Computer Network (150702)

Computer Network
Q: What is a computer network defined as?
A: computer network is the interconnected collection of autonomous computers & they are able to exchange information

"The interconnection of two or more devices or systems through some media (either guided or unguided) in such a way that they share or transfer information with each other is called Computer Network" Computer network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. The physical connection between networked computing devices is established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet. Network devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes.[1] Nodes can include hosts such as servers and personal computers, as well as networking hardware. Two devices are said to be networked when a process in one device is able to exchange information with a process in another device. Computer networks support applications such as access to the World Wide Web, shared use of application and storage servers, printers, and fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications. The remainder of this article discusses local area network technologies and classifies them according to the following characteristics: the physical media used to transmit signals, the communications protocols used to organize network traffic, along with the network's size, its topology and its organizational intent.

Q: Define noise in computer networks?

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Computer Network (150702) A: when data transferring from a place to another place than some un needful elements or factor are enter into that particular data and effect the transfer of data.

How to Build a Computer Network?

The easiest type of computer network to build would be a wireless network. You would simply need to setup a wireless router, then be sure that any devices you want on your network have WiFi capabilities.

How to Network 2 Computers?

There are several ways to network 2 computers. The easiest way would be to setup a wireless network, then make sure both computers have wireless capabilities either built in or via an inexpensive wireless adapter.

Additional Answer
There are a couple of different ways to network two computers. You can hook them to a router or you can hook them directly to each other. Either way you will have to go into my network places and properties and set it them up. Look here for more information:

Six Basic Computer Network Components

Computer networking has become much easier over the years, and it is now possible to set up your own computer network in your home with just a little bit of help. There are multiple components that go into computer networks, but not all of these are needed in every type of network. An understanding of the various components that are available can help you design the right network for your home or business environment.

1. Network Interfaces
Every device on the network has to have a network interface of some design. The network interface is sometimes referred to as a NIC (network interface card) and may be integrated into the computer's motherboard or may be a separate card. The NIC is the component that takes information from the computer and sends it out onto the network wire, or into the air in the case of a wireless network.

2. Hubs
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When you connect multiple computers on a network, they all plug into a central device called a hub. The hub has the job of moving the network signal from one wire to another. In the case of a basic hub, the signal from one computer is sent to all other computers on the hub, and each NIC decides whether to pass the information to the computer or just drop it if it is not the intended recipient .

3. Switches
Switches are really smart hubs in that they are able to build tables that keep up with which computer is on which switch port. With this intelligence, a switch does not transmit all information to all other computers on the switch, just to the destination computer. Switching technology helps to reduce congestion on a network and should be used for networks of 10 or more computers .

4. Routers Routers are really smart switches in that they are aware of other networks, while hubs and switches are only aware of the network they facilitate. Routers are used to connect one local area network (LAN) to another, many times across long distances via commercial data
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carriers. Another way routers are smart is they can dynamically update their routing information, detecting when one route to a network is down, and checking to see if another route is available.

5. Media (Cabling)
Of course, none of these networking devices work well unless they are connected to each other, and that is done with various media. The most ubiquitous media is commonly called Ethernet cabling, which is actually one of several categories of unshielded twisted pair (UTP) wiring. The higher the cable rating -- i.e., Cat5, Cat6, Cat7 -- the higher the bandwidth the cable can support. In addition, there is fiber optic cable, which is more expensive and uses laser or LED light rather than electrical pulses. Wireless has become popular in homes due to the ease and low expense of setting up a network. The "media" for a wireless network is the air, through which the wireless NICs transmit radio signals that carry information.

6. Software
Software is the intelligence that causes all of the components to function together. The most popular network software today uses what is known as the TCP/IP protocol suite, or stack. The suite is constructed from actual layers of software, where each has its own function. While the seven-layer OSI model -Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation and Application -is the starting point for network stacks, the Internet model has four layers -- Link, Internet, Transport and Application -- that combine several of the seven OSI layers into the other layers. These layers play by the same set of rules so heterogeneous computer systems can communicate with each other, regardless of differences in hardware or operating systems

Introduction to Network Cables

Despite advances in wireless technologies, many computer networks in the 21st century continue utilizing cables as a physical medium for devices to transfer VIMAT/BE/CE/Enrollment no. 110940107011

Computer Network (150702) data. Several different types of network cables exist, each designed for specific purposes.

Network Cables and Cabling

While wireless may be the wave of the future, most computer networks today still utilize cables.

TYPES OF CABLES Patch Cables

A patch cable connects two network devices. Network patch cables are typically CAT5 or CAT5e Ethernet cables linking a computer to a nearby hub, switch or router.

RJ-45 Connectors and Cables

RJ45 is a standard type of connector for network cables such as those used in Ethernet networks. RJ45 connectors feature eight pins to which cables interface electrically.

Coaxial Cables
First invented in the 1880s, "coax" was best known as the kind of cable that connected television sets to home antennas. Coaxial cable is also a standard for 10 Mbps Ethernet cables. When 10 Mbps Ethernet was most popular, during the 1980s and early 1990s, networks typically utilized one of two kinds of coax cable - thinnet (10BASE2 standard) or thicknet(10BASE5). These cables consist of an inner copper wire of varying thickness surrounded by insulation and other shielding. Their stiffness caused network administrators difficulty in installing and maintaining thinnet and thicknet.

