorism, Political
Instability, and International Crime
1997 Feb 28 Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox, Statement before the Research and
Development Subcommittee
1997 Mar 12 Ambassador Wilcox, Jr., and Ambassador Eric Boswell, US
Efforts to Combat International Terrorism
1997 May 13 Secretary of State Albright, Statement for the Record before the
Senate
1997 May 15 Assistant Secretary for African Affairs George E. Moose,
Statement before the Subcommittee on Africa, Senate Foreign
Relations Committee
1997 Oct 8 Secretary of State Albright, Remarks on Designation of Terrorist
Organizations
1998 May 12 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, International
Crime Control Strategy
1998 May 14 Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security Peter
Bergin, Remarks before the Subcommittee on Technology,

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 Terrorism and Government Information of the House Committee
on the Judiciary
1998 May 15 Acting Coordinator for Counterterrorism Kenneth R. McKune,
Statement before the Subcommittee on Africa
1998 May 22 President Clinton, Remarks by the President at the United States
Naval Academy Commencement
1998 May 22 Clinton Warns Against Biological, Computer Attacks
1998 May 22 Presidential Decision Directive - 62
1998 May 22 Clinton Outlines Cyberthreat Plan
1998 Aug 7 Secretary of State Albright, Text: US Embassy Bombings
1998 Aug 7 Secretary of Defense Cohen, Text: Remarks on Kenya, Tanzania
Bombings
1998 Aug 7 President Clinton: Proclamation on Victims of Bombings in East
Africa
1998 Aug 7 Vice-President Gore, Statement of Bombings of U.S. Embassies in
Africa
1998 Aug 11 Secretary of State Albright and Egyptian Ambassador to the U.S.
Maher El Sayed, Remarks to Members of the African Diplomatic
Corps
1998 Aug 11 President Clinton, Summary Remarks
1998 Aug 12 Secretary of State Albright, Text: Departure Remarks en route
Germany
1998 Aug 12 White House Report
1998 Aug 12 Secretary of State Albright, Text: Ramstein Air Force Base
1998 Aug 12 President Clinton, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive
Departments and Agencies
1998 Aug 14 Secretary of Agriculture Glickman, Text: Embassy bombings
1998 Aug 17 Secretary of State Albright, Remarks on Departing for Africa
1998 Aug 18 Secretary of State Albright, Bombing Site in Dar Es Salaam
1998 Aug 18 Secretary of State Albright, Text: At the site of the Bombing at the
U.S. Embassy Nairobi, Kenya
1998 Aug 20 Presidential Clinton, The Presidential Address
1998 Aug 20 Reactions from the Hill (President Clinton's decision to launch a
military attack)
1998 Aug 20 Secretary of Defense Cohen and Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff
General Henry Shelton, The Strike Briefing
1998 Aug 20 Pentagon: Strikes sought to protect U.S. citizens overseas
1998 Aug 20 U.S. Strikes "terrorist" targets in Afghanistan, Sudan
1998 Aug 20 President Clinton, Remarks at Edgartown Elementary School
1998 Aug 20 President Clinton: Oval Office Remarks on Anti-Terrorist Attacks
1998 Aug 20 President Clinton, Announcing the Strike
1998 Aug 21 National Security Advisor Samuel Berger, Discussing the Strike
1998 Aug 27 President Clinton, Text: Statement on Apprehension of Nairobi
Bomb Suspect
1998 Aug 27 Secretary of State Albright, Transcript: Remarks on Africa

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 Bombing Suspect Arrest
1998 Aug 27 Attorney General Reno, Text: Statement on Transport to U.S. of
Daoud Al-Owhali
1998 Aug 27 FBI Director Freeh, Text: Arrest of Alleged Nairobi Bomber
1998 Sep 9 Secretary of State Albright, Remarks to the American Legion
Convention
1998 Sep 9 Secretary of State Albright, Address to the American Legion
Convention (repeat and check)
1998 Sep 9 National Commission on Terrorism - Hon. Frank R. Wolf
1998 Sep 11 President Clinton, Remarks at the Memorial Service Honoring the
Victims of the Bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam
1998 Sep 21 President Clinton, Opens UN General Assembly with Call to
Combat Terrorism
1998 Sep 21 President Clinton, Remarks to the Opening Session of the 53rd
United Nations General Assembly
1999 Feb 4 Secretary of State Albright, Testimony before the Senate
Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, State, the Judiciary
and Related Agencies
1999 Apr 30 Secretary of State Albright, Statement on release of "Patterns of
Global Terrorism" report
1999 Apr 30 Michael A. Sheehan, "Patterns of Global Terrorism 1998" report
1999 Jul 23 Michael Sheehan, Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee
2000 Oct 12 President Clinton, Remarks on Ramallah Killings and USS Cole
Attack
2000 Oct 12 President Clinton, "We will find who was responsible"
2000 Oct 12 Albright on Attack on US Ship and Israeli/Palestinian Unrest
2000 Oct 12 Attorney Janet Reno, "We will do everything we can"
2000 Oct 13 President Clinton, Message to Senate on Transmitting Anti-
Terrorism Convention: Seeks Quick Consent
2000 Oct 14 President Clinton, Radio Address to the Nation
2000 Oct 14 President Clinton, Letter to Congress on USS Cole Attack
2000 Oct 18 Secretary of Defense Cohen, Vows "Relentless" Search for USS
Cole Attackers
2000 Oct 18 President Clinton, Vows "No Safe Harbor" for USS Cole Attackers
2000 Oct 19 Attorney General Reno, Cole Investigators "Leaving Absolutely
No Stone Unturned"

