You are on page 1of 7

OFFPRINT

On deformation of electron holes in phase


space
R. A. Treumann, C. H. Jaroschek and R. Pottelette
EPL, 84 (2008) 69001

Please visit the new website


www.epljournal.org
TAKE A LOOK AT
THE NEW EPL
Europhysics Letters (EPL) has a new online home at
www.epljournal.org

Take a look for the latest journal news and information on:
• reading the latest articles, free!
• receiving free e-mail alerts
• submitting your work to EPL
www.epl journal.org
December 2008
EPL, 84 (2008) 69001 www.epljournal.org
doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/84/69001

On deformation of electron holes in phase space


R. A. Treumann1,2(a) , C. H. Jaroschek3 and R. Pottelette4
1
Department of Geophysics, Munich University - Theresienstr. 41, D-80333 Munich, Germany, EU
2
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College - Hanover, NH 03755, USA
3
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo University - Tokyo, Japan
4
CETP/CNRS - St. Maur des Fossés Cedex, France, EU

received 23 October 2008; accepted 19 November 2008


published online 12 January 2009

PACS 94.30.Aa – Auroral phenomena in magnetosphere


PACS 94.20.wj – Wave/particle interactions
PACS 94.05.Dd – Radiation processes

Abstract – This letter shows that for particularly shaped background particle distributions the
momentum exchange between phase space holes and the distribution causes acceleration of the
holes along the magnetic field. In the particular case of a non-symmetric ring distribution (ring
with loss cone) this acceleration is non-uniform in phase space being weaker at larger perpendicular
velocities thus causing the deformation of the hole in phase space.

c EPLA, 2008
Copyright 

Introduction. – In configuration space, phase space to assume that the holes are either gyro-limited, being of
holes appear as localised intense electrostatic fields Eh = transverse spatial extension up to the thermal gyroradius
−∇ φh with broadband spectral signature parallel to the ∆h⊥ ∼ rc = ve /ωc or inertia limited ∆h⊥ ∼ c/ωp . Their
ambient magnetic field. In velocity space they form narrow lifetime is determined by the stability of the holes with
regions of lacking particles of one signature kept alive for respect to the generation of whistlers, trapped particle
a limited time by the electrostatic field. Ion holes are local instabilities, particle trapping, heating and diffusion
deficiencies of ions while electron holes are local deficien- and the corresponding generation of dissipation (see,
cies of electrons. Thus the former correspond to weak nega- e.g., Newman et al. [16]). One might believe that these
tive, the latter to positive space charges Qi,e . In this letter microscopic entities are of minor importance for the
we deal with electron holes which can be excited by beam behaviour of the plasma. However, in collisionless plasmas
or current instabilities parallel to the ambient magnetic they form an important dynamical source of dissipation.
field B, like the two-stream instability which works for They heat and accelerate electrons, cause beam cooling,
electron drifts vd > ve , larger than the electron thermal and are suspected to provide a substantial part of the
velocity ve [1,2]. At lower drifts this instability is replaced dissipation that is needed in collisionless shocks and in
by a modified version [3] which is a form of the modified reconnection. In collisionless shocks they might contribute
two-stream instability [4–7]. Their theory has been given to the emission of radiation causing the badly understood
by Bernstein, Greene and Kruskal [8], Schamel [9–11], type II bursts. Some time ago we proposed [19] that
Dupree [12,13] and Turikov [14]. Simulations by Newman phase space holes contribute to electron cyclotron maser
et al. [15,16], Muschietti et al. [17,18] and others have emission [20] generating auroral kilometric radiation
shown that electron holes are the natural non-linear state in the upward current source region where the holes
of these instabilities, being Debye scale entities along B have been identified [21] subsequently, forming what
in the configuration space, and of short extension in the we called “elementary radiation sources”. For this to
parallel velocity component v in the velocity space. They work the holes must become deformed in phase space
contain a dilute component of trapped electrons of density in order to attain a perpendicular phase space gradient
Nt of low energy mvt2 /2  |eφh |. In the configuration ∂F (v , v⊥ )/∂v⊥ on the electron distribution function,
space they are oblate in the direction perpendicular to the which is required by the cyclotron maser mechanism [20].
magnetic field (pancakes). Their behaviour in v⊥ has not A qualitative discussion of how this can be achieved
yet been investigated in detail. It is, however, reasonable has recently been provided [22]. Momentum exchange
between the background electron distribution and the
(a) E-mail: treumann@issibern.ch hole has been made responsible for the deformation of the

