Grammar II Day 2

Adverbs and Adjectives

Ensino de Lngua Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - Gramtica II

There are several types of adverb

Manner: quickly, gently, sincerely Place: here, outside, upstairs Point in time: yesterday, tonight Indefinite time: already, still, yet Frequency: always, never, seldom Comment: clearly, obviously, naturally Linking: however, so, although Degree/intensifier: very, nearly, really

Adverb position
Immediately before the adjective or past participle being qualified
We were deeply disappointed with his performance

Usually after the predicate (verb + object) being qualified

I love the classic composers very much

Adverb position
There are 3 main positions in the English sentence: front, mid and end
Today, we're studying adverbs We sincerely hope you can make it to the ball She speaks five languages fluently

Adverb position
The position changes in accordance with the type of adverb Front position: Point in time, Comment, Linking
Tomorrow we're going to Paris Obviously, I got it wrong It was raining, so we went back home

Adverb position
Mid-position: Manner, Indefinite time, Frequency, Comment
She quickly tidied her room and ran to catch the bus Sorry, but I still don't understand I seldom drink tea in the morning I apparently got it wrong

Adverb position
End position: Manner, Place, Point in time
She tidied up quickly They're playing outside We'll be leaving in the morning

Adverbs to express completion

They come in mid-position
I have completely forgot about the party We have almost completed the course

Adverb order
With more than one adverbial in the end position, we use the manner, place, time order:
We watched the sun rise slowly and majestically above the horizon. I waited for you at home yesterday. Why didn't you call?

Some adverbs can have a different meaning when used in a different position

Sensibly
He (A) discussed the design with her (B).

A It was wise

B In a sensible way

Honestly
(B)I don't think the mayor is capable of answering the questions (A). (honestly)

A In a honest way B I'm telling the truth

Obviously
He (B) realized she wasn't (A) well.

A- Of course she wasn't B- Of course he did

Kindly
The pilots (B) agreed to speak to the journalists (A).

A In a kind way

B it was kind of them

Exercise 1: correct or incorrect?

I've already seen the film You very nearly killed me! What were you thinking? I'll naturally pay you back as soon as I get paid We just sat around at home lazily watching the day go by. The team last night played superbly well. I got a nearly full score on the test.

Exercise 1: correct forms

I've already seen the film You very nearly killed me! What were you thinking? Naturally, I'll pay you back as soon as I get paid We just sat around lazily at home watching the day go by. The team played superbly well last night. I nearly got a full score on the test.

Adverb collocation
There seems to be a semantic link between adverbs and certain verbs and adjectives, e.g. deeply is normally used to express intense feelings:
Deeply regret Deeply embarrassing Deeply hurt

Exercise 2: what's the adverb + adjective/verb combination in each sentence?

If we admit something, we feel free to do so. When we recommend something or someone, we make high recommendations Any sort of damage is usually severe in terms of impact If you're in a hurry to get to the office, you can take a brisk walk instead of trying the subway

Exercise 2: adverb + adjective/verb

If we admit something, we feel free to do so. FREELY ADMIT When we recommend something or someone, we make high recommendations. HIGHLY RECOMMEND Any sort of damage is usually severe in terms of impact. SEVERELY DAMAGED If you're in a hurry to get to the office, you can take a brisk walk instead of trying the subway. BRISKLY WALK

Exercise 2: what's the adverb + adjective combination in each sentence?

Missing someone is always a sad affair. Being anxious and desperate at the same time is not recommended. When giving an opinion about a controversial issue, there is no way we can not have strong feelings about it Partial insurance is no insurance whatsoever; accept nothing but full coverage

Exercise 2: adverb + adjective/verb combination

Missing someone is always a sad affair. SADLY MISS/SORELY MISS Being anxious and desperate at the same time is not recommended. DESPERATELY ANXIOUS When giving an opinion about a controversial issue, there is no way we can not have strong feelings about it. STRONGLY FEEL Partial insurance is no insurance whatsoever; accept nothing but full coverage. FULLY INSURED

Exercise 3: Match a verb on the left with an adverb on the right

Scream Gaze Love Break something Work Apologize Passionately Profusely Longingly Hysterically Conscientiously Deliberately

Verb + adverb
SCREAM HYSTERICALLY GAZE LONGINGLY LOVE PASSIONATELY BREAK SOMETHING DELIBERATELY WORK CONSCIENTIOUSLY APOLOGIZE PROFUSELY

Adverbs with two forms One with the ly suffix, one without. The meanings are not directly related
We work hard We hardly recognized her with the new hairdo.

