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Hla Oo's Blog: Bengali-Muslims Mujahid Insurgency (1948-1954)

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Hla Oo's Blog

I am a Burmese exile aimlessly wandering in this imperfect world. Here are my essays about Burma and anything else I feel like writing about. And some translated works of selected Burmese authors. Bridging Burma to the world this Blog is more of a Politically-Oriented Literary Blog than a Plain News Blog or a Sophisticated Thoughts Blog. And Please Forgive me for using some photos and videos from Internet without asking permission first, SORRY.
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Bengali-Muslims Mujahid Insurgency (1948-1954)

(This is the direct translation of part of the book Civil Insurgency In Burm a .) Who and what ex actly are the so-called Muslim Rohingy as the Buddhist Burmese and Y akines really lov e to hate? The term Rohingy a was inv ented or coined only after the failed Bengali-Muslim insurgency widely known in Burma as the Mujahid from 1 948 to 1 954 in the north-western region of Arrakan in Burma. Historically there had been constant warfare between ethnic Y akhines and Burmese going on in the Arrakan since Burmese King Anawrahtas reign of Pagan in the 1 1 t h century . In 1 404 Burm ese king Min Khaung Y aza inv aded Le Mro (Le My o) and occupied Arrakan for more than two decades. Le My o King Min Saw Mon fled to the Gaur in today s Bangladesh and took refuge at the court of Bengal Sultan Azam Shah. With the help of new Bengal Sultan Jalal Udin Khan he regained Arakan back from the Burmese 24 y ears later and in 1 433 he established the city of Mrauk-U (My auk-U) as the capital of unified Y akhin kingdom (the last one unfortunately for the proud Y akhines). His successors gav e trade and territorial concessions to Portuguese, receiv ing in return, Portuguese military support. In 1 7 84 Arrakan fell again into Burmese hands. The famous Mahamuni Buddha statue now in Mandalay was taken away to Burma as a war trophy . The Burmese, after conquering Arrakan, came directly into contact with British already in India and finally Burma itself had fallen into the British hands after three Anglo-Burmese Wars.
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Cross-border invasion of Illegal Bengali-Muslims

Since 1 824 the y ear of First Anglo-Burmese War large number of Bengali-Muslims, known as Chittagonians since they came from the Chittagong region in then India, had mov ed into the North-west Arrakan without any restriction at all. According to the old Burma Gazettes they established many Bengali-Muslim v illages in Butheetaung, Maungdaw, Ky auktaw, Minby ar, and My ebone. That mass settlement had alarmingly increased the total population of Arrakan the British Sittwe District. In 1 832 the population in Sittwe District was just ov er 1 00,000 but the population increased to ov er 600,000 in 1 931 and by 1 941 it was ov er 7 50,000. By 1 942 the Bengali-Muslims population in the region of Butheetaung and Maungdaw alone was ov er 300,000.

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Hla Oo's Blog: Bengali-Muslims Mujahid Insurgency (1948-1954)

The massiv e Bengali population starv ing from frequently occurring famines in India was one of the main reasons for that relentless tide of Bengali Muslims into the Arrakan. In 1 939 the British colonial gov ernment established a Commission of Inquiry to inv estigate the rapid increase of Bengali-Muslims in the Arrakan from 30,000 in 1 825 to 21 7 ,800 in 1 930. That Commission reported back that there would be racial strife between the Y akhineBuddhists and Bengali-Muslims in a v ery near future if the relentless Muslim tide across the border wasnt stopped or restricted at least. And the racial troubles between the Buddhist nativ es and the Muslim newcomers were simmering and finally blew up as the Second World War had reached Burma and the Arrakan became a dangerous no-man land between the Imperial Japanese army and massiv e British 1 4 t h army facing off on the India-Burma border.
Dea d on t h e st r eet s du r in g 1 9 4 3 Ben g a l Fa m in e.