69001-p1
R. A. Treumann et al.

phase space shape of the hole, with the dynamics of the V T


hole depending sensitively on the shape of the background downward
electron distribution. In this letter we present a more electrons
quantitative mechanism which is developed for electron
holes. However, in a similar way it should also work for
ion holes in the presence of, say, ion conics, which have ring
been found in multitude under auroral conditions. distribution
loss
∆vh

Mechanism. – Under auroral upward current condi- cone hole


tions the bulk distribution is kind of a non-symmetric VR||
(downgoing) ring distribution with loss cone (due to the V
T
VR VT
presence of the absorbing ionosphere) as shown in fig. 1.
We assume that some appropriate instability generates VR||
upward Vh V||
an electron hole that propagates along the magnetic ions
field B at velocity vh ≪ VR much less than the nominal
electron ring velocity VR . The question in which way
the hole is generated is of secondary importance for the Fig. 1: Schematic of a ring distribution with loss cone. In this
purpose of this letter. The qualitative discussion of [22] representation the ring is given a varying phase space density
referred to the two-stream instability [1] as generator with increasing pitch angle ending at a large empty loss cone.
of the hole. Under the dilute plasma conditions in the Also shown is an electron hole at location of parallel velocity
vh and for a range of perpendicular velocities v⊥ . The hole
upward current auroral region where ωce /ωpe ∼ 10–25,
is assumed to be a straight line initially at constant vh being
the two-stream instability does not grow very fast. Its located between the hot electron ring distribution and the cold
1
growth rate γB ∼ ωB ∼ (me /16 mi ) 3 ∼ 0.03 ωpe is less ion distribution. The latter propagates into opposite direction
than the global electron cyclotron maser growth rate to the electrons at much lower speed. The hole is slow against
γecm ∼ (10−4 –10−3 ) ωce (cf., e.g. [23–26]). However, hole the electrons while its velocity might be comparable to the
generation is not affected by the global maser instability ion speed. Also shown are the components of the nominal ring
which has only a minor effect on the bulk electron distri- velocity VR , a line of constant v⊥ used in the calculations.
bution not causing a substantial energy loss for the elec-
trons. The quasilinear flattening of the distribution, which Since the hole can move only parallel to the ambient
partially fills in the inner part of the ring (shown as weak magnetic field, this is a one-dimensional equation of
background in fig. 1) just where the hole is located in phase motion that holds at every fixed perpendicular velocity
space, is mainly caused by VLF turbulence generated v⊥ , as indicated on the left-hand side. The interaction
under the same conditions [20,27]. However, at fixed v⊥ of the hole is purely electrostatic, and the electric field is
the electron drift velocity vd might not exceed the electron external to the hole given by the conditions in the plasma.
thermal speed ve , in which case the drift cyclotron insta- These are described by the presence of the downward
bility (MTSI) takes over. Its growth rate is of the order electrons which move with respect to the ambient ions as
of the lower hybrid frequency γmts ∼ ωlh ∼ ωpi which in shown in the fixed laboratory reference frame in fig. 1.
the dilute plasma is also small. Hence, hole formation is a Moreover, the ion and electron beams are distributed
process comparable to or slower than the emission of radia- about homogeneously over an area that is large against
tion by the global maser instability. In the auroral kilomet- the extension of the hole in any direction. This implies
ric radiation the latter might thus provide the background that the electric field can be expressed through the
radiation level while the steep gradients produced in hole current flowing in the plasma as
deformation [22] generate the narrow intense short-lived
∂E

drifting emission bands that have been observed. eN 
= vd , where vd = ve  − vi . (2)
The hole-related localised deficiency of electrons on ∂t ǫ0 v⊥
the electron background in phase space is centred at Here N is the plasma density. The drift speed is the differ-
the instantaneous velocity vh (t) of the hole (fig. 1). In ence between the average bulk speeds of the electrons and
complete analogy to solid-state physics it represents a ions. In order to find an equation for the parallel velocity of
localised positive charge Qh in the electron fluid that the hole, we take the time derivative of eq. (1), remember-
is attached to the hole. The hole moves with velocity ing that the hole charge Qh (vh ) itself is a function of the
vh (t) on the electron fluid. In the presence of an electric hole speed. Defining q = Qh /e and m = Mh /me this yields
field E this charge Qh will become accelerated, with its
 2
collisionless dynamics being described by the equation of d2 vh d ln q(vh ) dvh
 