Other adverbs with two forms Easy easily Late lately Sure surely Wrong- wrongly Most mostly Wide - widely

Adverbs with two forms The first in the pair doubles as an adjective and adverb
That was an easy test! Hey take it easy! You could have easily taken him down Is he just going to walk free? Don't forget to redeem your free gift He talked freely about his illegal activities in public.

Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

The need for a stiff penalty for late deliveries will be highly unlikely.

Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

The need for a stiff penalty for late deliveries will be highly unlikely.
pouco provvel que haja a necessidade de uma punio mais rgida/rigorosa/severa/pesada por atrasos nas entregas

Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

I distinctly remember their saying that it would not be a problem to meet the deadline.

Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

I distinctly remember their saying that it would not be a problem to meet the deadline.
Recordo-me claramente/perfeitamente de eles terem dito que no haveria problema em cumprir o prazo.

Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

I sincerely hope the company honors its impeccable reputation.

Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

I sincerely hope the company honors its impeccable reputation.
Espero sinceramente que a empresa honre/faa jus sua reputao.

Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

We eagerly await the outcome of next week's board meeting.

Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

We eagerly await the outcome of next week's board meeting.
Esperamos/Aguardamos ansiosamente o resultado da reunio de diretoria da prxima semana.

Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

That no one can accurately predict market trends is understandable, but I felt the need for more meticulous planning.

Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

That no one can accurately predict market trends is understandable, but I felt the need for more meticulous planning.
compreensvel que ningum possa prever as tendncias do mercado, mas ficou clara a falta de planejamento mais detalhado/pormenorizado.

Attitude adverbs and adverbials

3 umbrella categories

Certainty/Expectation
Astonishingly Disturbingly Inevitably Naturally Predictably Not surprisingly Obviously Without a doubt As might be expected Clearly Of course Undoubtedly

Evaluation/Importance
Apparently Disturbingly Unfortunately Fortunately Interestingly Quite rightly (Even) More importantly Significantly

Generalization
As a general rule By and large Typically Generally speaking On the whole

Exercise 5: Rephrase with an adverb

Crime rates have risen in line with unemployment figures. That doesn't surprise me. There is a very satisfactory solution to the problem.That's a good thing. Technology will cause more problems than it solves, so people say. Older people don't adapt so easily to new technology - at least that's a general rule. Children often pick up new skills for themselves. That really interests me.

Exercise 5: Rephrasing with an adverb

Not surprisingly, crime rates have risen in line with unemployment figures. Fortunately, there is a very satisfactory solution to the problem. Apparently, technology will cause more problems than it solves. Generally speaking, older people don't adapt so easily to new technology. Interestingly, children often pick up new skills for themselves.

Just
The adverb just has several meanings:
This house is just right for us. (Exactly) But he's just a boy! (Only) I've just tried phoning you. (A short time before) I'm just getting dressed. (Right now) I just want you to leave right now. I'd just like an egg for breakfast, please. (Simply, only) You're just as bad as my father. He can't see a football match on TV. (Equally, no less)

Just
As it has several meanings, it can occupy the three main adverb positions in a sentence :
Just looking at him and you can tell who he looks like. Do you think you could just do what I tell you? In the end we managed to get there before they closed the doors just. (Spoken English)

Exercise 6: Add just to the sentences

Italian's as difficult as Spanish. Leave me alone, will you? That picture looks right on the wall. It's started to rain. Do you happen to have an umbrella? We've got enough time to get to the airport I've seen a terrible accident. Stop talking and eat up! He wasn't badly hurt. It was a small bruise.

Sentences with just.

Italian's just as difficult as Spanish. Just leave me alone, will you? That picture looks just right on the wall. It's just starting to rain. Do you happen to have an umbrella? We've got just enough time to get to the airport I've just seen a terrible accident. Just stop talking and eat up! He wasn't badly hurt. It was just a small bruise.

Intensifying adverbs
In most of these combinations, however, there seems to be no specific reason for their collocation

Totally Absolutely Quite

Agree

Totally Completely Fully Perfectly Seriously Sincerely Completely Strongly Entirely Really Thoroughly Greatly

Disagree Understand

Believe Forget Disapprove Depend Like Enjoy Appreciate

Intensifying adverbs The type of adverb depends on the type of adjective with which it might combine:
With gradable adjectives: very, awfully, rather, extremely, terribly, fairly, really, pretty, quite With limit adjectives: absolutely, completely, utterly, totally, entirely, pretty, really, simply, quite

Weak Irritated Significant Content Pretty Sizeable

Limit Angry Important Happy Beautiful Big

Extreme 1 Furious Essential Delighted Gorgeous Enormous

Extreme 2 Livid Vital Ecstatic Stunning Gigantic

Intensifying adverbs
In general, the native speaker does not make the following combinations:
totally essential, entirely determined, completely furious

