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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Engineering Mathematics I
(10 MAT11)
LECTURE NOTES
(FOR I SEMESTER B E OF VTU)
VTU-EDUSAT Programme-15
Dr. V. Lokesha Professor and Head DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECNOLOGY Soldevanahalli, Bangalore 90
10 MAT11 1
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
10 MAT11 2
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
UNIT - I
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS I Introduction:
The mathematical study of change like motion, growth or decay is calculus. The Rate of change of given function is derivative or differential. The concept of derivative is essential in day to day life. Also applicable in Engineering, Science, Economics, Medicine etc.
Successive Differentiation:
Let y = f (x) --(1) be a real valued function. dy The first order derivative of y denoted by or y or y1 or 1 dx 2 The Second order derivative of y denoted by d yor y or y2 or 2 dx 2 Similarly differentiating the function (1) n-times, successively, dny th the n order derivative of y exists denoted by n or yn or yn or n dx The process of finding 2nd and higher order derivatives is known as Successive Differentiation.
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
10 MAT11 4
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
10 MAT11 5
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
10 MAT11 6
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
10 MAT11 7
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Leibnitzs Theorem :
It provides a useful formula for computing the nth derivative of a product of two functions. Statement : If u and v are any two functions of x with un and vn as their nth derivative. Then the nth derivative of uv is
1.
Find the nth derivations of eax cos(bx + c) Solution: y1 = eax b sin (bx +c) + a eax cos (b x + c), by product rule. .i.e, y1 = eax [a cos (bx + c ) b sin (bx + c )] Let us put a = r cos , and b = r sin .
a 2 + b 2 = r 2 and tan = b / a
.ie., r = a 2 + b 2 and = tan-1 (b/a) Now, y1 = e ax [r cos cos(bx + c) r sin sin( bx + c)] Ie., y1 = r eax cos ( + bx + c ) where we have used the formula cos A cos B sin A sin B = cos (A + B) Differentiating again and simplifying as before, y2 = r2 eax cos (2 + bx + c ) . Similarly y3 = r3 e ax cos (3 + bx + c ) . Thus y n = r n e ax cos(n + bx + c ) Where r = a 2 + b 2 and = tan-1 (b/a). Thus Dn [eax cos (b x + c)] = ( a 2 + b 2 ) n e ax cos n tan 1 (b / a ) + bx + c
]]
10 MAT11 8
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
4x2 + 8x + 3
y=
Thus y = Ie., y =
yn =
Ie.,
10 MAT11 9
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
ie., y = =
e2x 2
{ (
)}
{( 5 ) e
n
2x
sin n tan 1 (1 2 ) + x +
1
] ( 13 ) e
n
2x
sin n tan 1 (3 2 ) + 3x
]}
yn =
e2x 4
{( 5 ) sin[n tan
n
(1 2) + x ]+ (
13 sin n tan 1 (3 2) + 3x
n
) [
]}
5. Find the nth derivative of e2x cos 3x Solution : Let y=e2x cos3 x = e 2x. Ie.,
yn = yn = 1 (3 cos x + cos 3x) 4
y=
n 1 3 5 e 2 x cos n tan 1 (1 2 ) + x + 4
{( )
] ( 13 ) e
n
2x
cos n tan 1 (3 2 ) + 3 x
]}
Thus y n =
{( )
] ( )
]}
10 MAT11 10
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
x2 (2x + 1)(2x + 3)
numerator being 2 is equal to the degree of the denominator. Hence we must divide and rewrite the fraction.
y=
4x 2 x2 1 = for convenience. . 4 x 2 + 8x + 3 4 4 x 2 + 8x + 3
4x
4x2 +8x +3
4 x 2 + 8x + 3 8x 3
Ie., y =
y=
1 8x 3 1+ 2 4 4 x + 8x + 3
1 1 8x + 3 2 4 4 4 x + 8x + 3 1 8x + 3 yn = 0 Dn 2 4 4 x + 8x + 3
8x + 3 A B = + (2x + 1)(2x + 3) 2x + 1 2x + 3
................(1)
Multiplying by (2x + 1) (2x + 3) we have, 8x + 3 = A (2x + 3) + B (2x + 1) By setting 2x + 1 = 0, 2x + 3 = 0 we get x = -1/2, x = -3/2. Put x = -1/2 in (1): -1 -1 + A (2) A = -1/2 Put x = -3/2 in (1): -9 = B (-2) B = 9/2
1 1 1 9 n 1 y n = D n + D 4 2 2 x + 1 2 2x + 3
10 MAT11 11
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1 9 + n +1 n +1 (2x + 3) (2x + 1)
x4 ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
x4 is an improper fraction. ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
15 x 14 yn = Dn (x2-3x+7)-Dn 2 x + 3x + 2
15 x + 14 Hence yn = -Dn ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
Now, let Dn
A B 15 x + 14 = + 2 x + 3x + 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
1 1 + 16 D n Yn = D n x + 2 x + 1
10 MAT11 12
Engineering Mathematics I
= (1) n n ! 1n (1) n n ! 1n 16 ( x + 1) n +1 ( x + 2) n +1
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1 16 yn = (1) n n ! n> 2 n +1 ( x + 2) n +1 ( x + 1)
8. Show that
d n log x (1) n n! 1 1 1 = log x 1 n n +1 2 3 n dx x x
Solution : Let y =
We have Leibnitz theorem, (uv)n = uvn + nC1 u1v n 1 + nC2 u 2 v n 2 + .... + u n v Now, u = log x (1)
(1) n1 (n 1)! un = xn
( 1) n n! 1 v = vn = x n+1 x
Using these in (1) by taking appropriate values for n we get,
(1) n n! 1 (1) n1 (n 1)! log x Dn = = log x.. n +1 + n . x x xn x
Ie.. = log x
1 1 = 1; (1) 2 = =1 1 (1) 2
10 MAT11 13
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
9. If yn= Dn (xn logx) Prove that yn = n yn-1+(n-1)! and hence deduce that
1 1 1 yn = n log x + 1 + + + .... + 2 3 n
..
1 1 1 y n = n! log x + 1 + + + ... + n 2 3
10. If y = a cos (log x) + b sin ( log x), show that x2y2 + xy1 + y = 0. Then apply Leibnitz theorem to differentiate this result n times. or If y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x ), show that x2yn + 2 + (2n+l)xyn + l+(n2+1)yn = 0. [July-03] 10 MAT11 14
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
y1 = -a sin (log x)
(we avoid quotient rule to find y2) . => xy1 = - a sin (log x) + b cos (log x) Differentiating again w.r.t x we have, xy2 + 1 y1 = - a cos (log x) + b sin ( log x) or
1 x
x2y2+xy1+y = 0
Now we have to differentiate this result n times. ie., Dn (x2y2) + Dn (xy1) + Dn (y) = 0 We have to employ Leibnitz theoreom for the first two terms. Hence we have,
2 n n(n 1) n 1 . 2 . D n2 ( y 2 ) ) x . D ( y 2 ) + n. 2 x. D ( y 2 ) + 1. 2
{x. D
( y1 ) + n. 1 . D n 1 ( y1 ) + y n = 0
ie., {x2yn + 2 + 2n x yn + 1 + n (n 1)yn} + {xyn+1+nyn}+yn = 0 ie., x2yn + 2 + 2n x yn + 1 + n2yn - nyn + xyn+1+nyn+yn = 0 ie., x2yn + 2 + (2n+l)xy n+l + (n2+l)yn = 0
11. If cos-1 (y/b ) = log (x/n)n, then show that x2yn + 2 + (2n+l) xy n+l + 2n2yn = 0 Solution :By data, cos-1 (y/b) = n log (x/n) log(am) = m log a =>
y = cos [n log (x/n )] b
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1 1 (x / n ) n
or xy1 = - n b sin [n log (x/n )] Differentiating w.r.t x again we get, xy2 + 1. y1 = - n . b cos [ n log (x/n )] n
1 1 . ( x / n) n
or x (xy2+y1) = n2b cos [n log (x/n) ] =-n2y, by using (1). or x2y2 +xyl + n2y = 0 Differentiating each term n times we have, D(x2y2) + Dn(xy1) + n2Dn (y) = 0 Applying Leibnitz theorem to the product terms we have,
2 n(n 1) . 2 . yn x y n + 2 + n. 2 x. y n +1 + 1. 2 2 + {xy n +1 + n. 1 . y n }+ n y n = 0
ie x2yn+2 + 2 x yn+1 + n2yn + xy n+1+ nyn + n2yn=0 or x2 yn+2 + (2n + l) xyn+1 + 2n2yn = 0 12. If y = sin( log (x2 + 2 x + 1)), or If sin-1 y = 2 log (x + 1), show that (x+l)2yn + 2 + (2n+1)(x+1)yn+l + (n2 + 4)yn = 0 Solution : By data y = sin log (x2 + 2 x + 1 ) [Feb-03]
1 2x + 2 ( x + 1) 2
1 2 (x + 1) x + 2x +1
2
10 MAT11 16
Engineering Mathematics I (x+1)y2 + 1 y1 = -2 sin log (x2 + 2x + 1) or (x + 1)2y2 + (x+1) y1 = -4y or (x+l )2y2 + (x+l) y1 + 4y = 0 , Differentiating each term n times we have, Dn [(x + 1)2y2] +Dn [(x+ 1)y1] + Dn [y] = 0 Applying Leibnitz theorem to the product terms we have,
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1 . 2( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2
13. If = log x + 1 + x 2 prove that (1 + x2) yn+2 + (2n + 1) xyn+1 + n2yn = 0 >> By data, y = log x + 1 + x 2
y1 =
1 1 + . 2 x 2 2 ( x + 1+ x ) 2 1+ x 1
Ie., y1 or
1 ( x + 1+ x )
2
1+ x2 + x 1+ x
2
1 1+ x2
1 + x 2 y1 = 1
1 + x 2 y2 +
1 2 1+ x 2 )
.2 x. y1 = 0
or (1+x2)y2 + xy1 = 0 Now Dn [(l+x2)y2] + Dn[xy1] = 0 Applying Leibnitz theorem to each term we get, 10 MAT11 17
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
n(n 1) 2 .2 . y n (1 + x ) y n+ 2 + n. 2 x . y n+1 + 1 .2
+ [x . yn + 1+n .1 yn] = 0 Ie., (1 + x2) yn +2 + 2 n x yn + 1 + n2yn nyn + xyn+l+ nyn = 0 or (l+x2)yn + 2 + (2n + l)xyn+1+n2yn = 0 14. If x = sin t and y = cos mt, prove that (l-x2)yn + 2-(2n+1)xyn+l + (m2-n2)yn = 0. Solution : By data x = sin t and y = cos mt x = sin t => t = sin-1 x and y = cos mt becomes y = cos [ m sin-1x) Differentiating w.r.t.x we get y1 = - sin (m sin-1x)
m
[Feb-04]
1 x2
(2 x ) y1 = m cos (m sin 1 x ).