2 q(vh )
motion − = ω v
pe d . (3)
dt2 dvh dt m

dvh (t)  Qh In deriving this expression we used eqs. (1), (2) in order
= E . (1)
dt v⊥ Mh
 to eliminate the electric field, and we have suppressed

69001-p2
Phase space hole deformation

the index v⊥ understanding that eq. (3) holds for every force. Ud = 0 corresponds to a symmetric ring distribution
constant perpendicular velocity. To be able to proceed with no loss cone. The rigth-hand side vanishes for Ud = u,
we must determine the charge and mass of the hole. The in which case the equation is solved trivially (expressed in
total mass of the hole is given by Mh = me Nt Vh , with decaying error functions in u), and it can be shown that
Nt the number density of electrons that are trapped an initially finite velocity hole will come to rest. Generally
in the spatial volume Vh of the hole. This number is one may suspect that asymptotically u → Ud . Hence,
assumed to be constant during the evolution of the hole, for a non-symmetric ring distribution that, for instance,
a simplification which neglects any possible exchange of involves a loss cone, the section of the hole corresponding
electrons between the hole and its environment which to v⊥ = const is accelerated parallel to B until settling
determines its lifetime. Hence over the entire evolution of near Ud . This causes the deformation of the hole in phase
the hole m = const does not change. This is not so for the space and is described by the solutions of eq. (7) for the
charge of the hole Qh = e(N |vh − Nt )Vh . Any acceleration most interesting case Ud ≫ u.
of the hole in real space corresponds to a displacement in The hole is a slowly moving entity of velocity u ≪ UR .
velocity space. Hence Qh depends on the fraction in the The observation of the displacement of the fine structure in
ambient number density of ambient electrons of different the auroral kilometric radiation suggests that holes move
velocity seen by the hole when it moves in velocity space. at velocity vh  100 km/s [19] compared to electron beam
We need to know only the ratio velocities of VR ∼ 104 km/s. Hence, in the coefficient of
the second term on the left in eq. (7) u can be neglected.
q/m = (N |vh − Nt )/Nt , (4) Moreover, the expression in front of Ud − u on the right-
hand side becomes a constant A ≡ nC exp(−UR2 /2). If we
and, hence, the volume Vh of the hole cancels out leaving assume that U ≫ u, which holds for a non-symmetric
d
us with the problem to calculate N |vh . In order to do electron distribution like that shown in fig. 1, the solution
this we assume, for simplicity, that the background ring of eq. (7) can be found by multiplication with u′ and
distribution is a rotated Maxwellian integrating once with respect to dτ . This yields the
(v − VR )2 following expression for:
 
N
F (v , v⊥ ) = 3 exp − 2
. (5)
3
π 2 ve 2ve
u′ (τ ) = AUd /UR tan AUR Ud (τf − τ ) , (8)
Here VR = const is a constant radius in velocity space,
and v = (v , v⊥ ) is the velocity vector. (In global electron- with τ = τf the final time when the hole comes to rest
cyclotron maser theory and simulations as, e.g., in [25], and u′ = 0. The restriction on the argument of the tangent
the thermal width of the distribution is not important function implies the following restriction on τf :
and a δ-ring distribution is used.) At constant v⊥ the −1
variation is in the parallel component (v − VR )2 in

τf  π 2 AUR Ud . (9)
the argument of the exponential. The fractional number
density of the hole is obtained by integration just over The larger the electron drift velocity U , the faster the hole
d
the velocity volume of the hole. Since this is very small tends to reach its final velocity. In other words, the faster
we assume
that the hole is of rectangular shape of width the electron beam moves, the less time it takes for the
∆vh = 2φh /me in parallel velocity. Then deformation of the hole in phase space. This is what has
been expected from the very beginning. Equation (8) also
N |vh = 2π∆vh F |vh v⊥ dv⊥ . (6)
shows that the acceleration of the hole is a monotonically
The indication vh on F means that in F the parallel decreasing function of time τ until the hole arrives at
velocity v → vh is to be replaced by the hole speed. It its final state. The velocity u(τ ) of the hole is obtained
is then easy to show that the coefficient of the second by integrating eq. (8) with respect to time. In the initial
term on the left in eq. (3) is dlnq/dvh = −(vh − VR )/ve2 , state for times τ short against τf a solution is found by
which is linear in vh . This fact would enable us to rewrite expanding the integrand. Restricting to the first two terms
eq. (3) in terms of the variable x = vh − VR . However, it yields  
is more convenient to introduce dimensionless variables τ̃ 1 τ̃
u(τ̃ ) ∼ tan τ̃f − , (10)
τ = ωpe t, u = vh /ve , UR = VR /ve , Ud = vd /ve , n = N/Nt UR 2 cos2 τ̃f
and rewrite eq. (3) as √
where τ̃ = τ AUR Ud . Initially the hole velocity increases