First Bengali-Muslim Riots (1942)

During sudden British withdrawal from Burma in 1 942 there were many war weapons and ammunitions left by the withdrawing British forces in the Arrakan. The arms from Burmese and Karen troops of British army were left with the Buddhist Y akhines (Arrakanese) and the Indian soldiers into the hands of Bengali-Muslim crowd in the Maungdaw-Butheetaung area. That abundance of war weapons ev entually ignited the first BuddhistMuslim race riots in the Arrakan in mid 1 942. The disturbances started from the cases of v iolent robbery committed by the armed Buddhist Y akhines against the Indian refugees fleeing from the Japanese army in Burma through the Taunggup Pass. The armed Y akhine Buddhists were also attacking and lootings the neighboring Bengali-Muslim v illages and the hostilities broke out into a full scale riots as foreseen by the British Commission of Inquiry as the armed Bengali-Muslims retaliated by attacking and looting the Buddhist Y akhine v illages.

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Ev en the Y akhine District administrator ICS (Indian Civ il Serv ice) U Ky aw Khine was killed by the Bengalis and countless number of Y akhines had to flee into either the British-controlled Chitagong territory or deep down into the Southern Arrakan as the genocidal Bengali Muslims there cleansed the Y akhines and destroy ed all the remaining Buddhist v illages in their predominantly -Muslim are of Maungdaw and Butheetaung. By late 1 942 the whole Maungdaw-Butheetauung territory was firmly in the hands of armed Bengali-Muslims.

BIA Attempts to Reclaim Burma's Lost Territory

At the beginning of Japanese occupation of Burma Bo Y an Aungled BIA (Burmese Independence Army ) units in Arrakan tried unsuccessfully to recapture the lost territory from the Muslims. Two senior BIA officers Bo Y an Naung and Bo My o Ny unt were killed in Maungdaw by the BengaliMuslims and BIA attempts for reconciliation between Y akhine-

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Hla Oo's Blog: Bengali-Muslims Mujahid Insurgency (1948-1954)

Buddhists and Bengali-Muslims had failed miserably . From 1 942 till the British recapture of Burma in 1 945 Bengali-Muslims had completely controlled the Maungdaw-Butheetaung region and the illegal mass immigration continued unabated.
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Beginning of the Mujahidin Insurgency (1947)

During the British Military Administration period after the British re-occupation of Burma the Y akhine refugees from both Chitagong area and other parts of Arrakan were resettled back into their old v illages with the help of British army . But the Bengali-Muslims now occupy ing the old Y akhine v illages had refused to accept the original nativ e Y akhins and by v iolent means created a hostile env ironment for the returnees as they now believ ed in their make-believ e dream of creating a strict Muslim enclav e ruled by the Sharia Law in the Maungdaw-Butheetaung region as a part of the newly established East-Pakistan (Now Bangladesh). An Islamic militant party Jami-a-tul Ulema-e Islam led by the Chairman Omra Meah was formed. And with the material support of Ulnar Mohammad Muzahid Khan and Molnar Ibrahim from Pakistan the Mujahidin insurgency was initiated to inv ad e Arrakan and absorb the land into the East-Pakistan. The Mujahid armed insurgents began their subv ersiv e activ ities in the Maungdaw-North area and later ex panded into the Maungdaw-South region. A long-term criminal and major rice-smuggler named Abdul Kasim was the leader of Mujahid in Maungdaw-South.
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Bengali-Muslims Bloody Jihad on Burma

(Follow ing is excerpt from Dr. Aye Chans Paper On the Mujahid Rebellion in Arrakan read in the International Conference of Southeast Asian Studies at Pusan University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea on June 2 -3, 201 1 .) The Mujahids of Chittagonian Muslims from North Arakan declared jihad on Burma after the central gov ernment refused to grant a separate Muslim state in the two townships, Buthidaung and Maungdaw that lie along the East Pakistani (present-day Bangladeshi) border. The Mujahid mov ement launched before Burma gained independence and hassled the resettlement program for the refugees in the Buthidaung and Maungdaw Townships. During the war, the Arakanese inhabitants of Buthidaung and Maungdaw were forced to leav e their homes. The people of Buthidaung fled to Ky auktaw and Minby a where the Arakanese were the majority . The Arakanese from Maungdaw were Dr . A y e Ch a n of Ka n da Un iv er sit y in Ja pa n . ev acuated to Dinajpur in East Bengal by the British officials. Ev en though the British administration was reestablished after the war, the Arakanese were unable to return to their homes. Following ex cerpt is from the Report of the Commissioners Office of Arakan, dated the 1 8t h April, 1 947 (The National Archiv es, London, FO 643/7 4. For w ant of funds only 27 7 out of about 2400 indigenous Arakanese, w ho w ere displaced from Buthidaung and Maungdaw Tow nships after the British evacuation in 1 942, could be resettled on the sites of their original homes. There are also tw o thousand Arakanese Buddhist refuges brought fo r fear of Muslims threatening and frightening them by firing machine guns near the villages at night. While our hands are full w ith internally displaced refugees w e cannot take the responsibility for repatriation of the Muslim refugees from the