1 x2
or (1 -x2)y2-xyl = -m2y or (1 -x2)y2 xy1 +m2y = 0 Thus (1-x2)yn+2-(2n+1)xyn+1+(m2-n2)yn=0 15. If x = tan ( log y), find the value of (l+x2)yn+1 + (2nx-l) yn+n(n-1)yn-1 [July-04] Solution : By data x = tan(log y) => tan-1 x = log y or y = etan-1 x Since the desired relation involves yn+1, yn and yn-1 we can find y1 and differentiate n times the result associated with y1 and y. Consider y = e tan or (1 +x2)y1 = y Differentiating n times we have 10 MAT11 18
1
y. = e tan
1 1+ x2
Engineering Mathematics I Dn[(l+x2)y1]=Dn[y] Anplying Leibnitz theorem onto L.H.S, we have, {(l+x2)Dn(y1) + n .2x .Dn-1 (y1)
+ n( n 1) .2 .D n 2 ( y1 )} = y n 1 .2
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
10 MAT11 19
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
A function f (x) is defined in the interval I, then it is said to be continuous at a point x = a f ( x) = f (a) if lim xa f ( x + h) f (a) = f '(a) exists a I A function f (x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if lim h0 h
Ex : Consider a function f (x) is defined in the interval [-1,1] by f (x) =
x x = x 1 x 0 0 x 1
It is continuous at x = 0 But not differentiable at x = 0 Note : If a function f (x) is differentiable then it is continuous, but converse need not be true. Geometrically : (1) If f (x) is Continuous at x =a means, f (x) has no breaks or jumps at the point x = a Ex :
1 f (x) = x 1 x 0 0 < x 1
Is discontinuous at x=0 (2) If f (x) is differentiable at x = a means, the graph of f (x) has a unique tangent at the point or graph is smooth at x = a 1. Give the definitions of Continuity & Differentiability: Solution: A function f (x) is said to be continuous at x = a, if corresponding to an arbitrary positive number , however small, their exists another positive number such that. f (x) f (a) < , where x - a < It is clear from the above definition that a function f (x) is continuous at a point a. If (i) it exists at x = a (ii) Lt f (x) = f (a)
xa
i.e, limiting value of the function at x = a is to the value of the function at x = a 10 MAT11 20
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Differentiability: A function f (x) is said to be differentiable in the interval (a, b), if it is differentiable at every point in the interval. In Case [a,b] the function should posses derivatives at every point and at the end points a & b i.e., Rf1 (a) and Lf1 (a) exists. 2. State Rolles Theorem with Geometric Interpretation. Statement: Let f (x) be a function is defined on [a,b] & it satisfies the following Conditions. (i) (ii) f (x) is continuous in [a,b] f (x) is differentiable in (a,b)
(iii) f (a) = f (b) Then there exists at least a point C (a,b), Here a < b such that f1 ( c ) = 0 Proof: Geometrical Interpretation of Rolles Theorem: Y y = f (x) P A f(a) Q S f(a) x=a x=c x=b f(b) R B A B
O x =a c1 c2 c3 c4 x = b
Let us consider the graph of the function y = f (x) in xy plane. A (a,.f(a)) and B (b, f( b ) ) be the two points in the curve f (x) and a, b are the corresponding end points of A & B respectively. Now, explained the conditions of Rolles theorem as follows. (i) (ii) f (x) is continuous function in [a,b], Because from figure without breaks or jumps in between A & B on y = f (x). f (x) is a differentiable in (a,b), that means let us joining the points A & B, we get a line AB.
Slope of the line AB = 0 then a point C at P and also the tangent at P (or Q or R or S) is Parallel to x axis. Slope of the tangent at P (or Q or R or S) to be Zero even the curve y = f (x) decreases or increases, i.e., f (x) is Constant. 10 MAT11 21
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
f1 (x) = 0 f1 (c) = 0 (iii) The Slope of the line AB is equal to Zero, i.e., the line AB is parallel to x axis. f (a) = f (b) 3. Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = x2 4x + 8 in the internal [1,3] Solution: We know that every Poly nominal is continuous and differentiable for all points and hence f (x) is continuous and differentiable in the internal [1,3]. Also f (1) = 1 4 + 8 = 5, f (3) = 32 43 + 8 = 5 Hence f (1) = f (3) Thus f (x) satisfies all the conditions of the Rolles Theorem. Now f1 (x) = 2x 4 and f1 (x) = 0 2x 4 = 0 or x = 2. Clearly 1 < 2 < 3. Hence there exists 2t (1,3) such that f1 (2) = 0. This shows that Rolles Theorem holds good for the given function f (x) in the given interval. 4. Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = x (x + 3) e Solution: Differentiating the given function W.r.t x we get
x 1 x f 1 ( x) = ( x 2 + 3 x) e 2 + (2 x + 3)e 2 2 1 x = ( x 2 x 6) e 2 2 1 f (x) exists (i.e finite) for all x and hence continuous for all x.
Also f (-3) = 0, f (0) = 0 so that f (-3) = f (0) so that f (-3) = f (0). Thus f (x) satisfies all the conditions of the Rolles Theorem. Now, f1 (x) = 0
1 x ( x 2 x 6) e 2 = 0 2 Solving this equation we get x = 3 or x = -2
Clearly 3 < -2 < 0. Hence there exists 2 (-3,0) such that f1 (-2) = 0 This proves that Rolles Theorem is true for the given function.
10 MAT11 22
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
5.
Solution: Let f (x) = Sin x Clearly Sinx is continuous for all x. Also f1 (x) = Cos x exists for all x in (-, ) and f (-) = Sin (-) = 0; f () = Sin () = 0 so that f (-) = f () Thus f (x) satisfies all the conditions of the Rolles Theorem . Now f1 (x) = 0 Cos x = 0 so that X=
f (x) being a linear function is continuous for all x in [-1, 1]. f(x) is differentiable for all x in (1,1) except at x = 0. Therefore Rolles Theorem does not hold good for the function f (x) in [-1,1]. Graph of this function is shown in figure. From which we observe that we cannot draw a tangent to the curve at any point in (-1,1) parallel to the x axis. Y y = x
-1
10 MAT11 23
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Exercise: 7. Verify Rolles Theorem for the following functions in the given intervals. a) x2 6x + 8 in [2,4] b) (x a)3 (x b)3 in [a,b]
x 2 + ab c) log in [a,b] ( a + b) x 8. Find whether Rolles Theorem is applicable to the following functions. Justify your answer.
a) f (x) = x 1 in [0,2] b) f (x) = tan x in [0, ] . 9. State & prove Lagranges (1st) Mean Value Theorem with Geometric meaning. Statement: Let f (x) be a function of x such that (i) If is continuous in [a,b] (ii) If is differentiable in (a,b) Then there exists atleast a point (or value) C (a,b) such that. f (b) f (a ) f 1 (c ) = ba i.e., f (b) = f (a) + (b a) f1 (c) Proof:
y [b,f(b)] [a,f(a)] x a c b
10 MAT11 24
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Define a function g (x) so that g (x) = f (x) Ax ---------- (1) Where A is a Constant to be determined. So that g (a) = g (b) Now, g (a) = f (a) Aa G (b) = f (b) Ab g (a) = g (b) f (a) Aa = f (b) Ab.
f (b) f ( a ) ---------------- (2) ba Now, g (x) is continuous in [a,b] as rhs of (1) is continuous in [a,b] G(x) is differentiable in (a,b) as r.h.s of (1) is differentiable in (a,b).
i.e., A =
Further g (a) = g (b), because of the choice oif A. Thus g (x) satisfies the conditions of the Rolles Theorem. These exists a value x = c sothat a < c < b at which g1 ( c ) = 0 Differentiate (1) W.r.t x we get g1 (x) = f 1 (x) A g1 ( c ) = f1 ( c )- A ( x =c) f 1 ( c ) - A = 0 (g1 ( c ) = 0) f1 ( c ) = A -------------- (3)
Corollary: Put b a = h i.e., b = a + h and c = a + h Where 0 < < 1 Substituting in f (b) = f (a) + (b a) f1 ( c ) f (a + h) = f (a) + h f (a + h), where 0 < < 1. 10 MAT11 25
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Geometrical Interpretation:Since y = f (x) is continuous in [a,b], it has a graph as shown in the figure below, At x = a, y = f (a) At x = b, y = f (b)
Y A C
Y P A Q x
X 0 Figure (ii)
c Figure (i)
Slope of the line joining the points A (a,f(a)) and B ( (b,f (b)) Is
f (b) f (b) ba
( Slope = m = tan )
= tan Where is the angle mode by the line AB with x axis = Slope of the tangent at x = c = f1 ( c ), where a < c < b Geometrically, it means that there exists at least are value of x = c, where a < c < b at which the tangent will be parallel to the line joining the end points at x = a & x = b. Note: These can be more than are value at which the tangents are parallel to the line joining points A & B (from Fig (ii)).
10 MAT11 26
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
10. Verify Lagranges Mean value theorem for f(x) = (x 1) (x 2) (x 3) in [0,4]. Solution: Clearly given function is continuous in [0,4] and differentiable in (0,4), because f (x) is in polynomial. f (x) = (x 1) (x 2) (x 3) f (x) = x3 6x2 + 11x 6 and f (0) = 03 6(0)2 + 11 (0) 6 = -6 f(4) = 43 6 (4)2 + 11 (4) 6 = 6 Differentiate f (x) W.r.t x, we get F1 (x) = 3x2 6x + 11 Let x = c, f1 ( c) = 3c2 6c + 11 By Lagranges Mean value theorem, we have
Engineering Mathematics I
Loge Log1 1 1 1 = = e 1 c e 1 c C=e1
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1<e- <2<e Since e (2,3) So that c = e 1 lies between 1 & e Hence the Theorem. 12. Find for f (x) = Lx2 + mx + n by Lagranges Mean Value theorem. Solution: f (x) = Lx2 + mx + n f1 (x) = 2 Lx + m We have f (a + h) = f (a) + hf1 (a + h) Or f (a + h) f (a) = hf1 (a + h) i.e., { (a + h)2 + m (a + h) + n} { a2 + ma + n} = h {2 (a + h) + m} Comparing the Co-efficient of h2, we get 1 = 2 Exercise: 13. 14. =
1 (0,1) 2
15.