1 2
linearly
√ with time, and the acceleration is proportional to
u′′ − (UR − u)(u′ )2 = (Ud − u) nC e− 2 (UR −u) − 1 , Ud , the root of the electron drift velocity, and vanishes
(7) for Ud → 0 in the case of a symmetric electron ring
where ′ = d/dt, and C for fixed v⊥ is a constant factor that confirming the former conclusion on this case.
is determined from the background distribution F. The In the more general case when u is of the same order as
right-hand side of this equation is linearly proportional to UR , eq. (7) cannot be solved analytically. Since this case is
the average parallel beam velocity Ud which is the driving of lesser interest and would exceed the limits of a letter, we

69001-p3
R. A. Treumann et al.

leave its investigation for a later publication by Jaroschek the distribution function. This letter was restricted to
et al. Instead we proceed to investigate the variation of the the mere investigation of the possibility of deformation
hole velocity with the shape of the electron distribution. of an initially straight (in velocity space) phase space hole
This is closely related to the variation with v⊥ and the (BGK mode) by momentum exchange with the ambient
drift velocity Ud . To this end we study the effect of electron distribution. We argued that the momentum
A = nC exp(−UR2 /2) − 1, respectively, C. The constant C exchange causes a differential acceleration of the hole that
is a differential in v⊥ is different for different v⊥ .
The evolution of phase space holes has so far been
(v⊥ − VR⊥ )2 v⊥ dv⊥
 
2∆vh considered in theory and simulations only for Maxwellian
C=√ exp − . (11)
πve 2ve2 ve2 distributions in which case their phase space dynamics
is simple (see, e.g., [16,28]). Observations in space, for
At a phase space section parallel to v all particles in the
instance under conditions in the auroral kilometric radia-
distribution have the same v⊥ = VR⊥ , and the exponential
tion source and also in collisionless shocks, suggest that
factor in C is unity. We may define the electron drift speed
phase space holes evolve when the phase space parti-
and electron temperature at constant v⊥ as the first and
cle distributions deviate strongly from the Maxwellian
second moments of the electron distribution function at
shape [29–32]. In particular, the combination of an electro-
constant v⊥ , respectively. The local drift velocity entering
static field along the magnetic field and a magnetic mirror
into the expressions for the evolution of u(τ ) is the parallel
geometry transform a beam distribution into a ring distri-
component of the first moment of the electron distribution
bution [33] with loss cone (colloquially called a horseshoe).
function at constant v⊥ . For a half-ring distribution with
Such distributions are the rule in the aurora and are also
VR > 0 one has
expected in super-critical quasiperpendicular collisionless
12 shocks [34]. In their presence a hole should undergo defor-
VR2 v⊥ 2

3 v⊥ dv⊥ mation in phase space of the kind described in this letter.
Ud |+
v⊥ =2 2 − , (12)
ve2 ve2 ve2 Holes have also been predicted in relation to reconnection
in collisionless current sheets [35] where their signatures
an expression that decreases with increasing v⊥ . The same might have been observed in situ in space [36,37].
expression holds for the part of the ring in fig. 1 that The phase space deformation might not be of over-
has no expression at negative velocities in the loss cone whelming importance for the dynamics of the plasma even
on the left of fig. 1. The decrease in Ud with v⊥ is though its importance for dissipation has not yet been
crucial for the evolution of the parallel velocity u(τ ) of the investigated. However, as suggested in [22] it should be
hole in phase space in the presence of a half-ring. Since of crucial importance for involving electron holes into
the hole velocity and acceleration of the hole in parallel the emission of electromagnetic radiation by the electron-
direction are proportional to Ud the decrease implies that cyclotron maser mechanism acting in the auroral regions
the largest variation in u is for small v⊥ . The velocity of planetary magnetospheres and in a variety of astrophys-
space deformation decreases with increasing perpendicular ical objects (cf., e.g., [38]). This requires the generation of
velocity v⊥ . Hence, the hole attains the largest velocity at sharp positive phase space gradients ∂F (v |, v⊥ )/∂v⊥ > 0
small v⊥ thus becoming bent in velocity space, as was on the electron distribution function in the perpendicu-
suggested earlier [22] from qualitative considerations. lar velocity component. Phase space holes do not orig-
If the loss cone is not empty, the effective drift velocity inally possess such gradients and therefore should not
Ud = Ud+ − Ud− the hole experiences is reduced by the become involved into the generation of radiation other
contribution of the ring at negative velocities than contributing to the electron heating and acceleration
12 of electron beams which on their own might secondarily
2
VR2 v⊥

