Exp 3 Tensile Test

ELEMENTS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE LAB REPORT
EXPERIMENT 3: TENSILE TEST
CHAN KAH FAI (GROUP 4)
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
16 FEBRUARY 2011
Chan Kah Fai 1001025381 EE 102 Mechanics and Strength of Materials [Mr. Naveen] 16 Feb 2011
Table of Contents
Contents 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 Introduction Objectives Material and Methodology Procedure Calculations Results Discussions Conclusions Limitations of the Experiment/ Difficulties Encountered
Page Number 3 4 4 5 6 7 20 22 22 22
10.0 Reference
1.0
Introduction One of the most common mechanical tests used to evaluate the strength of
materials is tensile test. Tensile tests are performed in order to collect data to be used in selecting materials for engineering applications. Tensile tests are often used to predict the behaviour of a material under forms of loading other than unaxial tension. The tests are carried out by applying a pulling force to the sample in a relatively short time at a constant rate.
The strength of the material is the primary concern in tensile tests. The strength of a material can be measured in either the stress required to cause plastic deformation to the material or the maximum stress the material are able to withstand. The force applied on the material could be collected and converted into several graphs in order to obtain certain important values of the materials.
The mechanical properties of materials such as metals and alloys which are very important for engineering applications in structural designs could be obtained from the tensile tests are as following:-
1. Modulus of elasticity 2. Yield strength at 0.2% offset 3. Ultimate tensile strength 4. Percent elongation at fracture 5. Percent reduction in area at fracture
2.0
Objectives 1. To identify the strength of materials, metals and alloys. 2. To identify the materials behaviour under a tensile force. 3. To identify the important parameters through tensile test such as Youngs Modulus, yield stress, and ultimate tensile stress.
3.0
Materials and Apparatus : Brass and carbon-steel specimens : Universal testing machine
Materials Apparatus
The types of samples used for the tensile test vary considerably. The specimens are usually have enlarged ends or shoulders for gripping. The most important part of the specimens is the gage section. The cross-sectional area of the gage section is reduced to ensure that deformation and failure will be concentrated in this region.
The gage length is the region over which measurements are made and is centred within the reduced section. For metals with a thick cross-section such as a plate, a 0.050in diameter round specimens are commonly used [Figure 3.1 (a)]. For metals with thinner cross-sections such as sheet, flat specimens are used [Figure 3.2(b)]. A 2-in gage length within the specimens are the most common used cage length for tensile tests.
Figure 3.1 (a) Standard round tension test specimen with 2-in gage length.
Figure 3.1 (b) Standard rectangular tension test specimen with 2-in gage length.
4.0
Procedure 1. The original gage length and the area of the specimen are measured using a vernier calliper. 2. The tensile test for the specimen is carried out using the Universal testing machine under the supervision of the lab tutor. 3. After the test is completed, the percent elongation and percent reduction of area are obtained. 4. From the plot of force versus strain, the graph of engineering stress versus engineering strain is obtained. 5. The Youngs Modulus, ultimate tensile stress, 0.2% offset yield stress and fracture stress are obtained for the specimen.
5.0
Calculations 1. Engineering stress:
2. Engineering strain:
3. Ultimate tensile strength:
4. Percent elongation: % elongation =
x 100%
5. Percent reduction in area: % reduction in area =
6. Youngs Modulus or modulus of elasticity can be obtained from the linear relationship between stress and strain in the elastic region of t he engineering stress-strain diagram.
7. Yield strength is the strength at which a metal or alloy shows significant plastic deformation. Because there is no definite point on the stress-strain curve where elastic strain ends and plastic begins, the yield strength is chosen to be the strength when a definite amount of plastic strain has occurred, for example, 0.2% offset yield strength.
where, F = average uniaxial tensile force Ao = original cross-sectional area l = new length of specimen after being extended by uniaxial tensil force lo = original length of specien Fmax = maximum tensile force Af = final cross-sectional area
6.0
Results
Brass 60% Copper/40% Zinc [Wed Batch 1] Diameter : 0.005 m Max Force Elongation : 2752.0 N : 22.28 %
Ultimate Tensile Strength :140.158 Mpa
Graph of Force against Extension

