Cover

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Reinforced Concrete
Design Theory and Examples

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Other Titles from E & FN Spon

The Behaviour and Design of Steel Structures N S Trahair and M A Bradford Computer Methods in Structural Analysis J L Meek Examples of the Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings to BS8110 C E Reynolds and J C Steedman Prestressed Concrete Design M K Hurst Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110Simply Explained A H Allen Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook C E Reynolds and J C Steedman Steel Structures: Practical Design Studies T J MacGinley Structural Analysis A Ghali and A M Neville Structural Steelwork: Limit State Design A B Clarke and S H Coverman Timber Engineering: Practical Design Studies E N Carmichael Vibration of Structures J W Smith For more information about these and other titles published by us, please contact: The Promotion Department, E & FN Spon, 26 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN

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Reinforced Concrete
Design Theory and Examples
Second edition

T.J.MACGINLEY Formerly of Nanyang Technological Institute, Singapore B.S.CHOO Nottingham University, UK Chapter 14, Tall Buildings, contributed by Dr J.C.D.Hoenderkamp, formerly of Nanyang Technological Institute, Singapore

London & New York

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First published by E & FN Spon First edition 1978 Second edition 1990 Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. 1978 T.J.MacGinley; 1990 T.J.MacGinley and B.S.Choo ISBN 0-203-47299-3 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-24048-0 (OEB Format) ISBN 0 419 13830 7 (Print Edition) Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express of implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data available

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Contents
List of examples Preface Acknowledgements Introduction 1.1 Reinforced concrete structures 1.2 Structural elements and frames 1.3 Structural design 1.4 Design standards 1.5 Calculations, design aids and computing 1.6 Detailing Materials, structural failures and durability 2.1 Reinforced concrete structures 2.2 Concrete materials 2.2.1 Cement 2.2.2 Aggregates 2.2.3 Concrete mix design 2.2.4 Admixtures 2.3 Concrete properties 2.3.1 Compressive strength 2.3.2 Tensile strength 2.3.3 Modulus of elasticity 2.3.4 Creep 2.3.5 Shrinkage 2.4 Tests on wet concrete 2.4.1 Workability 2.4.2 Measurement of workability 2.5 Tests on hardened concrete 2.5.1 Normal tests 2.5.2 Non-destructive tests 2.5.3 Chemical tests 2.6 Reinforcement 2.7 Failures in concrete structures 2.7.1 Factors affecting failure 2.7.2 Incorrect selection of materials 2.7.3 Errors in design calculations and detailing 2.7.4 Poor construction methods 2.7.5 Chemical attack xiii xvii xix 1 1 1 3 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 10 11 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20

Page vi 2.7.6 External physical and/or mechanical factors 2.8 Durability of concrete structures 2.8.1 Code references to durability 2.9 Concrete cover 2.9.1 Nominal cover against corrosion 2.9.2 Cover as fire protection Limit state design and structural analysis 3.1 Structural design and limit states 3.1.1 Aims and methods of design 3.1.2 Criteria for a safe designlimit states 3.1.3 Ultimate limit state 3.1.4 Serviceability limit states 3.2 Characteristic and design loads 3.3 Materialsproperties and design strengths 3.4 Structural analysis 3.4.1 General provisions 3.4.2 Methods of frame analysis 3.4.3 Monolithic braced frame 3.4.4 Rigid frames providing lateral stability 3.4.5 Redistribution of moments Section design for moment 4.1 Types of beam section 4.2 Reinforcement and bar spacing 4.2.1 Reinforcement data 4.2.2 Minimum and maximum areas of reinforcement in beams 4.2.3 Minimum spacing of bars 4.3 Behaviour of beams in bending 4.4 Singly reinforced rectangular beams 4.4.1 Assumptions and stressstrain diagrams 4.4.2 Moment of resistancesimplified stress block 4.4.3 Moment of resistancerectangular parabolic stress block 4.4.4 Types of failure and beam section classification 4.4.5 General design of under-reinforced beams 4.4.6 Under-reinforced beamanalytical solution 4.4.7 Design charts 4.5 Doubly reinforced beams 4.5.1 Design formulae using the simplified stress block 4.5.2 Design chart using rectangular parabolic stress block 4.6 Checking existing sections 4.7 Moment redistribution and section moment resistance 22 25 25 27 27 27 29 29 29 29 30 31 31 33 34 34 36 37 39 40 42 42 42 42 43 43 46 46 46 49 51 54 55 56 57 61 61 64 67 70