3 v⊥ dv⊥ generate plasma waves away from the hole and produce
Ud |−
v⊥ = 2 α
2
2
− 2 , (13)
ve ve ve2 second harmonic plasma radiation with frequency 2ωpe .
This mechanism is viable, for instance, at collisionless
where α is the fractional density of the half-ring distrib-
shocks and might be responsible for the so-called back-
ution with VR < 0, while the inclusion of the upward ion
bone radiation in type II radio bursts observed in the solar
distribution at low v⊥ would increase the effective drift
corona and interplanetary space.
speed for the small values of v⊥ to which the ions extend
However, for electron holes to become directly involved
in velocity space (see fig. 1).
into the electron cyclotron maser mechanism, the gener-
The case Ud < u is not of vital interest. In this case
ation of perpendicular gradients is absolutely necessary.
u → 0, and the hole will be about at rest. Such cases may
This is provided by the phase space deformation mech-
refer to standing narrow band emissions in the auroral
anism proposed in this letter, which bends the hole in
kilometric radiation with the loss cone about filled.
phase space and transforms its natural parallel phase space
Discussion. – The above considerations show that gradient ∂F (v , v⊥ )/∂v = 0 into a perpendicular gradi-
an electron phase space hole experiences a particular ent. Since ∂F (v , v⊥ )/∂v = 0 is steep and increases when
dynamics in phase space that depends on the shape of the hole is accelerated into the bulk of the distribution [22],