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Twisted Pair Cables

Twisted pair eventually emerged during the 1990s as the leading cabling standard for Ethernet, starting with 10 Mbps (10BASE-T, also known as Category 3 or Cat3), later followed by improved versions for 100 Mbps (100BASE-TX, Cat5 and Cat5e) and successively higher speeds up to 10 Gbps (10GBASE-T). Ethernet twisted pair cables contain up to 8 wires wound together in pairs to minimize electromagnetic interference. Two primary types of twisted pair cable industry standards are defined Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP). Modern Ethernet cables use UTP wiring due to its lower cost, while STP cabling can be found in some other types of networks such as FDDI.

Fiber Optics
Instead of insulated metal wires transmitting electrical signals, fiber optic network cables work using strands of glass and pulses of light. These network cables are bendable despite being made of glass. They have proven especially useful in wide area network (WANs) installations where long distance underground or outdoor cable runs are required and also in office buildings where a high volume of communication traffic is common. Two primary types of fiber optic cable industry standards are defined singlemode (100BaseBX standard) and multimode (100BaseSX standard). Longdistance telecommunications networks more commonly use single-mode for its VIMAT/BE/CE/Enrollment no. 110940107011

Computer Network (150702) relatively higher bandwidth capacity, while local networks typically use multimode instead due to its lower cost.

USB Cables
Most Universal Serial Bus (USB) cables connect a computer with a peripheral device (keyboard or mouse) rather than to another computer for networking. However, special adapters (sometimes called dongles also allow connecting an Ethernet cable to a USB port indirectly. USB cables feature twisted-pair wiring.

Serial and Parallel Cables

Because many PCs in the 1980s and early 1990s lacked Ethernet capability, and USB had not been developed yet, serial and parallel interfaces that are obsolete on modern computers were sometimes used for PC-to-PC networking. Socalled null model cables, for example, connected the serial ports of two PCs enabling data transfers at speeds between 0.115 and 0.45 Mbps.

Crossover Cables

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Computer Network (150702) Null modem cables are one example of the category of crossover cables. A crossover cable joins two network devices of the same type, such as two PCs or two network switches. The use of Ethernet crossover cables was especially common on older home networks years ago when connecting two PCs directly together. Externally, Ethernet crossover cables appear nearly identical to ordinary (sometimes also called straight-through), the only visible difference being the order of color-coded wires appearing on the cable's end connector. Manufacturers typically applied special distinguishing marks to their crossover cables for this reason. Nowadays, though, most home networks utilize routers that have built-in crossover capability, eliminating the need for these special cables.

Other Types of Network Cables

Some networking professionals use the term patch cable to refer to any kind of straight-through network cable being used for a temporary purpose. Coax, twisted pair and fiber optic types of patch cables all exist. They do not differ in physical characteristics from other types of network cables except that they tend to be a shorter length.

Types of Computer Networking

Computer networking is usually classified by the topology used. Star, Bus, Ring are some topology types. Bus topology is commonly used. When one computer needs to talk to another, they do so through a vehicle known as a network. The network is responsible for taking data sent by one computer and passing it along a predefined route to another computer. Depending on where the computers are and what sort of reliability is required, different networks are used in various environments. VIMAT/BE/CE/Enrollment no. 110940107011

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Personal Area Networks

The personal area network, commonly known as a PAN, refers to an individual computer's network of peripherals. Devices that are in immediate access to your computer, such as a printer or IP telephone, are commonly said to exist within a PAN.

Local Area Networks

The local area network (LAN) is designed for working in a small regional space. An example of a LAN is a home with two or more computers connected to a single router. These computers share network resources and can communicate with one another through the connecting device. Wireless access points are an example of a LAN connector, as are hubs and switches. LANs are ideal for fast transfer of data, as the short distance enables above-average data rates

Campus Area Networks

The campus area network (CAN) is similar to a local area network; however, it contains a great deal more router complexity in order to link buildings and establish different network classifications. A university might deploy a CAN by having an administrative network with access to important records, such as grades and bills, linked across 20 buildings. It could then establish a second class of network over the same 20 buildings for students, requiring different login policies while disabling access machines containing sensitive information.

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Metropolitan Area Networks

A metropolitan area networks, also known as a MAN, links a much larger geographical region than a CAN, LAN or PAM. These networks typically span the entirety of a city and are commonly used by public utilities companies and state services to maintain a private network that covers all regional boundaries.

Wide Area Networks

The wide area network (WAN) is the type of network most users are intimately familiar with. These large networks require complex forwarding and addressing schemes because they must transmit data across wide geographic regions. The most famous WAN is the Internet, requiring vast numbers of routers and switches to forward data based upon Internet Protocol addresses. While these networks are of great benefit to wide-reaching communications, they are typically not as reliable or as fast as smaller networks

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Advantages of Network
Speed
. Sharing and transferring files within Networks are very rapid. Thus saving time, while maintaining the integrity of the file.

Cost
. Individually licensed copies of many popular software programs can be costly. Networkable versions are available at considerable savings. Shared programs, on a network allows for easier upgrading of the program on one single file server, instead of upgrading individual workstations.

Security
Sensitive files and programs on a network are passwords protected (established for specific directories to restrict access to authorized users) or designated as "copy inhibit," so that you do not have to worry about illegal copying of programs.

Centralized Software Management

. Software can be loaded on one computer (the file server) eliminating that need to spend time and energy installing updates and tracking files on independent computers throughout the building.

Resource Sharing.
Resources such as, printers, fax machines and modems can be shared.

Disadvantages of Network
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Computer Network (150702) Server faults stop applications being available Network faults can cause loss of data. Network fault could lead to loss of resources User work dependent upon network System open to hackers Decisions tend to become centralised

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