3000.0 2750.0 2500.0 2250.0 2000.0 1750.0
Force (N)
1500.0 1250.0 1000.0 750.0 500.0 250.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 Extension (mm) y = -5.3253x6 + 94.633x5 - 658.43x4 + 2342.9x3 - 4762.9x2 + 5154.1x + 360.81 R2 = 0.9748
1. Engineering stress:
2. Engineering strain: Extension of Specimen 0.0025 3. Ultimate tensile stress : 2752.0 1.96E-5 = 140.158 Mpa 4. Percent elongation: 0.0307 0.0250 x 100 0.0250 = 22.8%
5. Youngs Modulus :
Graph of Stress against Strain
150000000.0 140000000.0 130000000.0 120000000.0 110000000.0 100000000.0 90000000.0
Stress ()
80000000.0 70000000.0 60000000.0 50000000.0 40000000.0 30000000.0 20000000.0 10000000.0 0.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24
y = -7E+13x6 + 5E+13x5 - 1E+13x4 + 2E+12x3 - 2E+11x2 + 7E+09x + 2E+07 R2 = 0.9748
Strain ()
From the graph above, Youngs Modulus: = 110.0 MPa 0.023 = 4.783GPa Yield Strength: 110.0 MPa
Brass 60% Copper/40% Zinc [Wed Batch 2] Diameter : 0.005 m Max Force Elongation : 2362.5 N : 17.46%
Ultimate Tensile Strength : 120.321 MPa

3000 2750 2500 2250 2000
Force (N)
y = -24.403x6 + 322.39x5 - 1634.9x4 + 4094x3 - 5712.2x2 + 4641.7x + 491.05 R2 = 0.9741
1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 Extension (mm)
2. Engineering strain: Extension of Specimen 0.0025 3. Ultimate tensile stress : 2362.5 1.96E-5 = 120.321 Mpa 4. Percent elongation: 0.029365 0.0250 x 100 0.0250 = 17.46%
5. Youngs Modulus :
130000000.0 120000000.0 110000000.0 100000000.0 90000000.0 80000000.0
Stress ()
70000000.0 60000000.0 50000000.0 40000000.0 30000000.0 20000000.0 10000000.0 0.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 y = -3E+14x + 2E+14x - 3E+13x + 3E+12x - 2E+11x + 6E+09x + 3E+07 R2 = 0.9741
6 5 4 3 2
Strain ()
From the graph above, Youngs Modulus: = 70.0 MPa 0.08 = 0.875 GPa Yield Strength: 70.0 MPa
10
Brass 60% Copper/40% Zinc [Wed Batch 3] Diameter : 0.005 m Max Force Elongation : 2808.0 N : 14.832%

3000.0 2750.0 2500.0 2250.0 2000.0 1750.0
Force (N)
1500.0 1250.0 1000.0 750.0 500.0 250.0 0.0 0.00 -250.0 -500.0 y = -7.7714x6 + 152.63x5 - 975.76x4 + 2899.3x3 - 5008.8x2 + 5515.6x - 301.72 R2 = 0.9905
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
Extension (mm)
2. Engineering strain: Extension of Specimen 0.0025 3. Ultimate tensile stress : 2808.0 1.96E-5 = 143.01 Mpa
4. Percent elongation: 0.028708 0.0250 x 100 0.0250 = 14.832%

11
5. Youngs Modulus:
160000000.0 150000000.0 140000000.0 130000000.0 120000000.0 110000000.0 100000000.0 90000000.0
Stress ()
80000000.0 70000000.0 60000000.0 50000000.0 40000000.0 30000000.0 20000000.0 10000000.0 0.0 -10000000.00.00 -20000000.0 -30000000.0 Strain () 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 y = -1E+14x + 8E+13x - 2E+13x + 2E+12x - 2E+11x + 7E+09x - 2E+07 2 R = 0.9905
6 5 4 3 2
12
Brass 60% Copper/40% Zinc [Thurs Batch 1] Diameter : 0.005 m Max Force Elongation : 2127.5 N : 22.77%

2250.0 2000.0 1750.0 1500.0 1250.0
Force (N)
1000.0 750.0 500.0 250.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 -250.0 -500.0 Extension (mm) y = -1.123x6 + 20.492x5 - 135.32x4 + 422.58x3 - 979.72x2 + 2182.6x - 333.64 R2 = 0.9784

13
5. Youngs Modulus:
120000000.0 110000000.0 100000000.0 90000000.0 80000000.0 70000000.0 60000000.0
Stress ()
50000000.0 40000000.0 30000000.0 20000000.0 10000000.0 0.0 0.00 -10000000.0 -20000000.0 -30000000.0 Strain () y = -1E+13x + 1E+13x - 3E+12x + 3E+11x - 3E+10x + 3E+09x - 2E+07 2 R = 0.9784
6 5 4 3 2
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.24
14
Brass 60% Copper/40% Zinc [Thurs Batch 2] Diameter : 0.005 m Max Force Elongation : 9630.0 N : 37.52%