Others
1993 Aug 3 Experts see continuing terrorist threat
1995 Feb 10 Clinton Terrorism Legislation Threatens Constitutional Rights
1995 Apr 23 White House Fact Sheet: Counter-Terrorism, The White House's
Position on Terrorism
1996 The Terror Law of 1996

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r
1996 Patterns of Global Terrorism
1996 Clinton Administration Counter-Terrorism Initiative
1996 Mar 27 Terrorism and Drug Trafficking: Threats and Roles of Explosives
and Narcotics Detection Technology (Briefing Report,
GAO/NSIAD/RCED-96-76BR)
1996 Apr 18 Senate approves anti-terrorism bill; house to finalize bill
1996 Jun27 Crankshift of bomb truck found
1996 Jul 29 Fact Sheet on Administration Anti-Terrorism Proposals
1996 Aug 1 Clinton Administration, Congress Propose Sweeping Anti-
Terrorism Initiatives
1996 Sep 24 Fact Sheet: Clinton Initiatives on Terrorism, Crime, Drugs
1996 Nov 25 The Clinton Administration's Terrorism Connections
1998 Jan A National Strategy against Terrorism Using Weapons of Mass
Destruction
1998 May 18 U.S.-E.U. Statement of Shared Objectives and Close Cooperation
on Counterterrorism
1998 May 22 Summary of Presidential Decision Directive 62 and 63
1998 May 22 Fact sheet: Combating Terrorism: Presidential Decision Directive
62
1998 Aug 7 Congressional Report
1998 Aug 7 UN Diplomats Express Dismay at Embassy Bombings
1998 Aug 7 Text: Kofi Annan's Reaction to the US Embassy Bombings in
Africa
1998 Aug 7 President Clinton, Transcript of Statement on US Embassy
Bombings in Africa
1998 Aug 9 Text: DoD Update on Nairobi, Dar Es Salaam US Embassy
Bombings
1998 Aug 11 International Media Reaction Special Report
1998 Aug 12 Text: UNSC Statement on the Embassy Bombings in
Kenya/Tanzania
1998 Aug 12 International Media Reaction Special Report
1998 Aug 13 Text: UNSC August 13 Resolution Condemning US Embassy
Bombings
1998 Aug 13 International Media Reaction Special Report
1998 Aug 14 International Media Reaction Special Report
1998 Aug 17 International Media Reaction Special Report
1998 Aug 17 Text: Tanzania Memorial Service Honors Embassy Bombing
Victims
1998 Aug 18 Text: U.S. Offers up to $2 Million Reward in Embassy Bombings
1998 Aug 18 International Media Reaction Special Report
1998 Aug 20 A Quick Look at Reactions in Congress
1998 Aug 20 Most Lawmakers Support Clinton's Military Strikes
1998 Aug 20 International Media Reaction Special Report
1998 Aug 27 Embassy Bombing Suspect Charged with Murder in U.S. Court
1998 Oct 21 The White House, Statement by the Press Secretary

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1999 Jul 18 Jeffrey C. Murray, State Department Host Counterterrorism
Conference, Acting Spokesman
1999 Jul 31 Saudi Arabia hosts Arab anti-terrorism conference
2000 Oct 13 President Clinton to Attend Memorial Service for Sailors: State
Department Urges Embassies to be Vigilant
2000 Oct 13 17 Americans die in bomb attack on warship
2000 Oct 31 Kuwait, Saudi Arabia Join High-Threat Areas
2000 Nov 14 State/FBI Statement Says Cooperation from Yemen has been good
2001 Jan 16 US Department of State Statement: Reward Offer: USS Cole
Attack
2001 Dead on the Tracks (response to allegations President Clinton
failed to track down the perpetrators of several terrorist attacks
against Americans)
2001 President Clinton's efforts to end terrorism

Players (partial list):

William J. Clinton, President
Albert Gore, Vice-President
Madeleine Albright, Secretary of State
William Cohen, Secretary of Defense
Janet Reno, Attorney General
Dan Glickman, Secretary of Agriculture
Michael Sheehan, Acting Coordinator for Counterproliferation (1999)
George E. Moose, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs
Samuel Berger, Deputy Assistant to the President forNational Security Affairs
Louis Freeh, Director of the FBI
Ambassador Eric Boswell, Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security
Kenneth R. McKune, Acting Coordinator for Counterrorism
Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox Jr., Coordinator for Counterterrorism
Peter E. Bergin, Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security

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