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Sabirnagar camp w hich the government of India is pressing. The Muslim refugees from the camp at Subirnagar were also unable to resettle in the interior part of Aky ab District at Alegy un, Apaukwa and Gobedaung. All 3,000 of them were first sent to Aky ab Island. Two Muslim Relief Committees were formed in Aky ab and Buthidaung in order to giv e assistance possible to refugees. The proposal to send about 1 ,500 refugees in small batches to the Muslim v illages in Buthidaung Township for the time being was accepted. The District Welfare Officer was instructed to work out the ex pense for transport and supporting building materials. In August 1 947 , the Sub-Div isional Officer of Maungdaw, U Tun Oo, was brutally murdered by the Muslims. The Commissioner of Arakan reports: I have no doubt that this is a result of a long fostered com m unal feeling by the Muslim s. The assassins who com m itted the m urder were suspected to be em ployed by the Muslim Police Officers and have been organizing strong Muslim feelings and dom inating the whole areas. This is a direct affront and open challenge to the lawful authority of the Burm a Governm ent by the Muslim Com m unity of Buthidaung and Maungdaw Townships whose econom ic invasion of this country was fostered during the British regim e. Unless this m ost dastardly flouting of the governm ent is firm ly and severely dealt with, this alien com m unity will try to annex this territory or instigate Pakistan to annex it. The newly independent republic had to cope with the insurgency of Karen ethnic group and the communists in the country after gaining independence in 1 948. Major cities were captured by the Communists and Karen rebels. Two battalions of its regular army went underground to join the communists. The Capital City , Rangoon, was surrounded by the Karen rebels. The Union gov ernment was scrawled in the international newspapers with the epithet of Rangoon Gov ernment. In such a situation only a few hundreds troops from the Battalion (5) were sent to the western front to fight the Mujahids. About the objectiv e and strength of the Mujahids, the British Embassy in Rangoon reports to the Foreign Office in London on February 1 2, 1 949. It is hard to say w hether the ultimate object of the Muslims is that their separate state should remain w ithin the Union or not, but it seems likely that even an autonomous state w ithin the Union w ould necessarily be draw n tow ards Pakistan. The Mujahids seem also to have taken arms in about October last, although this does not exclude the possibility that some have not gone underground and are still trying to obtain their objective by agitation only. There are perhaps 500 Muslims under arms, although the total number of supporters of the movement is greater. Buthidaung and Maungdaw were under the control of the gov ernment forces but the country side around the town was out of control. One report giv es a detailed account of the v isit of Prime Minister U Nu and the Supreme Commander of the Burmese Army , Lieutenant General Smith Dun to Aky ab in October of 1 948. It say s that the local officials in East Pakistan prov ided information and aid to the insurgents from across the border. The Sub-Div isional Officer and the Township Officer from Cox s Bazaar were reported to hav e supplied the Muslim guerrillas with arms and ammunition. The wounded rebels were apparently able to obtain treatment from the hospital in Cox s Bazaar. According to the report of the Deputy Commissioner of Chittagong Hill Tracts, both the commissioner and the Burmese officials were informed that the two Mujahid leaders, Jaffar Meah and Omra Meah, were hiding in Balukhali v illage in East Pakistan, near to the Burmese border. The British Embassy in Rangoon sent a confidential letter to the High Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Pakistan on February 28, 1 949; this letter dealt with the probability of prov ocation and interference from local Pakistani officials on the other side of the border. It reads: In spite of the correct attitude of the Pakistan Central Government there have been fairly
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About Me