Page vii 4.8 Flanged beams 4.8.1 General considerations 4.8.2 Neutral axis in flange 4.8.3 Neutral axis in web 4.9 Elastic theory 4.9.1 Assumptions and terms used 4.9.2 Section analysis 4.9.3 Transformed area methodsingly reinforced beam 4.9.4 Doubly reinforced beam Shear, bond and torsion 5.1 Shear 5.1.1 Shear in a homogeneous beam 5.1.2 Shear in a reinforced concrete beam without shear 5.1.3 Shear reinforcement in beams 5.1.4 Shear resistance of solid slabs 5.1.5 Shear due to concentrated loads on slabs 5.2 Bond, laps and bearing stresses in bends 5.2.1 Anchorage bond 5.2.2 Local bond 5.2.3 Hooks and bends 5.2.4 Laps and joints 5.2.5 Bearing stresses inside bends 5.3 Torsion 5.3.1 Occurrence and analysis 5.3.2 Structural analysis including torsion 5.3.3 Torsional shear stress in a concrete section 5.3.4 Torsional reinforcement Deflection and cracking 6.1 Deflection 6.1.1 Deflection limits and checks 6.1.2 Span-to-effective depth ratio 6.1.3 Deflection calculation 6.2 Cracking 6.2.1 Cracking limits and controls 6.2.2 Bar spacing controls 6.2.3 Calculation of crack widths Simply supported and continuous beams 7.1 Simply supported beams 7.1.1 Steps in beam design 7.1.2 Curtailment and anchorage of bars 72 72 73 74 77 77 78 79 82 85 85 85 85 88 99 99 101 101 103 104 105 105 108 108 108 110 112 121 121 121 121 126 144 144 145 146 152 152 152 154

Page viii 7.2 Continuous beams 7.2.1 Continuous beams in in situ concrete floors 7.2.2 Loading on continuous beams 7.2.3 Analysis for shear and moment envelopes 7.2.4 Moment redistribution 7.2.5 Curtailment of bars Slabs 8.1 Types of slab and design methods 8.2 One-way spanning solid slabs 8.2.1 Idealization for design 8.2.2 Effective span, loading and analysis 8.2.3 Section design and slab reinforcement curtailment and 8.2.4 Shear 8.2.5 Deflection 8.2.6 Crack control 8.3 One-way spanning ribbed slabs 8.3.1 Design considerations 8.3.2 Ribbed slab proportions 8.3.3 Design procedure and reinforcement 8.3.4 Deflection 8.4 Two-way spanning solid slabs 8.4.1 Slab action, analysis and design 8.4.2 Simply supported slabs 8.5 Restrained solid slabs 8.5.1 Design and arrangement of reinforcement 8.5.2 Adjacent panels with markedly different support moments 8.5.3 Shear forces and shear resistance 8.5.4 Deflection 8.5.5 Cracking 8.6 Waffle slabs 8.6.1 Design procedure 8.7 Flat slabs 8.7.1 Definition and construction 8.7.2 General code provisions 8.7.3 Analysis 8.7.4 Division of panels and moments 8.7.5 Design of internal panels and reinforcement details 8.7.6 Design of edge panels 8.7.7 Shear force and shear resistance 8.7.8 Deflection 8.7.9 Crack control 165 165 166 170 173 180 189 189 189 189 191 192 197 198 198 202 202 203 203 204 207 207 209 213 213 215 215 216 217 221 221 225 225 225 228 229 230 230 230 232 232

Page ix 8.8 Yield line method 8.8.1 Outline of theory 8.8.2 Yield line analysis 8.8.3 Moment of resistance along a yield line 8.8.4 Work done in a yield line 8.8.5 Continuous one-way slab 8.8.6 Simply supported rectangular two-way slab 8.8.7 Rectangular two-way slab continuous over supports 8.8.8 Corner levers 8.8.9 Further cases 8.9 Stair slabs 8.9.1 Building regulations 8.9.2 Types of stair slab 8.9.3 Code design requirements Columns 9.1 Types, loads, classification and design considerations 9.1.1 Types and loads 9.1.2 General code provisions 9.1.3 Practical design provisions 9.2 Short braced axially loaded columns 9.2.1 Code design expressions 9.3 Short columns subjected to axial load and bending about one axissymmetrical reinforcement 9.3.1 Code provisions 9.3.2 Section analysissymmetrical reinforcement 9.3.3 Construction of design chart 9.3.4 Further design chart 9.4 Short columns subjected to axial load and bending about one axisunsymmetrical reinforcement 9.4.1 Design methods 9.4.2 General method 9.4.3 Design charts 9.4.4 Approximate method from CP110 9.5 Column sections subjected to axial load and biaxial bending 9.5.1 Outline of the problem 9.5.2 Failure surface method 9.5.3 Method given in BS8110 9.6 Effective heights of columns 9.6.1 Braced and unbraced columns 9.6.2 Effective height of a column 9.6.3 Effective height estimation from BS8110 9.6.4 Slenderness limits for columns 9.7 Design of slender columns 238 238 238 240 243 244 246 249 250 251 256 256 256 259 264 264 264 264 266 268 268 270 270 270 274 279 282 282 282 285 287 289 289 290 293 296 296 296 298 299 302