Verify the Lagranges Mean Value theorem for f (x) = Sin2x in 0, 2 ba ba Prove that, < tan-1 b tan-1 a < if 0 < a < b and reduce that 2 1+ b 1+ a2 3 4 1 + < tan 1 < + 4 25 3 4 6 2 Sinx Show that < < 1 in 0, x 2
ba
ba
10 MAT11 28
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
17. State & prove Cauchys Mean Value Theorem with Geometric meaning. Proof: The ratio of the increments of two functions called Cauchys Theorem. Statement: Let g (x) and f (x) be two functions of x such that, (i) Both f (x) and g (x) are continuous in [a,b] (ii) Both f (x) and g (x) are differentiable in (a,b) (iii) g1 (x) 0 for any x (a,b) These three exists at least are value x = c (a,b) at which
So that (a) = (b) and A is a Constant to be determined. Now, (a) = f (a) A g (a) (b) = f (b) A. g (b) f (a) A g (a) = f (b) A. g (b) f (b) f (b) -------------------- (2) A= g (b) g (a ) Now, is continuous in [a,b] as r.h.s of (1) is continuous in [a,b] and (x) is differentiable in (a,b) as r.h.s of (1) is differentiable in [a,b]. Also (a) = (b) Hence all the conditions of Rolles Theorem are satisfied then there exists a value x = c (a,b) such that 1 ( c ) = 0. Now, Differentiating (1) W.r.t x, we get 1 (x) = f1 (x) A.g1 (x) at x = c (a,b) 10 MAT11 29
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1 ( c ) = f1 ( c ) A g1 (c) 0 = f1 ( c) A g1 ( c ) A= ( g1 (x) 0)
f 1 (c ) --------------- (3) g 1 (c ) Substituting (3) in (2), we get f 1 (c) f (b) f (a) , where a < c < b = g 1 (c) g (b) g (a ) Hence the proof.
18. Verify Cauchys Mean Value Theorem for the function f (x) = x2 + 3, g (x) = x3 + 1 in [1,3] Solution: Here f (x) = x2 + 3, g (x) = x3 + 1 Both f (x) and g (x) are Polynomial in x. Hence they are continuous and differentiable for all x and in particular in [1,3] Now, f1 (x) = 2x, g1 (x) = 3x2 Also g 1 (x) 0 for all x (1,3)
Hence f (x) and g (x) satisfy all the conditions of the cauchys mean value theorem. Therefore f (3) f (1) f 1 (c) , for some c : 1 < c < 3 = g (3) g (1) g 1 (c)
i.e.,
12 4 26 = 28 2 3c 2 2 1 13 1 = C = =2 13 3c 6 6 1 lies between 1 and 3. 6
i.e.,
Clearly C = 2
10 MAT11 30
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
19. Verify Cauchys Mean Value Theorem for the functions f (x) Sin x, g (x) = Cos x in 0, 2
Solution: Here f (x) = Sin x, g (x) = Cos x so that f1 (x) = Cos x ,g1 (x) = - Sinx
Clearly both f (x) and g (x) are continuous in 0, , and differentiable in 0, 2 2
C=
, clearly C =
Thus Cauchys Theorem is verified. Exercises: 20. Find C by Cauchys Mean Value Theorem for a) f (x) = ex, g (x) = e-x in [0,1] b) f (x) = x2, g (x) = x in [2,3] 21. Verify Cauchys Mean Value theorem for
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Generalized Mean Value Theorem: 22. State Taylors Theorem and hence obtain Maclaurins expansion (series)
Statement: If f (x) and its first (n 1) derivatives are continuous in [a,b] and its nth derivative exists in (a,b) then
( x a) n n f [a + (x a) } n
f (x) = S n (x) + R n (x)
( x a) n n f [a + (x a) ] is called the Largranges form of the Remainder. n! xn n Where a = 0, R n (x) = f (x), 0 < < 1 n! Taylors and Maclaurins Series:
Where R n (x) = We have f (x) = Sn (x) + Rn (x)
Lim[ f ( x ) S n ( x )] = Lim Rn ( x )
n n
This implies that f (x) can be expressed as an infinite series. i.e., f (x) = f (a) + (x a) f 1 (a) + This is called Taylors Series.
( x a) 2 11 f (a) + ---------- to 2!
10 MAT11 32
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Putting a = 0, in the above series, we get ( x) 2 11 F (x) = f (0) + x f 1 (0) + f (0) + --------- to 2! This is called Maclaurins Series. This can also denoted as ( x) 2 ( x) n Y = y (0) + x y 1 (0) + y 2 (0) + -------- + y n (0) ---------- to 2! n! Where y = f (x), y1 = f 1 (x), -------------- y n = f n (x) 23. By using Taylors Theorem expand the function e x in ascending powers of (x 1) Solution: The Taylors Theorem for the function f (x) is ascending powers of (x a) is ( x a ) 2 11 f (x) = f (a) + (x a) f 1 (a) + f (a) + ------------ (1) 2 Here f (x) = e x and a = 1 f 1 (x) = e x f 1 (a) = e f 11 (x) = e x f 11 (a) = e
24. By using Taylors Theorem expand log sinx in ascending powers of (x 3) Solution: f (x) = Log Sin x, a = 3 and f (3) = log sin3 Now f 1 (x) =
Cosx = Cotx, f 1 (3) = Cot3 Sinx
f 11 (x) = - Cosec 2x, f 11 (3) = - Cosec 23 f 111 (x) = - 2Cosecx (-Cosecx Cotx) = 2Cosec 3x Cotx
f 111 (3) = 2Cosec 33 Cot3 f (x) = f (a) + (x a) f 1 (a) + ( x a) 2 11 ( x a)3 111 f (a) + f (a) + -----------2! 3!
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Expand Sinx is ascending powers of x 2 1 Express tan x in powers of (x 1) up to the term containing (x 1) 3
h 2 h3 e x + h = e x 1 + h + + + 2! 3!
Problems on Maclaurins Expansion: 28. Expand the log (1 + x) as a power series by using Maclaurins theorem.
Solution: Here f (x) = log (1 + x), Hence f (0) = log 1 = 0 We know that
f n ( x) =
dn d n 1 1 { } + = log( 1 x ) dx n dx n 1 1 + x
n = 1,2,---------
(1) n 1 (n 1)! = , (1 + n) n
Hence f n (0) = (-1) n-1 (n 1) !
f 1 (0) = 1, f 11 (0) = -1, f 111 (0) = 3!, f 1v (0) = - 3! Substituting these values in
log (1+x) = 0 + x . 1 +
x2 x3 x4 (-1) + 2! + - 3! + --------------4! 2! 3!
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
29. Expand tan 1 x by using Macluarins Theorem up to the term containing x 5 Solution: let y = tan 1 x, Hence y (0) = 0 1 We find that y 1 = which gives y 1 (0) = 1 1+ x2 Further y 1 (1 + x 2) = 1, Differentiating we get Y 1 . 2x + (1 + x 2) y 2 = 0 (or) (1 + x2) y 2 + 2xy 1 = 0 Hence y 2 (0) = 0 Taking n th derivative an both sides by using Leibnizs Theorem, we get n( n 1) (1 + x 2) y n + 2 + n . 2xy n +1 + . 2. y n + 2xy n 1 + n.2.y n = 0 1 .2 i.e., (1 + x 2) y n + 2 + 2 (n +1) x y n + 1 + n (n + 1) y n = 0 Substituting x = 0, we get, y n + 2 (0) = -n (n + 1) y n (0) For n = 1, we get y 3 (0) = - 2y 1 (0) = - 2 For n = 2, we get y 4 (0) = - 2 .3.y 2 (0) = 0 For n = 3, we get y 5 (0) = - 3.4.y 3 (0) = 24 Using the formula x2 x3 y 2 (0) + y 3 (0) + --------Y = y (0) + x y 1 (0) + 2! 3! x3 x5 We get tan 1 x = x + - ------------3 5 Exercise: Using Maclaurins Theorem prove the following: x2 5x 4 a) Secx = 1 + + + -------2! 4! x 3 3x 5 b) Sin 1 x = x + + + -------------6 40 x3 c) e x Cos x = 1 + x + --------------3 d) Expand e ax Cos bx by Maclaurins Theorem as far as the term containing x 3 30.
10 MAT11 35
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
(ii) (iii)
Exercise : Verify the Lagranges Mean Value Theorem for 1 (i) f ( x ) = x ( x 1)( x 2) in 0, 2 (ii)
f ( x) = Tan 1x in [ 0,1]
1 1 in ,1 x 4
1 in [ a, b] x
(ii) (iii)
f ( x) =
1 x
2
and g ( x) =
10 MAT11 36
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Lim
xa
f ( x) f ( x) Lim = xa g ( x) Lim g ( x)
xa
f ( x) 0 Which do not have any definite value, such an expression is called = x a g ( x) 0 indeterminate form. The other indeterminate forms are ,0 , , 00, 0 and 1 Lim
1. State & prove L Hospitals Theorem (rule) for Indeterminate Forms. LHospital rule is applicable when the given expression is of the form Statement: Let f (x) and g (x) be two functions such that (1) Lim f ( x ) = 0 and Lim g ( x ) = 0
xa xa
0 or 0
1 x f ( x) 0 g Proof: Now Lim , which takes the indeterminate form . Hence applying the = Lim x a g ( x) xa 1 0 f ( x) L Hospitals theorem, we get
10 MAT11 37
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
g 1 ( x)
If Lim
xa
f ( x) 0and then g ( x)
g 1 ( x) f ( x) 1 = Lim 1 Lim xa f ( x) xa g ( x)
i.e Lim
xa
If Lim
xa
2. Evaluate Lim
xa
Lim
x a
log Sinx xa Cotx log Sinx log Sin0 log 0 Solution: Lim = form = = xa Cotx Cot 0
3. Evaluate Lim
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
= Lim
xa
Lim
xa
tan x x
1 x
b) Lim(1 + x)
x 0
a x 1 c) Lim x x
d ) Lim
x0
xn an xa
4.
0 or form 0
f ( x) 0 Let Lim[ f ( x).g ( x)] = Lim = form xa xa 1 g ( x) 0 g ( x) Or Lim[ f ( x).g ( x)] = Lim form = xa xa 1 f ( x) L Hospitals rule can be applied in either case to get the limit.
Suppose Lim f ( x) = and Lim g ( x) = in this case Lim[ f ( x).g ( x)] = form, reduce
xa xa xa
0 this or form and then apply LHospitals rule to get the limit 0
10 MAT11 39
Engineering Mathematics I
1 log(1 + x) Evaluate Lim x 0 x x2
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
5.