10000.0 9000.0 8000.0 7000.0 6000.0
Force (N)
5000.0 4000.0 3000.0 2000.0 1000.0 0.0 0.0 -1000.0 -2000.0 Extension (mm) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 y = -0.2523x6 + 9.1882x5 - 126.63x4 + 795.82x3 - 2281.9x2 + 4057.6x - 814.06 R2 = 0.9972
1.
Engineering stress:
2. 3.
Engineering strain: Extension of Specimen 0.0025 Ultimate tensile stress : 9360.0 1.96E-5 = 476.7 Mpa
4.
Percent elongation: 0.03438 0.0250 x 100 0.0250 = 37.52%

15
5.
Youngs Modulus:
Graph of Stress against Stress
550000000.0 500000000.0 450000000.0 400000000.0 350000000.0 300000000.0
Stress ()
250000000.0 200000000.0 150000000.0 100000000.0 50000000.0 0.0 0 -50000000.0 -100000000.0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2 0.225 0.25 0.275 0.3 0.325 0.35 0.375 0.4
y = -3E+12x6 + 5E+12x5 - 3E+12x4 + 6E+11x3 - 7E+10x2 + 5E+09x - 4E+07 R2 = 0.9972
Strain ()
16
Copper Steel [Wed Batch 1] Diameter : 0.005 m Max Force Elongation : 10337.5 N : 39.5%

12000.0 11000.0 10000.0 9000.0 8000.0 7000.0
Force (N)
6000.0 5000.0 4000.0 3000.0 2000.0 1000.0 0.0 -1000.0 -2000.0 Extension (mm) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 y = -0.1616x6 + 8.7988x5 - 153.96x4 + 1102.8x3 - 3128.3x2 + 3815.6x - 458.63 R2 = 0.9965