Page x 9.7.1 Additional moments due to deflection 9.7.2 Design moments in a braced column bent about a single axis 9.7.3 Further provisions for slender columns 9.7.4 Unbraced structures Walls in buildings 10.1 Functions, types and loads on walls 10.2 Types of wall and definitions 10.3 Design of reinforced concrete walls 10.3.1 Wall reinforcement 10.3.2 General code provisions for design 10.3.3 Design of stocky reinforced concrete walls 10.3.4 Walls supporting in-plane moments and axial loads 10.3.5 Slender reinforced walls 10.3.6 Deflection of reinforced walls 10.4 Design of plain concrete walls 10.4.1 Code design provisions Foundations 11.1 General considerations 11.2 Isolated pad bases 11.2.1 General comments 11.2.2 Axially loaded pad bases 11.3 Eccentrically loaded pad bases 11.3.1 Vertical pressure 11.3.2 Resistance to horizontal loads 11.3.3 Structural design 11.4 Wall, strip and combined foundations 11.4.1 Wall footings 11.4.2 Shear wall footing 11.4.3 Strip footing 11.4.4 Combined bases 11.5 Pile foundations 11.5.1 General considerations 11.5.2 Loads in pile groups 11.5.3 Design of pile caps Retaining walls 12.1 Types and earth pressure 12.1.1 Types of retaining wall 12.1.2 Earth pressure on retaining walls 12.2 Design of cantilever walls 302 304 305 305 309 309 309 310 310 311 312 313 322 322 322 322 329 329 329 329 330 336 336 337 339 348 348 349 349 350 356 356 359 363 369 369 369 369 373

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Page xi 12.2.1 Design procedure 12.3 Counterfort retaining walls 12.3.1 Stability and design procedure Reinforced concrete framed buildings 13.1 Types and structural action 13.2 Building loads 13.2.1 Dead load 13.2.2 Imposed load 13.2.3 Wind loads 13.2.4 Load combinations 13.3 Robustness and design of ties 13.3.1 Types of tie 13.3.2 Design of ties 13.3.3 Internal ties 13.3.4 Peripheral ties 13.3.5 Horizontal ties to columns and walls 13.3.6 Corner column ties 13.3.7 Vertical ties 13.4 Frame analysis 13.4.1 Methods of analysis 13.5 Building design example See Example 13.4 Tall buildings 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Design and analysis considerations 14.2.1 Design 14.2.2 Assumptions for analysis 14.3 Planar lateral-load-resisting elements 14.3.1 Rigid frames 14.3.2 Shear walls 14.3.3 Coupled shear walls 14.3.4 Shear walls connected to columns 14.3.5 Wall frames 14.4 Interaction between bents 14.5 Three-dimensional structures 14.5.1 Classification of structures (computer modelling) 14.5.2 Non-planar shear walls 14.5.3 Framed tube structures Programs for reinforced concrete design 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Program Section Design 373 380 380 390 390 392 392 392 392 393 394 395 395 396 396 396 396 396 397 397 407 429 429 430 430 431 433 433 440 442 445 445 445 451 451 454 459 463 463 464

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Page xii 15.2.1 Program discussion 15.2.2 Source listing of program Section Design 15.2.3 Sample runs 15.3 Program: RC Beam 15.3.1 Program discussion 15.3.2 Source listing of program RC Beam 15.3.3 Sample runs 15.4 Program: Beam Deflection 15.4.1 Program discussion 15.4.2 Source listing of program Beam Deflection 15.4.3 Sample runs 15.5 Program: Column Analysis 15.5.1 Program discussion 15.5.2 Source listing of program Column Analysis 15.5.3 Sample runs 15.6 Program: Column Design 15.6.1 Program discussion 15.6.2 Source listing of program Column Design 15.6.3 Sample runs 15.7 Concluding remarks References Further reading Index 464 468 475 478 478 479 484 488 488 489 496 500 500 503 505 506 506 507 509 510 511 513 514

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