Hla Oo , Born in a Burm ese jungle near Py in-m a-nar while m y parents were Com m unist guerrillas. I basically grew up in the Aung-San-Thuria-Hla-Thaung Cadet School of Burm ese Arm y and I was once a boy soldier in the arm y for alm ost two y ears till I deserted in early 1 9 7 4 . I graduated from Rangoon Institute of Technology in 1 9 80 and I was a tutor for one y ear in RIT Mechanical Engineering Departm ent and an engineer for 3 y ears in Burm a Irrigation. I then worked in Bangkok, Sy dney , KL, Toky o, and New York. I was a m echanic, production superv isor, and production m anager till 1 9 9 5 when I started m y own business of im porting prawn m eat from Burm a. That business failed and for last 1 5 y ears I had had m y own little fund trading stocks, equity futures, and currencies. But now I am just a struggling sem iretired writer/blogger/day -trader waiting to m eet m y m aker. Writing is m y hobby and Burm a naturally is m y m ain interest. View m y com plete profile

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reliable reports that their local officials in, for instance, Coxs Bazaar have actively helped Muslim guerrillas. Y ou yourselves are w ell aw are of the pro-guerrilla attitude in this affair of the Pakistan district officers. The Pakistan Government must also be aw are of it, and w e feel that if they do not curb these officials they may run the risks of provoking Anti-Muslim riots in Akyab district as bad as those w hich occurred during the w ar. The main financial source of the Mujahid Party was the smuggling of rice from Arakan to East Pakistan. Their actions were all part of an ov erall strategy to prev ent the gov ernment forces from enforcing the prohibition rice ex port. It has been reported that ev en the Muslim leaders, Sultan Ahmed and Omra Meah were inv olv ed in this illegal border trade. To solv e the problem of this rice shortage in the Chittagong District of East Pakistan, regional officials seem to hav e sought cooperation with the Mujahid leaders. For many y ears the Mujahid Party leaders monopolized the smuggling of rice across the border. T he m ain objectiv e of the Mujahid rebellion was to absorb the western frontier of Burm a into East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).

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Bu r m a 's Y a k h in e St a t e (A r r a k a n ).

The newspaper, On May 1 8, 1 949, The Hindustan Standard newspaper, reported about the following about the Mujahids. A dangerous aspect of this fighting is its international aspect: the Moslem insurgents have been carrying the Pakistani flag, and m any of them clam or for the incorporation of this end of Arakan with Pakistan. It was suspected that they drew arm s from across the border; the Governm ent, however, is now satisfied that their rifles and am m unition are old stocks, left behind by the Japanese and British. The great m ajority of Arakan Moslem s are said to be really Pakistanis from Chittagong, even if they have been settled here for a generation. Out of the 130,000 here, 80,000 are still Pakistani citizens. When India, Pakistan and Burma gained independence, the immigrants from British India were granted the choice of citizenship in either India or Pakistan. They could also choose Burmese citizenship if they were so inclined. The Pakistani Gov ernment was v ery anx ious that the Burmese Gov ernment would use brutal tactics to suppress the rebellion. Pakistan feared that the atrocities in the Burmese border regions would lead to anti-Burma demonstrations in Pakistan, which might in turn instigate Anti-Pakistan riots in Burma. Such situation would be v ery dangerous for the Pakistani residing in Burma. It was reported that 6,000 to 7 ,000 refugees had arriv ed in East Pakistan. The authorities in Karachi were also concerned about the communists infiltrating into Pakistan with the refugees. In the Aky ab District of Arakan it was reported that only the town and island of Aky ab were firmly in the hands of the Burmese gov ernment. Conditions had deteriorated following the withdrawal of the only Burmese Army battalion (Burma Rifle 5). The CPB (Communist Party of Burma) went underground in March 1 948, and its followers in Arakan reached an agreement with the Mujahid Party to fight the gov ernment forces jointly . The gov ernment of Pakistan was informed that the Communist Party of East Bengal had instructed its members to establish contacts with the Muslim communists in Arakan and persuade them to infiltrate the Cox s Bazaar subdiv ision to organize Muslim cultiv ators for a rev olt against the gov ernment of Burma had fallen to the communists, as ev idenced by the following record (of communications between British Embassies in Rangoon and Karachi): This is borne out by a conversation which the Com m issioner of Chittagong Division recently with one of the Mujahid leaders who said that the early agreem ent with the com m unists was that when the Burm ese Governm ent was overthrown, the Com m unists will leave Mujahid territory to becom e an independent state. On June 1 7 , 1 949 the British Embassy in Rangoon sent a telegram to the Foreign Office in London about the fall of two district headquarters into communist hands. Sandoway fell on June 9, and Ky aupy u on June 1 0, as the result of a mutiny by the Union Military Police and lev y garrisons in collusion with the local communists. The situation in Aky ab was uncertain, and all air serv ices were suspended A climate of mistrust and fear between the Buddhist Arakanese and Muslim Chittagonians was growing, despite a peace mission sent by the Union gov ernment to North Arakan. Muslim leaders, carry ing a credential from Premier Nu, were in contact with the insurgent Muslims and persuaded them to lay down their arms and drop their demand for autonomy .