17
5. Youngs Modulus:
600000000.0 550000000.0 500000000.0 450000000.0 400000000.0 350000000.0
Stress ()
300000000.0 250000000.0 200000000.0 150000000.0 100000000.0 50000000.0 0.0 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.013 0.015 0.018 0.020 0.023 0.025 0.028 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.038 0.040 0.043 -50000000.0 Strain () y = -2E+18x6 + 4E+17x5 - 3E+16x4 + 9E+14x3 - 1E+13x2 + 5E+10x - 2E+07 R2 = 0.9965
18
Overall Results for All Experiments Brass 60% Copper/40% Zinc Ultimate Tensile Strength, ult (MPa) 140.158 120.321 143.010 108.352 476.7
Day/ Group Wed Batch 1 Wed Batch 2 Wed Batch 3 Thur Batch 1 Thur Batch 2
Diameter, d (m) 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
Maximum Percent Youngs Force, Elongation Modulus, Fmax (N) (%) E (GPa) 2752.0 2362.5 2808.0 2127.5 9630.0 22.8 17.46 14.83 22.77 37.52 4.783 0.875 3.348 1.120 1.865
Yield Strength, (Mpa) 110.0 70.0 110.0 103.0 470.0
Carbon-Steel Ultimate Tensile Strength, ult (MPa) 526.484 Percent Youngs Maximum Elongation Modulus, Force, (%) E (GPa) Fmax (N) 10337.5 39.5 1.857 Yield Strength, (Mpa) 520.0
Day/ Group Wed Batch 1
Diameter, d (m) 0.005
19
6.0
Discussions 1. Describe what you observe about the specimen after failure.
Ans: Upon the specimen fail, the shapes of the specimen is observed carefully. It is found that both specimens experienced ductile failure by identifying the cupand-cone fracture. However, from the data recorded, it is clearly see that carbonsteel has higher ductility compare to brass with its higher percentage of elongation.
2. Compare the stress-strain graph that you have obtained for the specimen with that of an aluminium specimen.
Ans: From the aluminium stress-strain graph obtained, it is clearly seen that the Youngs Modulus of aluminium is so much lower than brass and carbon-steel. From the value of Youngs Modulus, we can assume that the ultimate tensile strength, maximum force, and the yield strength would be lower than brass and copper-steel provided all specimens are with same area and length in comparisons.
20
3. What are some of the factors that may affect the precision of your results in carrying out this test? Ans: As we know, there are no materials in this world in perfect, the specimens themselves might contains flaws such as imperfections arrangement of atoms in the specimens, voids in the specimens, irregular shape of the specimens and presence of impurities in the specimens which are almost impossible to be avoided in materials. These flaws might strongly affect the precisions of the results when experiment is carried out with the specimens.
With all datas recorded from the Universal testing machine, we are able to measure the extensions of the specimens and the forces applied to the specimens precisely and accurately at each points. By carrying out tensile testing on brass and carbon-steel, the universal testing machine could measure a range of parameters such as forces applied and extension of specimens until the specimens fail.
Although there are severals failures of the experiments conducted, the datas are still recoreded as a comparison to the complete experiment. By converting all the datas recorded into graphs, we are able to calculate a range of parameters to identify the behaviour and properties such as the engineering stress, engineering strain, ultimate tensile strength, percentage of elongation, yield strength and Youngs Modulus of each specimens.
From the overall results of the experiments with is tabulated in a table, it is shown that Thursday Batch 2 obtained the best results for brass experiment and Wednesday Batch 1 for Carbon-steel among all other groups. This might due to some limitations or difficulties occurred when experiment is carried out.
21
7.0
Conclusions As for the conclusions, we are able to identify the strength of each type of
materials, in this experiment, brass and carbon-steel specimens are used. Using universal testing machine to carry out the experiment, we are able to observe the behaviour and properties of the specimens when tensile force is applied.
Upon completing the experiment, with a set of data recorded, all the necessary steps are calculated and converted to graphs which are graph of force against extension and engineering stress against engineering strain. By obtaining both types of graphs for each specimen tested, all important parameters regarding the properties of the materials could be found. For instant, Youngs modulus which tells us how much force required to separate the atoms of the materials and cause the material to stretch easily or in other words, the stiffness of the materials. 8.0 Limitations of the Experiment/ Difficulties Encountered: 1. We are unable to place the specimen firmly to the grip of the universal testing machine resulting the specimen to slip when the experiment is carried out 2. Specimens that we used in this experiments are not the exactly same for each specimens due to natural flaws such as imperfections of arrangements of atoms in the metal. 3. We have difficulties to operate the universal testing machine as we do not understand well about the functions of the machine. 9.0 Reference 1. Beer, Ferdinand P.; Johnston, E. Russell; Dewolf, John T. (2001). Mechanics of Materials (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. 2. No ownership. Retrieved on 23 Feb 2011. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering) 3. No ownership. Retrieved on 23 Feb 2011. From http://web.mit.edu/course/3/3.11/www/modules/ss.pdf
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ELEMENTS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT 3: TENSILE TEST

CHAN KAH FAI (GROUP 4)

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Calculations 1. Engineering stress:

3. Ultimate tensile strength:

4. Percent elongation: % elongation =

5. Percent reduction in area: % reduction in area =

Ultimate Tensile Strength :140.158 Mpa

Graph of Force against Extension

y = -7E+13x6 + 5E+13x5 - 1E+13x4 + 2E+12x3 - 2E+11x2 + 7E+09x + 2E+07 R2 = 0.9748

Ultimate Tensile Strength : 120.321 MPa

Graph of Force against Extension

y = -24.403x6 + 322.39x5 - 1634.9x4 + 4094x3 - 5712.2x2 + 4641.7x + 491.05 R2 = 0.9741

Ultimate Tensile Strength : 143.01 MPa

Graph of Force against Extension

4. Percent elongation: 0.028708 0.0250 x 100 0.0250 = 14.832%

Ultimate Tensile Strength : 108.352 MPa

Graph of Force against Extension

4. Percent elongation: 0.0306925 0.0250 x 100 0.0250 = 22.77%

Ultimate Tensile Strength : 476.7 MPa

Graph of Force against Extension

Percent elongation: 0.03438 0.0250 x 100 0.0250 = 37.52%

550000000.0 500000000.0 450000000.0 400000000.0 350000000.0 300000000.0

y = -3E+12x6 + 5E+12x5 - 3E+12x4 + 6E+11x3 - 7E+10x2 + 5E+09x - 4E+07 R2 = 0.9972

Ultimate Tensile Strength : 4520.0 MPa

Graph of Force against Extension

4. Percent elongation: 0.03496 0.0250 x 100 0.0250 = 39.85%

Diameter, d (m) 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005

Yield Strength, (Mpa) 110.0 70.0 110.0 103.0 470.0

Day/ Group Wed Batch 1

Diameter, d (m) 0.005

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