1 log(1 + x) Solution: Given Lim = - form x 0 x x2 x log(1 + x 0 Required limit = Lim = form x 0 x2 0
= Lim
x 0
6.
= Lim
x 0
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
0 0 = =0 20 2
= Lim
x 0
2 SinxCosx =0 1
= Lim
x 1
2 x = x Sin . 2 2
10 MAT11 41
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Exercise: 2 Evaluate
9.
Solution: At x = a, [ f ( x)]
xa
In all these cases the following method is adopted to evaluate Let L = Lim [ f ( x)]
xa g ( x)
Lim [ f ( x)]
xa
g ( x)
so that
Reducing this to L = ea
10 MAT11 42
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
LogL = Lim
x0
( )
= Lim
x 0
L=0
11. Evaluate Lim( x)
x 1 1 1 x
1 x 1
is 1 form
1 = Lim x = Lim = 1 x 1 1 x 1 x
10 MAT11 43
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Log L = -1 L = e 1 =
1 e
1 x2
1 form
) 0 form
0
LogL =
Log L =
L = e
10 MAT11 44
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
x b) Lim 2 xa a
x tan 2a
(1 + x) x e c) Lim x0 x
d) Lim(Cosax)
x 0
x2
(i ) lim
e x e x 2 log(1 + x) x 0 x sin x
1 + sin x cos x + log(1 x ) x 0 x tan 2 x
(ii ) lim
log(1 + x3 ) x 0 sin 3 x
log sin x ( x )2 2
(iii ) lim
(iv) lim
x
(vii ) lim
2
1
(i ) lim(cos ax) x
x 0
10 MAT11 45
Engineering Mathematics I
1 2 log(1 x )
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
(iii ) lim(1 x )
x 1
1 x2
(v ) lim(sin x ) tan x
x 0
cot x
tan 2 x
ax + 1 x (ix) lim( ) x ax 1
Evaluate the following limits.
b
ax + bx + cx x ( x) lim x 0 3
(i ) lim(cos ax) x
x 0
(iii ) lim(1 x )
x 1
1 2 log(1 x )
(v ) lim(sin x ) tan x
x 0
cot x
tan 2 x
ax + 1 x (ix) lim( ) x ax 1
ax + bx + cx x ( x) lim x 0 3
10 MAT11 46
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Polar Curves
If we traverse in a hill section where the road is not straight, we often see caution boards hairpin bend ahead, sharp bend ahead etc. This gives an indication of the difference in the amount of bending of a road at various points which is the curvature at various points. In this chapter we discuss about the curvature, radius of curvature etc. Consider a point P in the xy-Plane. r = length of OP= radial distance = Polar angle ( r, ) Polar co-ordinates Let r = f () be the polar curve
r = x2 + y2 , = tan1 y
( x)
(1)
x = r Cos y = r Sin Relation (1) enables us to find the polar co-ordinates ( r, ) when the Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y) are known. Expression for arc length in Cartesian form. Proof: Let P (x,y) and Q (x + x, Y + y) be two neighboring points on the graph of the function y = f (x). So that they are at length S and S + s measured from a fixed point A on the curve. Y = f (x) Q T (Tangent)
s
A
From figure,
PQ = S ,
AP = S TPR = and PR =x, RQ = y
10 MAT11 47
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Arc PQ = S
From le PQR, we have [Chord PQ]2 = PR2 + QR2 [Chord PQ]2 = (x)2 + (y)2 ( from figure) When Q is very close to point P, the length of arc PQ is equal to the length of Chord PQ. i.e arc PQ = Chord PQ = s
ds dy i.e., = 1 + dx dx ds dy = 1+ dx dx
2
--------------(2)
dx ds = 1+ ------------(3) dy dy
10 MAT11 48
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
ds ds & dy dx Trace a tangent to the curve at the point P, it makes an angle with the x axis. From le PRT, we have
Expressions for tan =
dy dx
Tangent A P
T R P
T R
O
ds = 1 + tan 2 dx = Sec 2 = sec
Derive an expression for arc length in parametric form. Solution: Let the equation of the curve in Parametric from be x = f (t) and y = g (t). We have, 10 MAT11 49
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
by (t)2, we get
x y s = + t t t
2 2 2
ds dx dy = + dt dt dt
(Or)
ds = dt
dx dy + dt dt
------------ (4)
Derive an expression for arc length in Cartesian form. Solution: Let P (r,) and Q (r + r, + ) be two neighboring points on the graph of the function r = f (). So that they are at lengths S and s + s from a fixed point A on the curve.
PQ = (S + s) s = s
Draw PN OQ From le OPN, Q N r + r P Tangent
r X
10 MAT11 50
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
PN = Sin OP
i.e.,
and
i.e
When Q is very close to P, the length of arc PQ as equal to s, where s as the length of chord PQ. In le PQN, (PQ)2 = (PN)2 + (QN)2 but PN = r sin (Sin ) And QN = OQ ON = (r + r) r Cos = r + r r ( Cos 1)
QN = r
And (PQ)2 = (PN)2 + (QN)201 (S)2 + (r)2 + (r)2 ---------------- (5)
by ()2 we get
S r 2 = r + When Q P along the curve 0 as S 0 and r 0
2 2
10 MAT11 51
Engineering Mathematics I
S r Lim = r 2 + Lim 0 0
2 2
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
ds dr 2 i.e = r + d d ds dr i.e., = r2 + d d
2
--------------- (6)
d ds i.e = r 2 +1 dr dr
2 2
ds = dr
d r +1 dr
2 2
--------------- (7)
i.e.,
Sin d =r Cos dr
d ds . ds dr
=r
r d Sin ds = dr Cos ds
Sin = r
d dr and Cos = ds ds
10 MAT11 52
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1 + sinh 2 x
ds = Cosh dx
( c) =
Cosh 2 x
( c)
x c
i.e
dx x = Cosech dy c
ds = 1 + Co sec h 2 x c dy
( )
10 MAT11 53
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
i.e.,
We know that
ds dy = 1+ dx dx
2
3x 2 + 1 = 2ay
= 1+
9ay 2 x 9x3 x = 1 + 4a 2 y 2 4a 2 y 2
and
2
2
9x ds = 1+ dx 4a
dx ds 2ay = 1+ 2 = 1+ dy 3x dy ds 4a 2 y 2 = 1 + dy 9x 4
3. y = log cos x Solution . y= log cos x
2 4a 2 = 1 + 9 x
(x3 = ay2)
i.e.,
dy = - tan x dx
and 1 =
dx 1 (- Sin x) dy Cosx
10 MAT11 54
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
dx dx (Or) = - Cot x dy dy
ds dy = 1+ dx dx
dx ds and = 1+ dy dy
&
ds = 1 + tan 2 x dx
ds = dy
1 + Cot 2 x
Sec 2 x
ds = (1 + Cot 2 x) 2 dy
1
ds = Sec x and dx
Find
), y = a Sin t
Solution of 1 Given x = a (Cos t + t Sin t), y = a (Sin t t Cos t ) Differentiating x & y W.r.t t, we get
dx = a (-Sin t + Sin t + t Cos t) dt dx = a t cos t dt
and
dy = at Sin t dt ds dx dy = + dt dt dt
2 2
10 MAT11 55
Engineering Mathematics I =
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
a 2 t 2 Cos 2 t + a 2 t 2 Sin 2 t
ds = at dt
We have
ds dx dy = + dt dt dt
= = =
t t
tan2t
b2
(Sec2t a2
1) + t+
Sec2
ds dx dy = + dt dt dt
= a Cot t
10 MAT11 56
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Hence
2 2 ds dr = r 2 + d d 1 1
)}
1 2
a (1 Cos ) = 1 + a 2 Sin 2
2 2
1 2
10 MAT11 57
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
1
2011
{2(1 Cos )}
Sin
1 2
1 ds = dr Cos
Solution of 2
a 2 Sin2 dr = r d
Hence
2 2 ds 2 dr = r + d d 1
a 2 Sin 2 = r 2 + r
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
2 r = 1 + r 2 2 a Sin 2
r4 = 1 + 4 2 a Sin 2
Hence
2 2 ds 2 dr = r + d d 1
{a2
e2Cot
a2
e2Cot
1
cot2
1 2
=a =a
eCot eCot
{1 +
Cot2} 2
1
{Cosce2} 2 10 MAT11 59
Engineering Mathematics I
ds = a eCot Cosce d
2 ds 2 d and = 1 + r dr dr 1 2
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1 = 1 + a 2 e 2Cot 2 2CotCot 2 a e
= {1 + tan2 }
1
1 2
Find
d and ds
dr = Cos = (1 Sin2) ds
2 1 2
p = 1 2 Since P = r Sin . r
dr = ds
r 2 p2 r
10 MAT11 60
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
ds = dr
r r p2
2
r+r
r O P R
P(x,y) OR = P X Sin =
OR p = OP r
P = r Sin
d Prove that with usual notations tan = r dr
Let PL be the tangent to the curve at P subtending an angle with the positive direction of the initial line (x axis) and be the angle between the radius vector OP and the tangent PL. That is O P L = From the figure we have 10 MAT11 61
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
= +
(Recall from geometry that an exterior angle is equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles)
tan = tan ( + )
or tan
(1)
Let (x, y) be the Cartesian coordinates of P so that we have, X = r cos , y = r sin Since r is a function of , we can as well regard these as parametric equations in terms of . We also know from the geometrical meaning of the derivative that
tan = dy = slope of the tangent PL dx dy d dx d
ie., tan =
(2)
10 MAT11 62
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1 dr 1 1 = 2+ 4 2 r d r p
or
1 1 du = u 2 + where u = 2 r p d
Proof :
Let O be the pole and OL be the initial line. Let P (r, ) be any point on the curve and hence we have OP = r and L O P = Draw ON = p (say) perpendicular from the pole on the tangent at P and let be the angle made by the radius vector with the tangent. From the figure O N P = 90 L O P = Now from the right angled triangle ONP
sin = ON OP P r or p = r sin
ie., sin =
(1) (2)
Engineering Mathematics I
1 1 1 = 2 . 2 p r sin 2 1 1 = 2 cosec 2 2 p r
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
ie.,
Or
1 1 = 1 + cot 2 2 2 p r
1 1 = 2 2 p r
Or
1 1 + 2 r
dr d
1 1 1 = 2 + 4 2 r r p
1 =u r
dr d
(3)
Further, let
1 dr 1 dr du du 2 = 4 = , by squaring r d r d d d
Thus (3) now becomes
1 du = u2 + 2 p d
(4)
Solution : r = a (1 + cos )
log r = log a + log (1 + cos )
Differentiating these w.r.t. we get
1 dr - sin = 0 + r d 1 + cos
: :
: :
1 dr sin = 0 + r d 1 cos
cot 1 =
cot 2 =
cot 2 = cot ( /2 )
2 = /2
10 MAT11 64
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
angle of intersection = 1 - 2 = /2 + /2 - /2 = /2
Hence the curves intersect orthogonally. 2. S.T. the curves
r = a (1 + sin ) & r = a (1 - sin )
Solution :
log r = log a + log (1 + sin ) : log r = log a + log (1 sin ) Differentiating these w.r.t we get
1 dr cos = r d 1 + sin 1 dr - cos = r d 1 sin cot 2 = - cos 1 sin
: :
ie.,
cot 1 =
cos 1 + sin
We have tan 1 =
3.
