UNIT: 6.- LA HIDROSFERA EL AGUA ES UNA SUSTANCIA ASOMBROSA.

El agua: Es una sustancia muy comn en la Tierra y en otros lugares del Universo. En la tierra es la nica sustancia que se encuentra en los tres estados de forma natural. Es un compuesto qumico formado por molculas. Cada molcula est formada por dos tomos de hidrgeno y un tomo de oxgeno (H2O). La forma y la naturaleza de su molcula le dan al agua propiedades asombrosas: - Al bajar la temperatura de 4 C a 0 C, el agua se dilata (lo contrario que las dems sustancias). Esto hace que cuando se congela (a los 0 C), la densidad disminuye. - El agua congelada, al tener menos densidad, flota en el agua lquida. Gracias a esto, en ros, lagos y mares, los peces pueden vivir en invierno aunque la superficie est congelada.

PROPIEDADES DEL AGUA.

El agua como disolvente: El agua es el mejor disolvente conocido. Lo disuelve casi todo, menos las grasas. Salinidad del agua: El agua puede disolver sales minerales, la cantidad de sales minerales disuelta en agua se llama salinidad. - Agua dulce: Se llama agua dulce si contiene menos de un 1 % de sales disuelta. - Agua salada: Se llama agua salada si contiene ms de un 1 % de sales disuelta. Propiedades trmicas del agua: El agua necesita mucho calor para que su temperatura aumente, pero tambin pierde calor muy despacio (las dems sustancias pierden calor ms rpidamente).

LOS ESTADOS DEL AGUA.

El agua en estado lquido: La mayor parte del agua de la Tierra est en estado lquido. El agua lquida se encuentra en: - Ocanos y mares: estn formados por agua salada y cubre las tres cuartas partes de la superficie de la Tierra. - Aguas continentales: estn formadas generalmente por agua dulce. La encontramos en: ros, lagos, arroyos, torrentes, lagunas, charcas, pozos, aguas subterrneas, etc. - Las nubes: estn formadas por acumulaciones de pequesimas gotas de agua dulce. Agua en estado gaseoso: Es una mnima parte del total y forma parte de la atmsfera. Agua en estado slido: La mayor parte del agua en estado slido se concentra en las regiones polares. El resto est en zonas muy fras, como las cumbres de las montaas. Se distribuye as: - Las banquisas polares: son las capas de hielo que cubren los ocanos rtico y Antrtico (en los Polos Norte y Sur). - Los glaciares: son grandes masas de hielo, acumuladas sobre la Tierra.

EL CICLO DEL AGUA.

Ciclo del agua: La energa del Sol y la gravedad hacen que el agua de la Tierra est en continuo movimiento. Tiene tres grandes etapas: 1.- El agua pasa a la atmsfera: la energa del Sol calienta el agua de ocanos, mares, ros, lagos, etc. El agua se evapora y pasa a la atmsfera. Los seres vivos con su transpiracin tambin transmiten agua a la atmsfera. 2.- El agua vuelve a la superficie terrestre: Al llegar a las capas altas y fras de la troposfera, el vapor de agua se enfra y se condensa. Se forman las nubes y el viento las desplaza. En determinadas condiciones, el agua cae en forma de lluvia, nieve o granizo. 3.- El agua circula por la corteza terrestre: La gravedad terrestre hace que el agua se desplace hacia abajo. Se forman: torrentes, arroyos, ros, etc. hasta llegar a lagos, mares u ocanos. Parte de esta agua se infiltra y forma las aguas subterrneas.

USOS DEL AGUA. Para qu usamos el agua?: El consumo de agua se ha incrementado alarmantemente. La usamos para: - Satisfacer las necesidades bsicas: alimentacin, higiene, etc. (unos 5 litros diarios por persona). - Mejorar nuestra calidad de vida: lavar, limpiar, etc. (unos 80 litros diarios por persona). - Generar riqueza: agricultura, industria, transporte, etc. (unos 3.200 litros diarios por persona). - Actividades recreativas: mantenimiento de instalaciones, etc. Para la mayor parte de estas actividades se necesita agua potable. El agua potable es una pequesima parte del agua terrestre (el 2,5 %).