Nor t h er n A r r a k a n by t h e Ba n g la desh i bor der .

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The mission was not successful because it was more of a communal v iolence than a rebellion. The prestigious newspaper of India, The Hindustan Standard, on May 1 8, 1 949 reported: These guerrilla operations are less a Muslim insurrection against the government than communal action against the Arakanese a prolongation of the Muslim-Buddhist riots of 1 942.The Moslems, natives of Chittagong in w hat is now part of Pakistan fear oppression by the Arakanese. The Arakanese, the intensely clannish community less than a million strong, hate their Buddhist Kith and kin, and are afraid of losing their identity in the grow ing Chittagongese population. Neither trusts the either. The cooperation between the two countries improv ed the situation at the border after the instructions from Karachi were strictly enforced. In order to adv ance their joint operation and communications an agreement was reached for the establishment of a Pakistani Consulate in Aky ab and a Burmese Consulate in Chittagong. Mohamed Ali, Pakistans High Commissioner designated to Canada, after relinquishing his post as ambassador to Burma, sent a statement to the press. He said that the impact of communist infiltration into Pakistan was being weakened by the joint operation of the two countries. At the same time the Pakistani gov ernment was persuading the refugees from Arakan to lay down their arms and to arrange for their repatriation when the conditions in Burma became more settled. Reuters reported that the gov ernments of Burma and Pakistan were cooperating to restore peace in Arakan. Their cooperation was further display ed with units of East Pakistan Rifles being stationed along the border to cooperate with their Burmese counterparts. Howev er, since the middle of 1 949, the Burmese Army s offensiv e warfare was successful. As a result all the towns and major cities under the control of the rebels were recaptured. Sadar Aurengzeb Khan, Pakistani ambassador to Burma, who v isited the East Bengal (East Pakistan), ex pressed confidence that the position of the Burmese Gov ernment was improv ing and that the power of the insurgents was on the decline. The rebellion lasted one more decade until the Mujahid Party surrendered in 1 960.

Military Operations against Bengali-Muslims Mujahid

Once the Mujadi rebellion started the armed Bengali-Muslims killed most of the Y akhine Buddhists and destroy ed all the Y akhin v illages in the Maungdaw-North region. Martial Law was declared in 1 948 Nov ember as the rebellion greatly intensified and the rebels ev en surrounded the towns of Butheetaung and Baw-li-bazar. Only when the Fifth Battalion Burma Rifles was sent into the region and the Fifths dev astating campaign Fift h Bu r m a Rifles Ba t t a lion in A r r a k a n . against the rebels the Mujahid insurgency collapsed and the Muslim insurgents fled to the jungles of northern Y akhine. But the Burmese civ il war had started in Proper-Burma and the Fifth Burma was brought back to fight the Karens digging in at Insein in Rangoon. Once the regular Burmese army was absent in the Arrakan the Mujahids came back in and the insurgency flared up again as the irregular Sitwundan armed-police battalions were unable to fight them. The Second Chin Rifles was formed as an emergency measure to fight the Muslim Mujahid and again the Mujahid had collapsed and disappeared back into the East Pakistan and the northern jungles as the v aliant Chins chased them all ov er Arrakan.

End of the Mujahid Insurgency

Burmese army had launched three major military operations against the Mujahid in Northern Arrakan. First operation was in March 1 950, the second was the May -y u Operation in October 1 952, and the last one was Moat-thone Operation in October 1 954. After the total collapse the Mujahids ended up on the borderline as rice sm ugglers and dacoits still terrorizing the Y akhine Buddhist population for m any y ears to com e till they reinv ented them selv es as the Rohingy as and started the internation-m edia and political and so-called hum an rights

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cam paigns to re-establish their Bengali-Muslim enclav e again in Burm a.
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