Find the angle of intersection of the curves: r = sin + cos , r = 2 sin Solution : log r = log (sin + cos ) : r = 2 sin log r = log 2 + log (sin )
log r = log (sin + cos ) :
1 dr cos = r d sin
ie.,
cot 1 =
cot 2 = cot 2 =
10 MAT11 65
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
4. Find the angle of the curves: r = a log and r = a/ log Solution : r = a log : r = a/ log : log r = log a - log (log )
log r = log a + log (log )
1 dr 1 = r d log .
ie.,
: :
cot 1 =
1 log
......(1)
a log
( log e = 1)
5. Find the angle of intersection of the curves: r = a (1 cos ) and r = 2a cos Solution : r = a (1 cos ) Taking logarithms we have, Log r = log a + log (1 cos ) : log r = log 2a + log (cos ) 10 MAT11 66 Differentiating these w.r.t , we get,
r = 2a cos
Engineering Mathematics I
sin 1 dr = r d 1 - cos
Dr. V. Lokesha :
1 dr - sin = r d cos
2011
ie., cot 1 =
: :
1 2 = /2 - /2 -
= / 2 + 2
(1)
Substituting this value in (1) we get, The angle of intersection / 2 + 1/2 . cos -1 (1/3) 6. Find the angle of intersection of the curves :
r = a and r = a /
Solution : r = a : :
r=a/
log r = log a - log
: : :
1 1 dr = r d cot 2 = 1
ie., or
cot 1 =
tan 1 =
tan 2 = -
10 MAT11 67
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
cot =
(1) (2)
We have to eliminate from (1) and (2) (1) can be put in form r . 2 sin 2 ( / 2 ) = 2a ie., r sin 2 (/2 ) = a But p/-r = sin (/2), from (2)
p2 2 r r 2 = a or p = ar
Thus p2 = ar is the required pedal equation. 8. Find the pedal equation of the curve: r2 = a2 sec 2 Solution : r2 = a2 sec 2
Engineering Mathematics I Consider p = r sin p = r sin ( /2 - 2 ) ie., p = r cos 2 Now we have, r 2 = a 2 sec 2
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
(1) (2)
p = r cos 2
From (2) p/r = cos 2 or r/p = sec 2 Substituting in (1) we get,
r 2 = a 2 (r/p )
or pr = a2
Thus pr = a2 is the required pedal equation. 9. Find the pedal equation of the curve: rn = an cos n Solution : rn = an cos n
n log r = n log a + log (cos n )
Consider p = r sin
p = r sin ( /2 = n ) ie., p = r cos n
(1) (2)
p = r cos n
(1) as a consequenc e of (2) is r n = a n (p/r )
Thus rn + 1 = pan is the required pedal equation. 10. Find the pedal equation of the curve: rm = am (cos m + sin m) Solution : rm = am (cos m + sin m) Differentiating w.r.t , we get,
m dr - m sin m + m cos m = cos m + sin m r d
ie.,
cot = cot ( /4 + m ) = /4 + m
10 MAT11 69
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
(we have used the formula of sin (A + B) and also the values sin (/4 ) = cos (/4 ) = 1/ 2 Now we have, r m = a m (cos m + sin m )
p= r (cos m + sin m ) 2
(1) (2)
Thus r m + 1 = 2 a m p is the required pedal equation. 11. Establish the pedal equation of the curve:
Consider p = r sin Since cannot be found, squaring and taking the reciprocal we get,
1 1 1 1 = 2 cosec 2 or 2 = 2 1 + cot 2 2 p r p r
1 1 2= 2 p r
( (
) )
10 MAT11 70
Engineering Mathematics I
1 1 ie., 2 = 2 p r
1 1 ie., 2 = 2 p r
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
) (
)
2
or
p2 a 2 n + b2 n
( ) )= r
2 n+2
12. Define Curvature and Radius of curvature Solution: A Curve Cuts at every point on it. Which is determined by the tangent drawn.
y = f (x)
Tangent
P (x,y)
X O Let P be a point on the curve y= f (x) at the length s from a fixed point A on it. Let the tangent at P makes are angle with positive direction of x axis. As the point P moves along curve, both s and vary. d as called the Curvature of the curve at P. The rate of change w.r.t s, i.e., ds The reciprocal of the Curvature at P is called the radius of curvature at P and is denoted by .
ds 1 = d d ds
10 MAT11 71
Engineering Mathematics I
1 d ds (or) = d ds 1 Also denoted = K K is read it as Kappa. =
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
K =
d ds
13. Derive an expression for radius of curvature in Cartesian form. Solution :(1) Cartesian Form: Y = f (x) A S P T dy
O X
P dx R
Let y = f (x) be the curve in Cartesian form. dy We know that, tan = (From Figure) ----------- (1) dx Where is the angle made by the tangent at P with x axis. Differentiating (1) W.r.t x, we get
10 MAT11 72
Engineering Mathematics I
2 2 dy + 1 dx 3
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
dy 2 2 1 + dx = 2 d y dx 2 = ( 1+ y1 2 )3/2 (1) y2 d2y dy Where y1 = , y2 = dx dx 2 This is the formula for Radius of Curvature in Cartesian Form. 14. Show that the Curvature of a Circle at any point on it, is a Constant
Tangent O r PP P
Solution: Consider a Circle of radius r. Let A be a fixed point and P be a given point on the circle such that arc AP = S. Let the angle between the tangent to the Circle at A and P be . Then clearly AOP = .
AP = r i.e., S = r This is the intrinsic equation of the circle. Differentiating w.r.t S we get
d d 1 Or K = = ds ds r 1 K = which is Constant r
1=r
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
15. Derive an expression for radius of curvature in parametric form. Solution: We have = (1 + y 12 )3/2 y2 Let x =f (t), y = g (t) be the curve in Parametric Form. dy Y dy dt Then y1 = = = dx dx dt X d2y d dy d Y d Y Y2 = = = dx dx dx dx 2 X dt X d Y 1 d Y 1 = . . dt X dx dt X X dt xy yx 1 = (x )2 ( X )
x Substituting Y1 and Y2 in equation 1.
dt dx
Y2 =
X y yx
3
(1 + Y ) =
2 1
y2
, we get
3
-------------------- (2) xy yx Equation (2) is called the Radius of Curvature in Parametric Form.
[(x) + ( y ) ] =
2 2
1+ Y 2 x = xy yx (x )3
3
( ( )
10 MAT11 74
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
16. Derive an expression for radius of curvature in polar form. Solution: Let r = f () be the curve in the Polar Form. We know that, Angle between the tangent and radius vector, Tan = r
d dr
= r.
1 dr d
i.e., tan =
(dr d )
dr dr d 2r . r 2 d Sec2 . = d d 2 d d dr d
2 dr d 2r 2 d 1 d r d = 2 2 d Sec dr d
2 dr d 2r 2 r 1 d d = 2 2 1 + tan dr d 2 dr d 2r r 1 d 2 d = 2 r2 dr 1+ 2 dr d d 2 d 2r dr r 2 d d d = 2 d dr 2 +r d
) (
Engineering Mathematics I
d d =1+ d d
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
d 2r dr r d d d 2 =1+ 2 d dr 2 +r d d 2r dr r 2 + 2 r d d 2 d = 2 d dr 2 +r d
2 2 ds dr Also we know that = r 2 + d d 1 2
Now, =
ds ds d = . d d d
2 1 2
dr 2 +r 2 dr d = r 2 + . 2 d dr d 2r r 2 + 2 r d 2 d
+ r12 ) 2 = 2 ----------- (3) r + 2r12 rr2
2 3
(r
d 2r dr Where r1 = , r2 = d d 2
Equation (3) as called the radius of curvature in Polar form. 17. Derive an expression for radius of curvature in pedal form. Solution: Let p = r Sin be the curve in Polar Form. We have p = r Sin Differentiating p W.r.t r, we get
dp d = Sin + r Cos dr dr
10 MAT11 76
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
But Sin = r
d dr , Cos = ds ds
d dr d dp =r +r dr ds ds dr d d dr + . ds dr ds d d +r ds ds d ( + ) ds d ds d dp =r dr ds
=r
=r
=r
=r
1 dp = r. dr
1 d = ds
= r
dr dp
--------------- (4)
Equation (4) is called Radius of Curvature of the Curve in Polar Form. 18. Find the radius of curvature at (x, y) for the curve ay2 = x3. Solution: Given ay2 = x3 -------- (1) is in Cartesian form. We have, Radius of curvature in Cartesian form.
(1 + y ) =
2 1
y2
------------ (2)
10 MAT11 77
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
a 2y
dy dy 3 x2 = 3x 2 = y1 = = dx dx 2 ay
3x 2 x3 2a a
1 2
3 x 2 a
y1 =
3 x 2 a
y2 =
3 1 3 d2y = = 2 dx 2 a 2 x 4 a x
x (4a + 9 x ) 6a
x 19. Find the radius of curvature at (x,y) for the curve y = c log Sec c x Solution: Given y = c log Sec -------- (1) c Differentiating (1) w.r.t x, we get
x 1 . = tan c c
x c
(1 + y ) Substitute y1 and y2 in =
2 1
y2
= cSec x
( c)
10 MAT11 78
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
20. Find the radius of curvature at the point t on the curve x = a (t + Sint), y = a (1 Cost). Solution: Given Curves are in Parametric Form
x = - a Sint,
y = a Cost
(a (1 + Cost )
}=
a 2.2Cos 2 t 2Cos t
2
} 2
8a.Cos 3 t 2Cos t
2
= 4aCos t
( 2 )}, y = a Sint at t.