69001-p4
Phase space hole deformation

the new ∂F (v |, v⊥ )/∂v⊥ is also very steep and will read- [6] Lampe M., Manheimer W. M., McBride J. B., Orens
ily contribute to the maser emission. Its frequency maps J. H., Papadopoulos K., Shanny R. and Sudan R. N.,
the local electron cyclotron frequency or its lower harmon- Phys. Fluids, 15 (1972) 662.
ics. We are not going here into the details of the radiation [7] Ott E., McBride J. B., Orens J. H. and Boris
process as this has been described in the literature for the J. P., Phys. Rev. Lett., 28 (1972) 88, doi: 10.1103/Phys-
RevLett.28.88.
global electron distribution (see, e.g. [23,39,40]). Since the
[8] Bernstein I. B., Greene J. M. and Kruskal M. D.,
hole possesses two boundaries, one of them causes a posi-
Phys. Rev., 108 (1957) 546.
tive, the other a negative phase space gradient. It has been [9] Schamel H., Plasma Phys., 14 (1972) 905.
argued [22] that, theoretically, these gradients correspond [10] Schamel H., J. Plasma Phys., 13 (1975) 139.
to emission and absorption separated by the whole width. [11] Schamel H., Phys. Rep., 140 (1986) 161.
Current instrumental resolution and possibly natural line [12] Dupree T. H., Phys. Fluids, 25 (1982) 277.
broadenings do not allow for a discrimination of these [13] Dupree T. H., Phys. Fluids, 26 (1983) 2460.
emissions and absorptions, however. [14] Turikov V. A., Phys. Scr., 30 (1984) 73.
The emission frequency changes when the hole is [15] Newman D. L., Goldman M. V., Ergun R. E. and
displaced in space along the magnetic field. Because of Mangeney A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 87 (2001) 255001.
the steepness of the gradient, the emission is very narrow [16] Newman D. L., Goldman M. V. and Ergun R. E.,
Phys. Plasmas, 9 (2002) 2337.
banded. From its spectral displacement the electron
[17] Muschietti L., Ergun R. E., Roth I. and Carlson
hole speed can be determined while from its spectral
C. W., Geophys. Res. Lett., 26 (1999) 1093.
width properties of the hole can be inferred [22]. In the [18] Muschietti L., Roth I., Ergun R. E. and Carlson
auroral region the hole speed is found to be of the order C. W., Nonlinear Processes Geophys., 6 (1999) 211.
of  100 km/s, which is comparable to the ion-acoustic [19] Pottelette R., Treumann R. A. and Berthomier
speed being sufficiently far below the electron thermal M., J. Geophys. Res., 106 (2001) 8465.
velocity to justify the model of a slow hole. However, [20] Treumann R. A., Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 13 (2006)
the measured spectral speeds reflect the bulk velocity of 229.
the hole. This is determined by integrating over the hole [21] Pottelette R. and Treumann R. A., Geophys. Res.
distribution along the bent phase space shape of the hole. Lett., 32 (2005) L12104, doi: 10.1029/2005GL022547.
It can be much less than the differential speeds of its [22] Treumann R. A., Jaroschek C. H. and Pottelette
R., arXiv:0712.0185v1 [physics.space-ph] (2007).
fastest moving small v⊥ phase space sections.
[23] Pritchett P. L., J. Geophys. Res., 89 (1984) 8957.
We also note that ion holes behave in a similar way
[24] Pritchett P. L., J. Geophys. Res., 91 (1986) 10673.
experiencing bending in phase space if the ion distribution [25] Pritchett P. L., Strangeway R. J., Ergun R. E. and
differs from a Maxwellian. This is the case in regions where Carlson C. W., J. Geophys. Res., 107 (2002) A1437.
ion conics are generated in the presence of field-aligned [26] Yoon P. H. and Weatherwax A. T., Geophys. Res.
electric potentials and mirror geometries for upward-going Lett., 25 (1998) 4461.
ions. The evolving steep perpendicular velocity space [27] LaBelle J. and Treumann R. A., Space Sci. Rev., 101
gradient may excite whistler saucer emission from ion (2002) 295.
holes. [28] Singh N., Geophys. Res. Lett., 27 (2000) 927.
[29] Delory G. T. et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 25 (1998) 2069,
∗∗∗ doi: 10.1029/98GL00705.
[30] Ergun R. E. et al., Asrophys. J., 538 (2000) 456.
This research is part of a Visiting Scientist Programme [31] Ergun R. E. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 87 (2001) 045003.
at ISSI, Bern. CHJ acknowledges a JSPS Fellowship of [32] Ergun R. E. et al., Phys. Plasmas, 9 (2002) 3695.
the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science. CHJ [33] Chiu Y. T. and Schulz M., J. Geophys. Res., 83 (1978)
629.
and RT thank M. Hoshino for hospitality, support and
[34] Treumann R. A. and Jaroschek C. H.,
discussions. This research has also benefitted from a Gay-
arXiv:0805.2181v1 [astro-ph] (2008).
Lussac-Humboldt award of the French Government. [35] Drake J. F., Swisdak M., Cattell C., Shay M. A.,
Rog-ers B. N. and Zeiler A., Science, 299 (2003) 873,
REFERENCES doi: 10.1126/science.1080333.
[36] Sundkvist D., Retinó A., Vaivads A. and Bale S. D.,
[1] Buneman O., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1 (1958) 8, doi: 10.1103/ Phys. Rev. Lett., 99 (2007) 025004, doi: 10.1103/Phys-
PhysRevLett.1.8. RevLett.99.025004.
[2] Buneman O., Phys. Rev., 115 (1959) 503, doi: 10.1103/ [37] Vaivads A. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 93 (2004) 105001,
PhysRev.115.503. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.105001.
[3] Kindel J. M. and Kennel C. F., J. Geophys. Res., 76 [38] Begelman M. J., Ergun R. E. and Rees M. J.,
(1971) 3055. Astrophys. J., 625 (2005) 51.
[4] Gladd N. T., Plasma Phys., 18 (1976) 27. [39] Louarn P., Roux A., de Feraudy H., Le Quéau D.
[5] Lampe M., McBride J. B., Orens J. H. and Sudan and André M., J. Geophys. Res., 95 (1990) 5983.
R. N., Phys. Lett. A, 35 (1971) 129, doi: 10.1016/0375- [40] Louarn P. and Le Quéau D., Planet. Space Sci., 44
9601(71)90583-4. (1996) 199.

69001-p5

You might also like