DESTRUIMOS LA HIDROSFERA. Contaminacin de las aguas: Es cualquier alteracin de las propiedades del agua que puede perjudicar nuestra salud y la de los dems seres vivos. Esta contaminacin se puede producir por vertidos de aguas residuales, vertidos de sustancias qumicas, metales, plsticos, pilas, etc. Agotamiento de las reservas: Si consumimos el agua a un ritmo mayor al de su regeneracin. Modificacin del entorno: Grandes construcciones como presas, embalses o carreteras pueden modificar profundamente el paisaje.

GESTIN DEL AGUA. Agua de calidad para todos: Debemos vigilar la calidad de las aguas y comprometernos en su cuidado: - En ros, lagos, embalses, aguas subterrneas, etc. debemos evitar arrojar sustancias contaminantes y no debemos transformar los cauces naturales. - Ahorro de agua sobre todo en la agricultura, industrias y en los hogares. - Depurar y reutilizar las aguas, para ello debemos depurar el agua de las ciudades antes de verterla sobre ros o mares, o utilizarla para riego o limpieza de las calles. Medidas para gestin sostenible del agua: 1.- Extraccin racional: Es decir coger el agua en pocas de abundancia y almacenarla para las pocas de escasez. 2.- Tratamiento y distribucin: Para que llegue a todos los puntos en cantidad suficiente y en las condiciones adecuadas. 3.- Reduccin del consumo: Por medio de ahorro en agricultura, industria y en nuestros hogares. 4.- Depuracin de las aguas residuales: Para que se puedan reutilizar o ser vertida a la naturaleza sin que peligre la salud de las personas ni de los ecosistemas.

NAME: _________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1 ESO ___ (Bilingual) UNIT: 6.- THE HYDROSPHERE WATER IS AN AMAZING SUBSTANCE. Water: is a very common substance on the Earth and in other places of the Universe. On Earth, it is the only substance that can be found in the three states in a natural way. It is a chemical compound formed by molecules. Each molecule is formed by two atoms of hydrogen and one oxygen atom (H2O). The form and the nature of its molecules give water some astonishing properties: - When the temperature goes down from 4 C to 0 C, water expands (the opposite of the other substances). Therefore, when it freezes (at 0 C), the density diminishes. - Frozen water, having a lower density, floats on liquid water. Thanks to this, in rivers, lakes and seas, fish can live in winter although the surface is frozen. 1.- Copy this information:

2.- Translate the following words: Water: Hydrogen Atom: Expand: Frozen water:

molecule: oxygen: chemical compound: density: frozen surface:

3.- Look at the picture on the right and draw a water molecule

4.- How is the water molecule formed?:

5.- Why does ice float? Answer: Ice floats because frozen water, when having __________ density, _________ on the liquid water.

6.- Why is it important that the ice floats?:

7.- Which is the chemical formula of water: 8.- Complete: The ________ and the ___________ of its molecules give properties: - When the __________________ goes down from ________ to ________, water ____________ (the opposite of the other substances). Therefore, that when it ______________ (at 0 C), the _____________ diminishes. -___________ water, having a lower ____________, _________ on _______________________. Thanks to this, in rivers, lakes and seas, _________ can live in winter although the surface is _____________. 9.- Why is water an amazing substance?

____________ some astonishing

10.- Look at the chart and complete the graphic. Use a red pen for water, a blue pen for iron and a black pen for aluminium.
-5 C Water 1cm3 Iron 1cm3 Aluminium 1cm3 -4 C -3 C -2 C 1.1cm3 1.2cm3 1.3cm3 1.05cm3 1.1cm3 1.15cm3 1.1cm3 1.2cm3 1.3cm3 -1 C 0 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 C 9 C 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1.4cm 1.5cm 1.4cm 1.3cm 1.2cm 1.1cm 1.2cm 1.3cm 1.4cm 1.5cm3 1.6cm3 1.2cm3 1.25cm3 1.3cm3 1.35cm3 1.4cm3 1.45cm3 1.5cm3 1.55cm3 1.6cm3 1.65cm3 1.7cm3 1.4cm3 1.5cm3 1.6cm3 1.7cm3 1.8cm3 1.9cm3 2cm3 2.1cm3 2.2cm3 2.3cm3 2.4cm3

10 C 9 C 8 C 7 C 6 C 5 C 4 C 3 C 2 C 1 C 0 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 1
1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6 1.7 1.8

3

1.9

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

Volume (cm )