( 2 )}, y = a Sin t
dx 1 1 2 t = a S int + .Sec . 2 dt 2 tan t 2 1 } =a { -sint + 2 sin t / 2 cos t / 2 1 =a { -sint + } 2 sin t / 2 = a { (1-sin 2t) / sint }
dx = a Cos2t / sint dt
10 MAT11 79
Engineering Mathematics I
and dy = aCost dx aCost = tant a cos t cos t / sin t
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
dy dy / dt = = dx dx / dt
dy = tan t dx Differentiating W.r.t x we get dt d2y 1 1 = Sec 2 t = Sec 2 t = Sec 2 t. 2 2 dx dx dx aCos t S int dt d2y 1 = = Sec 4 tS int 2 a dx
, we get
(1 + tan t ) =
2
a a x + y = a at , 4 4
x+ y= a
-------------- (1)
1 2 x
1 dy =0 2 y dx
y dy = = dx x
i.e., y1 =
a x x
) (From (1))
y1 = 1
a x
----------- (2)
10 MAT11 80
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
d2y a 1 3 = a x 2 = 3 2 dx 2 2x 2
-------------- (3)
( )
Substitute y1 and y2 in
(1 + y ) =
2 1
(1 + (1) ) =
2
y2
2 2 a 2 2a a = = = 4 4 2
a 2
23. Show that for the Cardioids r = a (1 + Cos), 2 / r 2 is a constant
Solution: r = a (1 + Cos)
dr = - a Sin d
We have,
1 1 1 dr = 2 + 4 , is Pedal Equation. 2 P r r d
2
1 1 + 4 a2Sin2 2 r r
2a 2 (1 + Cos ) = r4
10 MAT11 81
Engineering Mathematics I
2011
1 2a 2 = P2 r4
r a
1 2a = 3 2 r P
P2 =
r3 2a
dr 4ap = dp 3r 2
Now,
=r
dr 4ap = dp 3r
And
2
r2
1 16a 2 p 2 16a 2 r 3 8a . = = r 9r 2 9r 3 2a 9
1 1 1 r2 = + P 2 a 2 b 2 a 2b 2
24.
Solution: Given
1 1 1 r2 = + P 2 a 2 b 2 a 2b 2
dr 2 1 = 2 2 2r 3 dp P a b dr a 2 b 2 = 3 dp p r
dr a 2b 2 a 2b 2 = r. = r. 3 = 3 dp pr p
10 MAT11 82
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1 1 1 1 2 + 1 = 1 + = 2 P2 r 2 2 r 2 P =
P=
2 +1
r
2 +1
r. a
a.r
dr 1 dr /r r.a 2 dp dp / a2 + r2 2 2 2 a +r
2 r 2a 2 a +r = a +r .a a2 + r 2
a2 + r 2 = (a 2 + r 2 ). a r 2 a dr dp a2 + r 2
dr dp
10 MAT11 83
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
(a (a
+ r 2 ) a2 + r 2 = a3 + r2 ) a3
3 2
dr dp
dr r. a 2 + r 2 Thus, = r. = dp a3 3 r = 3 (a 2 + r 2 ) 2 a
dr dp
Exercises:
(1) Find the Radius of the Curvature at the point (s, ) on S = a log tan + 4 2
(2) Find the Radius of the Curvature of xy = C2 at (x,y) (3) Find the Radius of the Curvature of xy3 = a4 at (a,a) (4) Find the Radius of Curvature at the point on x = C Sin 2 (1 + Cos 2), y = C Cos 2 (1 Cos 2) (5) If 1 and 2 are the radii of curvature at the extremities of any chord of the cardiode 16a 2 2 2 r = a (1 + Cos) which posses through the Pole prove that 1 + 2 = 9
10 MAT11 84
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION Introduction :Partial differential equations abound in all branches of science and engineering and many areas of business. The number of applications is endless. Partial derivatives have many important uses in math and science. We shall see that a partial derivative is not much more or less than a particular sort of directional derivative. The only trick is to have a reliable way of specifying directions ... so most of this note is concerned with formalizing the idea of direction So far, we had been dealing with functions of a single independent variable. We will now consider functions which depend on more than one independent variable; Such functions are called functions of several variables.
Geometrical Meaning
Suppose the graph of z = f (x,y) is the surface shown. Consider the partial derivative of f with respect to x at a point (x0, y0). Holding y constant and varying x, we trace out a curve that is the intersection of the surface with the vertical plane y = y0. The partial derivative fx(x0,y0). measures the change in z per unit increase in x along this curve. That is, fx(x0, y0) is just the slope of the curve at (x0, y0). The geometrical interpretation of fy(x0, y0). is analogous.
10 MAT11 85
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Real-World Applications: Rates of Change: In the Java applet we saw how the concept of partial derivative could be applied geometrically to find the slope of the surface in the x and y directions. In the following two examples we present partial derivatives as rates of change. Specifically we explore an application to a temperature function ( this example does have a geometric aspect in terms of the physical model itself) and a second application to electrical circuits, where no geometry is involved. I. Temperature on a Metal Plate The screen capture below shows a current website illustrating thermal flow for chemical engineering. Our first application will deal with a similar flat plate where temperature varies with position. * The example following the picture below is taken from the current text in SM221,223: Multivariable Calculus by James Stewart.
10 MAT11 86
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Suppose we have a flat metal plate where the temperature at a point (x,y) varies according to position. In particular, let the temperature at a point (x,y) be given by,
T ( x, y ) = 60 /1 + x 2 + y 2
where T is measured in oC and x and y in meters. Question: what is the rate of change of temperature with respect to distance at the point (2,1) in (a) the x-direction? and (b) in the y-direction ? Let's take (a) first. What is the rate of change of temperature with respect to distance at the point (2,1) in (a) the x-direction? What observations and translations can we make here? Rate of change of temperature indicates that we will be computing a type of derivative. Since the temperature function is defined on two variables we will be computing a partial derivative. Since the question asks for the rate of change in the x-direction, we will be holding y constant. Thus, our question now becomes: What is dT dxat the point (2,1)?
T ( x, y ) = 60 /1 + x 2 + y 2 = 60(1 + x 2 + y 2 ) 1 T T x x = 60(2 x)(1 + x 2 + y 2 ) 2 (2,1) = 60(4)(1 + 4 + 1) 2 = 20 3
Conclusion : The rate of change of temperature in the x-direction at (2,1) is 20 3 degrees per meter; note this means that the temperature is decreasing !
10 MAT11 87
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Part (b): The rate of change of temperature in the y-direction at (2,1) is computed in a similar manner.
T ( x, y ) = 60 /1 + x 2 + y 2 = 60(1 + x 2 + y 2 ) 1 T T x x = 60(2 y )(1 + x 2 + y 2 ) 2 (2,1) = 60(2)(1 + 4 + 1) 2 = 10 3
(a) Even though no geometry is involved in this example, the rate of change questions can be answered with partial derivatives. we first note that I is a function of E and R, namely, I(E,R) = ER-1
10 MAT11 88
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
The rate of change of current with respect to voltage = the partial derivative of I with respect to voltage, holding resistance constant is
I E = R 1
when E=120 and R=15 , we have I E = 15 1 0.0667 verbal conclusion : If the resistance is fixed at 15 ohms, the current is increasing with respect to voltage at the rate of 0.0667 amperes per volt when the EMF is 120 volts. Part (b): What is the rate of change of current with respect to Using similar observations to part (a) we conclude: The partial derivative of I with respect to resistance, holding voltage constant = I E = ER 1 when E=120 and R=15 , we have I E (120,15) = 120(15)1 0.5333 Conclusion : If the EMF is fixed at 120 volts, the current is decreasing with respect to resistance at the rate of 0.5333 amperes per ohm when the resistance is 15 ohms. resistance?
10 MAT11 89
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
u u -a = 2 ab u y x
ie.,
(1)
Also
ie.,
(2)
Now b
= 2 abu Thus b 2.
u u - a = 2 abu x y
u u =a = 2abu x y
Or Next, Or
u = a e ax + by . f (ax - by ) + a u x
(1)
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
} {
u u +a = 2a bu x y
The given u is a symmetric function of x, y, z, (It is enough if we compute only one of the required partial derivative)
1 u 1 x . 2x = 2 = . 2 2 2 x 2 x + y + z x + y2 + z 2
2 u u x = = 2 2 2 2 x x x x + y + z x
(x ie.,
+ y2 + z2 1 - x . 2 x
(x
+ y2 + z2
(x
y2 + z2 x2
2
+ y2 + z2
2u y2 + z2 x2 = 2 x 2 x2 + y2 + z2
(1)
Similarly
2u z2 + x 2 y2 = 2 y 2 x2 + y2 + z2
(2)
2u x 2 + y2 z 2 = 2 z 2 x2 + y2 + z2
(3)
x2 + y2 + z2 2u 2u 2u 1 + + = = 2 2 2 2 2 x y z x + y2 + z 2 x2 + y2 + z2
2u 2u 2u Thus x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
10 MAT11 91
Engineering Mathematics I 4. If u = log (tan x + tan y + tan z), show that, sin 2x ux + sin 2y uy + sin 2z uz = 2
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
sin 2 x u x =
Or
Similarly sin 2 y u y =
sin 2 z u y =
5.
(2)
(3)
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
u u u 3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx + + = x y z x 3 + y3 + z 3 3xyz
)
)
We have,
u u u 3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx + + = x y z ( x + y + z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx
Thus
u u u 3 + + = x y z x + y + z
2
Further x + y + z u
= x + y + z = x + y + z = x + y + z =
=
3 3 3 + + x x + y + z y x + y + z z x + y + z
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
(x + y + z)
( x + y + z )2
Thus
-9 x + y + z u = ( x + y + z )2
10 MAT11 93
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
6.
Solution :Observing the required partial derivative we conclude that u must be a function of x, y. But
u = f( r) by data and hence we need to have r as a function of x, y. Since x = r cos , y = r sin we have x2 + y2 = r2.
we have u = f (r ) where r = x 2 + y2
2 u f (r ) 2 2 f (r ) = 3 r - x + 2 . x 2 and 2 x r r
f (r ) 2 2 u f (r ) 2 2 = + r y .y y 2 r3 r2
2 u 2 u f (r ) f (r ) + = 3 2x2 - x2 + y2 + 2 x2 + y2 2 2 x y r r
)}
f (r ) 2 f (r ) 2 1 . r + 2 . r = f (r ) + f (r ) r r3 r
Thus 7.