Combinations that are (no-brainers) always possible:

Very + gradable adjectives e.g. very happy/tired/big Absolutely + limit adjectives e.g. absolutely enormous/delicious/delighted Really + gradable and limit adjectives e.g. really angry/surprised/amazed

Exercise 7: Complete the following paragraph with an appropriate adverb

I feel I must write to you on the following matter. I . believe that there is far too much sport of all kinds shown on LTC television today. I .. disapprove of the non-stop coverage, of football, golf, and cricket on all your channels. I .. admit sport plays a major role in our society, but this is unacceptable. Sundays are already .. taken up by sport. I .. hope you will listen to those who are not sports fanatics and provide some alternative entertainment.

Exercise 7: Completing the paragraph with an appropriate adverb

I feel I must write to you on the following matter. I SINCERELY/FREELY believe that there is far too much sport of all kinds shown on LTC television today. I STRONGLY/FULLY disapprove of the non-stop coverage, of football, golf, and cricket on all your channels. I FREELY/REALLY admit sport plays a major role in our society, but this is unacceptable. Sundays are already ENTIRELY/COMPLETELY taken up by sport. I REALLY/SINCERELY hope you will listen to those who are not sports fanatics and provide some alternative entertainment.

The adverb Quite The meaning of quite is phonologically determined, i.e. based on stress
With gradable adjectives and stress on quite = Ok, but not as good as I expected: The restaurant was quite good, but I wouldn't go back

The adverb Quite

With gradable adjectives and with stress on the adjective = It was better than I expected: The film was quite good. You'll really like it With a limit adjetive and stress on both words = up to the top (with exaggerated rising intonation): Are you quite sure?

Adverbial clauses
He went to party dressed as a monkey. Opening his suitcase, he took out a revolver. Released from its cage, the lion prowled around. Having finished lunch, we set off.

Adverbial clauses
Being a mean person, he never spent more time than he had to. Weakened by years of bad health, she could hardly sit up in bed. It rained every day for two weeks, completely ruining our holiday. Taken regularly, aspirin can reduce the risk of a stroke.

Exercise 8: Simultaneity, Consequence, Reason, Condition, Sequence

Living in London, I appreciate the pros and cons of city life. [Simultaneity/Reason ] He cut himself opening a can of sardines. [ Simultaneity ] Having read the minutes of the meeting, I wrote my university final paper. [ Sequence ] Having read the minutes of the meeting, I understood the problems. [ Consequence/Reason]

Exercise 8: Simultaneity, Consequence, Reason, Condition, Sequence

Cooked in a white wine sauce, rabbit meat can be succulent. [Condition] Knowing my love of chocolate, she hid it in the top cupboard. [ Reason] Wrested from his parents' arms as a child, he's always had difficulty establishing relationships. [Reason/Consequence] Browsing in the neighborhood newsstand, I came across this great book on computing skills. [Simultaneity]

Adjectives
Attributive

Predicative

Postpositive

Difference in meaning
The treasurer was present at the last board meeting The present treasurer had trouble getting the accounts in order Robin Harris was late The late Robin Harris was a honorary member of the association Too many people in the world are still poor What will become of those poor people who have lost their homes due to the landslides?

Exercise 9: Translate the sentences

Great men are not always wise. Peter and Paul were faithful in many ways. A good name is priceless. We should be reasonable irrespective of the circumstances The sword is quick and powerful. The rich man is wealthy beyond imagination. The sky grew dark as the storm approached. His trumpet sounds squeaky. This is shoddy. Isn't it poor? The hamburger tasted greasy.

Exercise 9: Answers
Great men are not always wise. (Os) grandes homens nem sempre so sbios. Peter and Paul were faithful in many ways. Peter e Paul se mostraram fiis de diversas formas. A good name is priceless. Um bom nome no tem preo. We should be reasonable irrespective of the circumstances Devemos ser razoveis independentemente/apesar das circunstncias. The sword is quick and powerful. A espada gil e poderosa.

Exercise 9: Answers
The rich man is wealthy beyond imagination. A riqueza daquele homem imensurvel/inimaginvel The sky grew dark as the storm approached. O ceu escurecia medida que a tempestade se aproximava. His trumpet sounds squeaky. Seu trompete soa estridente/Seu trompete est com um som esganiado. This is shoddy. Isn't it poor? Isto uma porcaria/Isto no presta, no / mesmo? The hamburger tasted greasy. O hamburguer estava gorduroso.