NAME: _________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1 ESO ___ (Bilingual) PROPERTIES OF WATER. Water as a solvent: Water is the best known solvent. It dissolves almost everything, except fats. Salinity of water: Water can dissolve mineral salts, the quantity of mineral salts dissolved in water is called salinity. - Fresh water: It is called fresh water if it contains less than 1 % of dissolved salts. - Salt water: It is called salt water if it contains more than 1 % of dissolved salts. Thermal properties of water: Water needs a lot of heat for its temperature to increase, but it also loses heat very slowly (the other substances lose heat more quickly). 1.- Copy this information:

2.- Translate the following words: Solvent: Salinity: Salt water:

fats: fresh water: thermal properties:

3.- Complete: ____________ of water: Water can dissolve ___________________, the quantity of mineral salts dissolved in water is called ______________. _________ water: It is called fresh water if it contains ______than ____ of dissolved salts. _________ water: It is called salted water if it contains ______ than ____ of dissolved salts.

4.- Write down whether the water in the pictures is fresh water or salt water.

5.- What is fresh water? 6.- What is salt water?

7.- If water dissolves these substances write Yes. If water doesnt dissolve these substances write No

8.- What are the differences between the thermal properties of water and the thermal properties of other substances?

9.-Why is water a good solvent?

10.- Look at these pictures. The percentage is the salinity of each glass of water. Write down fresh water or salt water

1.1 % 2.1 %

0.1 %

0.7 %

0.99 %

1.01 %

0.19 %

2.01 %

3.1 %

10.1 %

NAME: _________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1 ESO ___ (Bilingual) THE STATES OF WATER. Water in liquid state: Most of the water on the Earth is in liquid state. There is liquid water in: - Oceans and seas: They are formed by salt water and cover three fourths of the Earths surface. - Continental water: It is generally formed by fresh water. We find it in: rivers, lakes, streams, torrents, lagoons, ponds, wells, underground waters, etc. - The clouds: they are formed by accumulations of very small drops of fresh water. Water in gaseous state: It is a minimum part and it is part of the atmosphere. Water in solid state: Most of the water in its solid state is concentrated in the Polar Regions. The rest is located in very cold areas for example on mountain tops. It is spread this way: - The polar icefields: they are the ice layers that cover the Artic and Antarctic oceans (in the North and South Poles). - The glaciers they are big masses of ice, accumulated on the Earth 1.- Copy this information:

2.- Translate: Liquid state: Gaseous state: Seas: Rivers: Lakes:

solid state: oceans: continental water: torrents: lagoons:

North Pole: Glaciers: underground waters: Icefields: Cloud:

3.- Complete: a) __________ in liquid state: Most of the water of the Earth is in _________________. There is liquid water in: b) ____________ and ___________: they are formed by _____________________ and cover _______________________ of the Earths surface. c) find ______________________ water: It is generally formed by ______________________. We it in: __________, lakes, streams, ____________, ______________, ponds, wells,

_________________ waters, etc.

4.- Match the three columns with arrows Rivers Lakes Oceans Torrents Water vapor Lagoons Glaciers Seas Polar icefields

Solid state:

Fresh water

Gaseous state:

Salt water

Liquid state

5.- How much salt water is there on the Earth?

6.- What are the glaciers?

7.- What are the polar icefields?

8.- Where are the icefields?

9.- Order the water on the Earth from the highest amount to the lowest amount: liquid state, gaseous state, solid state 1.- ________________________ 2.- ________________________ 3.- ________________________

10.- a) Where is the liquid water found?

b) Where is the gaseous water found?

c) Where is the solid water found?

NAME: _________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1 ESO ___ (Bilingual) THE WATER CYCLE. The water cycle: Solar energy and gravity put the water of the Earth in continuous movement. It has three big stages: 1.- The water goes up into the atmosphere: Solar energy heats the water of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, etc. The water evaporates and goes up into the atmosphere. The living beings also transmit water to the atmosphere with their transpiration. 2.- The water returns to the terrestrial surface: When it arrives to the high and cold layers of the troposphere, the water vapor cools down and condenses. Clouds are formed and the wind makes them move. Under certain conditions, the water falls down in the form of rain, snow or hail. 3.- The water circulates through the terrestrial crust: The terrestrial gravity makes the water move down. Torrents, streams, rivers, etc. are formed, until they arrive to lakes, seas or oceans. A part of this water infiltrates and forms the underground waters. 1.- Copy this information (only the text):

2.- Translate the following words: the water Cycle: Gravity: Precipitation: Ground water storage:

water storage in oceans: Evaporation: Infiltration: Surface runoff:

3.- Complete: The water cycle has three big stages: 1.- The water _____________________________________________________________ 2.- The water _____________________________________________________________ 3.- The water _____________________________________________________________

4.- Draw the water cycle and write down the words in English (with a red pen) and in Spanish (with a blue pen):

5.- What does the water cycle put in continuous movement?