2u 2u 1 + 2 = f (r ) + f (r ) 2 r x y
Prove that x
u u +y = nu x y
(1)
ie.,
(2)
Also
u 1 = x n . g ( y/x ) . y x
10 MAT11 94
2011
Now consider x
] [
= n . x n g ( y/x )
x
8.
u u +y = n u ; x u x + yu y = n u x y
2u 2u 2 y = n (n - 1) u + x x y x 2
Prove that x 2
u u +y =nu x y
(1)
(2)
Also, x
2u 2u u u =n + y 2 +1 . y x y y y
(3)
x2
u 2u 2u u x x y and =nx + + 2 x xy x x
2u u u 2u + y2 2 + y = ny y x y y y
xy
2u 2u = we get, y x y x
10 MAT11 95
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
2 2 2u u u 2u u u 2 u x + 2 y y y n y + + = + + x x x 2 2 x xy y y y x x
ie., x 2
2 2u 2u 2 u + 2 y + y + n u = n (n u ), by using (1) x xy x 2 y 2
ie., x 2 u xx + 2 x y u xy + y 2 u yy = n (n - 1) u 9. If u =
u=
u u u =nu +y +z z x y
u u u =0 +y +z z x y
ie., eu = x3 g (y/x) eu is homogeneous of degree 3 n = 3 Now applying Eulers theorem for the homogeneous function eu 10 MAT11 96
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
We have x ie., x e u
eu eu +y = n eu x y
( )
( )
u u + y eu = 3e u x y u u +y =3 x y
tan u =
ie., tan u = x2/g (y/x) tan u is homogeneous of degree 2. Applying Eulers theorem for the function tan u we have,
ie., x sec 2 u or
xu x + yu y = sin 2u
(ii)
10 MAT11 97
Engineering Mathematics I
xy u yx + y 2 u yy + y u y = 2 cos 2 u. yu y
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
(since sin 2 = 2 cos sin , first term in the R.H.S becomes sin 4u) Thus x2uxx + 2 x y uxy + y2 uyy = sin 4 u sin 2u 12.
x y z u u u If u = f y, z, x Prove that x x + y y + z z = 0
>> here we need to convert the given function u into a composite function. Let u = f (p, q, r ) where p =
x y z ,q= ,r = x y z
ie.,
u u p u q u r = + + x p x q x r x
1 u u u u z . . 0+ .- = + y r x 2 x p q
u x u z u = x y p x r
(1)
y z
u y u x u = y z q y p u z u y u = z x r z q u u u =0 +y +z z x y
(2) (3)
10 MAT11 98
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
u u u + + =0 x y z
ie.,
u u p u q u r = + + x p x q x r x u u u u (- 1) = .1+ .0 + x p q r u u u = x p r
(1)
u u u = y q p u u u = z r q
Adding (1), (2) and (3) we get,
(2) (3)
u u u + + x y z
=0
14.
ie., and or
z z x z y z x z y = ; + + r x r y r x y z z z = cos + sin r x y
(1)
1 z z z sin + = cos = r x y
squaring and adding (1), (2) and collecting suitable terms have, 10 MAT11 99
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2
2011
1 z + 2 r r
2
z z 2 2 = cos + sin x
15.
z z z z y = x y u v
ie.,
( )
(1) (2)
z z - v z = -e + - e-v v x y
Consider R.H.S =
( )
( )
z z z u z - u e + e-v e ev = .x. y x y x y
Thus 16. Find
z z z z =x y y u y x
Solution :
u x (u , v, w ) v The definition of J = = x (x , y, z ) w x
u y v y w y
u z v z w z
But
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Expanding by the first row, J = 2x {(x + z) (y + x)} -2y {(y + z) (y + x)} +2z {(y + z) (x + z)} = 2x (z-y) 2y(z-x) + 2z(y-x) = 2(xz xy yz + xy + yz xz) = 0 Thus J = 0 17. If u =
(u , v, w ) zx xy yz ,v= ,w= , show that =4 y x z (x , y, z )
Solution :
by data u =
zx xy yz ,v= ,w= y x z
(u , v, w ) = (x , y, z )
u x v x w x
u y v y w y
u yz z x2 v z = z y w y z z
z x zx y2 x z
y x x y xy z2
yz x2
zx xy x x y y2 z2 z
-
z z zx y x y z x y zx 2 + 2 x y y z y x y z z y
x y
yz x 2 x 2 z x x y x = 2 + + x yz yz x z z x y
= 0+1+1+1+1=4
(u , v, w ) =4 (x , y, z )
Thus
10 MAT11 101
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
If u + v = ex cos y and u v = ex sin y find the jacobian of the functions u and v w.r.t x and y.
Solution :
u (u , v ) x we have to find = v (x , y ) x
u y v y
Using the given data we have to solve for u and v in terms of x and y. By data u + v = ex cos y u v = ex sin y (1) + (2) gives : 2 u = ex (cos y + sin y) (2) (2) gives : 2 v = ex (cos y sin y) Ie., u = (1) (2)
= =
ex ex . { - ( cos y + sin y)2 (cos y sin y)2} 2 2 e2x e2x {1+sin 2y) + (1 sin 2y)} = 4 2
(u , v ) e 2 x = 2 (x , y )
Thus
10 MAT11 102
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
19.
(a) If x = r cos , y = r sin find the value of (b) Further verify that
(r, ) (x , y )
(x , y ) (r, ) . =1 (r, ) (x , y )
(a)
Solution :
x2 + y2 = r2 and
and and
2r
r x = x r
r y = y r
i.e.,
1 y = . 2 2 x 1 + (y / x) x y = 2 x x + y2
and and
1 1 = . 2 y 1 + (y / x) x x = 2 y x + y2
r r x (r , ) r dy r = = Now y ( x, y ) 2 x + y2 dx dy
y r x 2 x + y2
i.e.,
(r , ) 1 = ( x, y ) r
10 MAT11 103
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
20.
Solution : x = u (1 v); y = uv
y x = (1 v), =v u u y x = u , =u v v
x x ( x, y ) u v (1 v) u = J= = v u (u, v) y y u v
= (1 v)u + uv = u J =u
Hence x + y = u. Also v =
y y = u x+ y y x+ y
u u = 1, = 1, x y
Now we have, u = x + y; v =
10 MAT11 104
Engineering Mathematics I
x v ( x + y ) 0 y 1 = = x ( x + y )2 ( x + y) 2
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
u (u , v) x = J/ = ( x, y ) v x
=
u 1 y = y v ( x + y) 2 y
x ( x + y) 2
y x+ y x 1 1 + = = = 2 2 2 ( x + y) u ( x + y) ( x + y) ( x + y)
1 1 Hence J J / = u Thus JJ / = 1 u u
Thus J / = 21.
f ( x, y + k ) h 2 2 f ( x, y + k ) + + ---------(1) x 2! x 2
f ( x, y ) k 2 2 f ( x, y ) + -------+ 2! y y 2 f ( x, y ) k 2 2 f ( x, y ) +-------------------------------- + + 2! y y 2
f ( x, y ) k 2 2 f ( x, y ) + + f ( x, y ) + k 2 x y 2! y
+
h2 2 ( x, y ) f ( x, y ) + k + 2 2! x y
2 f f 1 2 2 f 2 f 2 f h hk k +k + + 2 + 2 x y 2! xy y 2 x
+ (1)
10 MAT11 105
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2
2011
1 F (x + h, y + k) = f (x,y) + h x + k y f + 2! h x + k y f +
Taking x = a and y = b, (1) becomes f (a + h, b + k) = f (a,b) + [h f x (a,b) + kf y (a,b)] +
1 [h 2 f xx (a,b)+ 2hkf xy (a,b) 2!
+ k 2 f yy (a,b)] + --------Putting a + h = x and b + k = y so that h = x a, k = y b, we get F (x,y) = f (a,b) + [(x a) f x (a,b) + (y b) f y (a,b)] =
1 [(x a)2 f xx (a,b) + 2 (x a) (y b) f xy (a,b) + (y b)2 f yy (a,b)] +------ (2) 2!
This is Taylors expansion of f (x,y) in powers of (x a) and (y b). It is used to expand f (x,y) in the neighborhood of (a,b) corollary, putting a = 0, b = 0 in (2), we get f (x,y) = f (0,0) + [x f x (0,0) + y f y (0,0)] + This is Maclaurins Expansion of f (x,y) 22.
1 [ x 2 f xx (0,0) + 2xy f xy (0,0) 2! + y 2 f yy (0,0) ] + --------- (3)
f (0,0) = 0
1 1+ y
f y (0,0) = 1
1 1+ y
f xy (0,0) = 1
10 MAT11 106
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
f yy (0,0) = -1
1 1+ y
f xxy (0,0) = 1
Now, Maclaurins expansion of f (x,y) gives 1 f (x,y) = f (0,0) + x (f x (0,0) + y fy (0,0) + {x2 fxx (0,0) + 2xy fxy (0,0) + 2! 1 y2 fyy (0,0)} + {x3 fxxx (0,0) + 3x2 y fxxy (0,0) + 3xy2 fxyy (0,0) + y3 fyyy (0,0)} + ----------2! ex log (1 + y) = 0 + x.0 + y (1) +
+
1 {x2.0 + 2xy (1) + y2 (-1)} 2!
23.
Expand f (x,y) = ex Cosy by Taylors Theorem about the point 1, up to the Second 4 degree terms. f = 1, = e Solution: f (x,y) = ex Cosy and a = 1, b = 2 4 4 e fx (x,y) = ex Cos y f 1, = 2 4 e fy (x,y) = -ex Sin y fy 1, = 2 4 e fxx(x,y) = ex Cos y fxx 1, = 2 4 e fxy (x,y) = -ex Sin y fxy 1, = 2 4 e fyy 1, = fyy (x,y) = - ex Cos y 2 4 Hence by Taylors Theorem, we obtain
10 MAT11 107
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
f (x,y) = f 1, + ( x 1) f x + y fy + 4 4 2 1 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) f x + x y f yy + ------------ x 4 2!
i.e., ex Cosy =
2 ( x 1)
ex
e e 1 + y + ( x 1) + 4 2 2 2! 2 2 e e e + 2( x 1) y + -----------+y 4 4 2 2 2
e
2 e 1 2 Cosy = 1 + ( x 1) y 4 + 2! ( x 1) 2( x 1) y 4 y 4 + -------} 2
Exercise: 1) Expand exy up to Second degree terms by using Maclaurins theorem 2) Expand Log (1 x y ) up to Third degree terms by using Maclaurins theorem 3) Expand x2y about the point (1,-2) by Taylors expansion 4) Obtain the Taylors expansion of ex Siny about the point 0, 5) Expand esinx up to the term containing x4
10 MAT11 108
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Maxima and Minima:In mathematics, the maximum and minimum (plural: maxima and minima) of a function, known collectively as extrema (singular: extremum), are the largest and smallest value that the function takes at a point within a given neighborhood. A function f (x, y) is said to have a Maximum value at (a,b) if their exists a neighborhood point of (a,b) (say (a+h, b+k)) such that f (a, b) > f (a+h, b+k). Similarly, Minimum value at (a,b) if there exists a neighborhood point of (a,b) (say (a+h, b+k)) such that f (a, b) < f (a+h, b+k). A Minimum point on the graph (in red) f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 (1 x)3
10 MAT11 109
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Nec cessary an nd Suffic cient Con ndition: If fx =0 and fy =0 (Neces ssary Cond dition) Functi ion will be minimum m if AC-B2 > 0 and A > 0 Functio on will be maximum m if AC-B2 > 0 and A < 0 Functio on will be neither n ma axima nor minima m if AC-B2 < 0 If AC C-B2 = 0 we w cannot make m any conclusion n without any a further ana alysis
w where A = f xx , B = f xy , C = f yy
10 MA AT11 110 0
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Working Procedure:First we find Stationary points by considering fx =0 and fy =0 . Function will be minimum if AC-B2 > 0 and A > 0 at that stationary point Function will be maximum if AC-B2 > 0 and A < 0 at that stationary point Function will be neither maximum nor minimum if AC-B2 < 0 at that stationary point and it is called as SADDLE POINT.