OPINION
FACTUAL

SIZE
AGE/TEMPERATURE SHAPE COLOR/PATTERN ORIGIN MATERIAL PURPOSE/TYPE

Its a rose. (sweet-smelling; exquisite; apricot-colored)

Its a rose. (sweet-smelling; exquisite; apricot-colored)

Its an exquisite sweet-smelling apricot-colored rose.

Shes wearing trousers. (leather; black, shiny; tightfitting)

Shes wearing trousers. (leather; black, shiny; tightfitting)

Shes wearing shiny tight-fitting black leather trousers.

I met a student. (young; trendy; art; Venezuelan)

I met a student. (young; trendy; art; Venezuelan)

I met a trendy young Venezuelan art student.

We drove out of the city to see some cottages. (thatched; old; beautiful; two-storey)

We drove out of the city to see some houses. (thatched; old; beautiful; two-storey)

We drove out of the city to see some beautiful old thatched two-storey houses.

Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to English Delicioso po integral caseiro. Uma simptica idosa escocesa. Uma linda camisa de seda listrada em vermelho e branco. Um lindo menino gorducho e agitado. Uma graciosa sala de estar iluminada e arejada com p-direito alto.

Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to English

Delicioso po integral caseiro.
Delicious homemade whole meal/whole wheat bread

Uma simptica idosa escocesa.

A friendly elderly Scottish lady.

Uma linda camisa de seda listrada em vermelho e branco.

A beautiful red-and-white-striped silk shirt

Um lindo menino gorducho e agitado.

A handsome chubby restless boy

Uma graciosa sala de estar iluminada e arejada com pdireito alto.

A gracious/charming airy high-ceilinged illuminated living room

Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to English Um inestimvel quadro impressionista do sculo XIX. Um velho e sujo banquinho metlico de jardim. Uma linda escrivaninha vitoriana. Uma encantadora casa de campo caiada. Uma pequena copa em forma de L.

Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to English

Um inestimvel quadro impressionista do sculo XIX.
A priceless 19th century Impressionist painting

Um velho e sujo banquinho metlico de jardim.

A dirty old metallic garden stool/bench

Uma linda escrivaninha vitoriana.

A beautiful Victorian desk/bureau

Uma encantadora casa de campo caiada.

A lovely/delightful whitewashed country house/cottage

Uma pequena copa em forma de L.

A small L-shaped dining room

The negative prefix 'un'

The use of the negative prefix 'un' plus an adjective occurs with a much higher frequency in English, the phrase not always being simple or practical to translate.

China's prime minister, Wen Jiabao, said recently that structural problems are causing unsteady, unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development. Newsweek, 5/9/09 O primeiro-ministro chins Wen Jiabao, afirmou recentemente que problemas estruturais vem ocasionando desenvolvimento instvel, desequilibrado, descoordenado e insustentvel. Newsweek, 5/9/09

Semantically, the prefix can cause ambiguity, as it can mean "the opposite of" or "that never was".

 An unbuttoned shirt (In Portuguese "uma camisa desabotoada" or "uma camisa nunca abotoada/nova em folha") Other examples uncovered, unfastened, undone, undressed etc.

I regret to say that of a workmate, but his behavior was absolutely unprofessional. - unprofessional > amador
- unprofessional> anti-profissional, anti-tico

Whereas her big sisters room was a stew of unclosed books, unfolded clothes, unmade bed, unemptied ashtrays, Briony's was a shrine to her controlling demon. (Atonement, 2001)
Enquanto o quarto da sua irm era uma mistura de livros abertos, roupas para serem dobradas, uma cama desarrumada, cinzeiros cheios, o de Briony era um templo para sua obsesso por controle. (Atonement, 2001)

Defining or Non-defining relative clauses

Which gives essential information? Which is separated by commas? In which do we use that? In which can the relative pronoun be omitted?

Examples
Chocolate is something (that) nearly everyone likes People that smoke normally damage their health Tortilla, which is made from eggs and potatoes, is a typical Spanish dish Toby, whose job is difficult, spends his weekends relaxing

Exercise 10: Find and correct the errors

My mother who's a doctor works in a maternity hospital Ligaments join bones in the human body are made of strong tissue Do you know anyone I can ask about this? The pharmacist gave me this medicine said it would help Distance running is a sport that requires no special equipment Dr. James, that has written several books on the subject, is a dietician

Exercise 10: Answers

My mother, who's a doctor, works in a maternity hospital Ligaments that/which join bones in the human body are made of strong tissue Do you know anyone I can ask about this? The pharmacist who gave me this medicine said it would help Distance running is a sport that requires no special equipment Dr. James, who has written several books on the subject, is a dietician