6.- How do the living beings transmit water to the atmosphere?

7.- How does the water return to the Earths surface?

8.- How does the water circulate through the terrestrial surface?

9.- What are the underground waters?

10.- The water falls down as: ________________, ___________________ or ___________.

NAME: _________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1 ESO ___ (Bilingual) USES OF WATER. What do we use the water for?: The consumption of water has increased alarmingly. We use it: - To satisfy the basic needs: feeding, hygiene, etc. (about 5 daily liters per person). - To improve our quality of life: to wash, to clean, etc. (about 80 daily liters per person). - To generate wealth: agriculture, industry, transport, etc. (about 3,200 daily liters per person). - For recreational activities: maintenance of facilities, etc. For most of these activities drinkable water is needed. Drinkable water forms a very small part of the terrestrial water (2.5 %). 1.- Copy this information:

2.- Translate: Recreational activities: Maintenance of facilities: Drinkable water: basic necessities:

Consumption: To wash: To clean: Generate wealth:

3.- Write a T if the phrase is true and F if the phrase is false. a) The consumption of water has increased alarmingly. b) We use water to satisfy the basic arithmetic. c) To generate wealth about 100 daily liters per person are used. d) Drinkable water forms a very small part of the terrestrial water. 4.- How many liters of water do we need to satisfy the basic needs?:

5.- Is the terrestrial water drinkable?

WE ARE DESTROYING THE HYDROSPHERE. Water pollution: It is any alteration of the properties of water that can harm our health and the health of other living beings. This pollution can be produced by waste waters, chemical substances, metals, plastics, batteries, etc. . Exhaustion of the reserves: If we consume water faster than it regenerates. Changes of the environment: Big constructions like dams, reservoirs or highways can gravely modify the landscape. 6.- Translate the following words: Water pollution: Exhaustion of the reserves: Batteries:

Chemical substances: Changes of the environment: waste waters:

7.- Complete: Water __________________: It is any alteration of the _______________ of _________ that can harm our _____________ and the hearth of other ___________ __________. This pollution can be produced by __________________, chemical substances, metals, ___________, ____________, etc. 8.- What can change the environment?

9.- When can there be an exhaustion of the reserves?

10.- Write below every picture polluted landscape or non polluted landscape.

NAME: _________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1 ESO ___ (Bilingual) WATER MANAGEMENT. Quality water for all: We should watch over the quality of the water and commit to take care of it: - In rivers, lakes, reservoirs, underground waters, etc. we should avoid putting in polluting substances and we should not transform the natural riverbeds. - Saving water mainly in agriculture, industries and in homes. - To purify and to recycle water, we should purify the water of the cities before draining it into rivers or seas, or use it for watering or cleaning the streets. Measures for sustainable water management: 1.- Rational extraction: That is to say to catch the water in times of abundance and to store it for times of shortage. 2.- Treatment and distribution: So that it arrives to all the points with quantity and in the appropriate condition. 3.- Reduce the consumption: By means of saving in agriculture, industry and in our homes. 4.- Purification of the waste waters: So that it can be reused or drained into nature without endangering peoples health or the ecosystems. 1.- Copy the measures for sustainable water management:

2.- Translate the following words: Quality water: Rational extraction: Riverbed: Ecosystems:

Agriculture, industry and home: Purification of the waste water: Reduce consumption: Sustainable water management:

3.- Complete: Measures for sustainable management ______________: a) _____________________: That is to say to catch the water in times of abundance and to store it for times of shortage. b) _______________________: So that it arrives to all the points with enough quantity and in the appropriate condition. c) ____________________________: By means of saving in agriculture, industry and in our homes. d) ____________________________: So that it can be reused or drained into nature without endangering peoples health or the ecosystems. 4.- How can we reduce consumption?:

5.- Should we purify the waste waters?: Answer: Yes, So that it can be reused __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

6.- How can we have quality water for all?: _____________________________________________, and __________________________________________. ___________________________________

7.- What does rational extraction mean?

8.- Where do we mainly save water?:

9.- When should we purify the water?

10.- Draw a clean landscape and then the same landscape contaminated