25. Explain Maxima & Minima for Functions of Two Variables& hence obtain the Necessary Conditions for Maxima, Minima. Solution: Let Z = f (x,y) be a given function of two independent variables x & y. The above equation represents a surface in 3D. Z P(a,b) f (a,b) Z = f (x,y) A = f (a,b) N X a O b M(a,b) Y
10 MAT11 111
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Definition: The function Z = f (x,y) is said to be a maximum at the point (a,b) if f (x,y) < f (a,b) in the neighborhood of the point (a,b) Z Cap
The function Z = f (x,y) is said to posses a minimum at the point (a,b) if f (x,y) > f (a,b) in the neighborhood of the point (a,b)
Necessary Condition for Maxima, Minima:
10 MAT11 112
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
26. Find the maxima and minima of the functions f (x,y) = x3 + y3 3axy, a > 0 is constant. Solution: Given f (x,y) = x3 + y3 3axy fx = 3x2 3ay, fy = 3y2 3ax fxx = 6x fyy = 6y. Put fx = 0, fy = 0 and solve i.e., 3x2 3ay = 0 & 3y2 3ax = 0 i.e., x2 = ay & y2 = ax
x2 y= a
x2 a = ax
(x2 = ay)
x4 = ax a2
x4 = a3x
i.e., x (x3 a3) = 0
10 MAT11 113
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
27. Examine the following functions for extreme values f = x4 + y4 2x2 + 4xy 2y2 Solution: fx = 4x3 4x + 4y fy = 4y3 4x 4y fxy = 4, fxx = 12 x2 4, fyy = 12y2 4 Put fx = 0, fy = 0 and solve i.e., 4x3 4x + 4y = 0 4y3 + 4x 4y = 0 Adding (1) & (2), we get 4 (x3 + y3) = 0 i.e., x3 + y3 = 0 i.e., y = - x Substitute y = -x in (1), we get 4x3 4x 4x = 0 i.e., 4x3 8x = 0 i.e., x3 2x = 0 x (x2 2) = 0 i.e., x = 0 & x2 2 =0 i.e., x = 0 & x = x=
(1) (2)
2,-
x = 0,
2,
10 MAT11 114
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
S2 RT = 16 (-4) (-4) = 16 16 = 0
i.e., S2 RT = 0, These is a saddle point at (0,0) (2) at
2,- 2
2,- 2 2 ,- 2 2 ,2
=24 4 = 20 =4 = 20
2,-
There is a minimum at
f min =
2 ,4
2
2
( 2 ) + ( 2 )
4
2 2
( )
+4 2 2 2 2
) (
=4+4484 =-8 (3) at - 2 , 2 R = fxx 2 , 2 = 20 > 0 S = fxy 2 , 2 = 4 T = fyy 2 , 2 = 20 S2 RT = 16 400 = -384 < 0 10 MAT11 115
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
) )
fmin = - 8 at 2 , 2
) ( ) (
1) Find the extreme values of f = x3 y2 (1 x y) 2) Determine the maxima or minima of the function Sin x + Sin y + Sin (x + y) 3) Examine the function f(x,y) = 1+ sin( x2 + y2) for extremum. 28. If PV2 = K and if the relative errors in P is 0.05 and in V is 0.025 show that the error in K is 10%.
Solution : PV 2
K by data. Also
P
P
= 0.05
and
V
V
= 0.025
10 MAT11 116
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
(i) (ii)
If g is a constant find the error in the calculated value of T due to an error of 3% in the value of l. Find the maximum error in T due to possible errors upto 1% in l and 3% in g.
Solution :
l
l
(i )
T = 2 l / g ,
g = Constant,
100 = 3
1 (log l log g ) 2 1 (log T ) = (log 2 ) + (log g ) 2 1 l T i.e., = 0+ 0 T 2 l 1 l T 1 or 100 = 100 = (3) = 1.5 T 2 l 2 log T = log 2 +
T
T
100 =
1 l 1 g 100 100 2 l 2 g
The error in T will be maximum if the error in l is positive and the error in g is negative (or viceversa) as the difference in errors converts in to a sum.
1 T 1 100 = (+1) (3) = 2 max 2 T 2
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
30.
The current measured by a tangent galvanometer is given by the relation c = k tan where is the angle of deflection. Show that the relative error in c due to a given error in is minimum when = 45 0.
i.e.,
c
c
or
sin cos
i.e.,
c
c
2 sin 2
The relative error in c being c / c minimum when the denominator of the R.H.S. is maximum and the maximum value of a sine function is1.
sin 2 = 1 2 = 90 0 or = 45 0
31.
If T =
6 Marks
1 2
2011
} }
Thus the change in T = T = 1,44,000 32. The pressure p and the volume v of a gas are concentrated by the relation
pv 1.4 = cons tan t. Find the percentage increase in pressure corresponding to a
diminution of % in volume.
Solution :
pv1.4 = Constant = c( say ), by data.
Thus the percentage increase in pressure = 0.7 33. Find the percentage error in the area of an ellipse when an error of +1% is made in measuring the major and minor axis.
Solution : For the ellipse x 2 / a 2 + y 2 / b 2 = 1 the area (A) is given by ab where 2a and 2b are
the lengths of the major and minor axis. Let 2a = x and 2b = y. By data
x
x
100 = 1,
y
y
100 = 1.
10 MAT11 119
Engineering Mathematics I
A = ab = x y = xy 2 2 4
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
A
A
=0+
x
x
y
y
or
A
A
100 =
x
x
100 +
y
y
100
A
A
100 = 1 + 1 = 2
Thus error in the area = 2% 27. If the sides and angles of a triangle ABC vary in such way that the circum radius remains constant, prove that
a
cos A
b
cos B
c
cos c
=0
Solution : If the triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle of radius r and if a,b,c respectively
denotes the sides opposite to the angles A,B,C we have the sine rule (formula) given by
a b c = = = 2r sin A sin B sin C
a
cos A
= 2rA,
b
cos B
= 2 r B ,
c
cos C
= 2 rC
a
cos A
b
cos B
c
cos C
= 2r (A + B + C ) = 2r ( A + B + C )
( A + B + C ) = (constant) = 0
Thus
a
cos A
b
cos B
c
cos C
=0
10 MAT11 120
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
6) The stationary point of f(x,y,z)=x2+y2+z2 where x,y,z are connected by x+y+z=a is a) (a,a) b) (-a,-a) c) (2a, 0) d) none 7) The radius of curvature of the curve x+y =1 at the point (1/4,1/4) is -----------a) =1/2 b) =2 c) = -1/2 d) none ) 8) The expression for the derivative of arc length in Cartesian form is given by a) ds/d =
r 2 + ( dr/d ) 2
b) ds/dx=
1 + (dy/dx) 2
c) ds/dr= 1 + ( d?/dr) 2
d) ds/dt= 1 + (dy/dx)2
9)The formulae for radius of curvature in Cartesian form is a) = (x1) 2 + (y1) 2)3/2 /x1y11+x11y1 b) =
(1+ y )
2 1
3/ 2
y2
Engineering Mathematics I d) = (1+(y1) 2 ) 3/2 10) The function for which Rolles theorem is true is: a) f(x)=log x in the interval [1/2,2] b) f(x)=|x+1| in the interval [-2,2] c) f(x)=| x |in the interval [-1,1] d) Non of the above
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
11) The value of cin Rolles theorem ,where / 2 < c < / 2 and f(x)= cosx is equal to: a /4 b) / 3 c) d)0 12).The expansion of tanx in powers of x by Maclaurins theorem is valid in the interval : d) ( / 2, / 2) a) ( , ) b) ( 3 / 2,3 / 2) c) ( , ) 13) The value of cin Lagrange,s mean value theorem ,where [1,2] and f(x)= x(x-1) is : a)5/4 b)3/2 c)7/4 d) 11/6 14) The value of cin Rolles theorem, where [0, ] and f(x)= sinx is equal to: a) / 6 b) / 3 c) / 2 d) Non of these 15) The maximum value of logx/x is: a) 1 b)e c)2/e d) 1/e 16) The maximum value of (l/x ) x is equal to: a)e b)1 c) e 1/e d) (1/e)e 17) The difference bwtween the maximum and minimum values of the function a sinx+bcosx is: a) 2 a 2 + b 2 b) 2(a 2 + b 2 ) c) a 2 + b 2 d) a 2 + b 2
18) Which one of the following statement is correct for the function f(x)=x3 a) f(x) has a maximum value at x=0 b) f(x) has a manimum value at x=0 c) f(x) has a neither a maximum nor a manimum value at x=0 d) f(x) has no point of inflexion 19) which one of the following is not an indeterminate form a) + b) c) / 20) In Lagrange,s mean value theorem , f1(c)= a) f(a) f(b)/ b -a b) f(b) f(a) / a -b c) f(b) f(a) / b -a d) none 10 MAT11 122 d)
0 X
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
21) In Cauchys mean value theorem , f1(c) / g1(c) = a) f(a) f(b)/ g(b) g(a) b) f(b) f(a) / g(b) g(a) .c) f(b) +f(a) / g(b) +g(a) d) none x x a - b 22) lim is equal to : x 0 x a) 0 b) c) log (a/b) d) log (a-b)
a) -1
b)
c) 1
x 0
d) 0
b) 1/3
c) 1/6
d) 1/9
d) -1/2
d) e
sin x =. x
d)0 a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 28) The formulae for radius of curvature in polar form is a) = rdr/dp c) =(r 2 + (r1) 2)3/2 b) = [ (r 2 + (r1) 2)3/2] / [r2+2 ( r1) 2- r r2] d) None
a) 1
Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
KEY ANSWERS:
10-a 20-c --
10 MAT11 124