Disaster Risk Management & Mitigation

The concept of DRM accepts that some hazard events may occur

But tries to lessen the impact by improving the communitys ability to absorb the impact with minimum damage or destruction

Disaster Risk Management What and Who?

Disaster risk management includes administrative decisions and operational activities that involve: - Prevention - Mitigation - Preparedness - Response - Recovery and - Rehabilitation
Disaster risk management involves all levels of government decision makers and local government Non-governmental and community-based organizations play a vital role in the process Communities themselves are first responders
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DRM Models

Traditional model - DM cycle

The traditional approach to disaster management has been to regard it as a number of phased sequences of action or a continuum This can be represented as a cycle
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Pre-disaster risk reduction phase

Disaster Management Disaster Cycle impact

Preparedness

Relief

Rehabilitation Mitigation Reconstruction

Post-disaster recovery phase

Disaster Risk Management

Disaster
Warning

Disaster Preparedness

Emergency Response
(Rescue and relief)

Rehabilitation Disaster Mitigation

Disaster Prevention

Reconstruction

CONCEPT OF DISASTER Risk MANAGEMENT

EARLY WARNING + ADVICE FOR NATURAL HAZARDS

DISASTER IMPACT

SEARCH & RESCUE

CAPACITY BUILDING TRAINING + PRACTICE Pre-Disaster PREPAREDNESS PLANNING Post-Disaster

RELIEF

DAMAGE & NEEDS ASSESSMENT + ANALYSIS

REHABILITATION/ PHYSICAL & RECONSTRUCTION, RISK ASSESSMENT PREVENTION & MITIGATION PSYCHOLOGICAL
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Rationale for Risk Management

Comprehensive risk management process has the potential to break the cycle of damage and reconstruction when a community is subjected to repeated natural hazards To be effective, a strategy must be in place and ready for immediate implementation when necessary This can only be done through advance preparation and planning
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DRM Measures can

Reduce vulnerabilities in the community When sustained over long term, reduce unacceptable risk to acceptable levels and make a community become disaster resistant/resilient

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DRM refers to a range of

Policies Legislative mandates Professional practices Social, structural and nonstructural adjustments Risk transfer mechanisms

to prevent, reduce or minimise the effects of hazards on a community

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 In this model, disaster management is seen as a continuous process There is a series of activities that run parallel to each other rather than as a sequence
p

Expand-Contract Model

Prevention and mitigation strand Preparedness strand Relief and Response strand

Recovery and Rehabilitation strand

CRISIS

Time

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Crunch Model

(Blaikie et al 1994)

Shows that a disaster happens only if a hazard meets a vulnerable situation Based on idea that a number of factors influence vulnerability to disaster

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Disaster Crunch Model

Hazards

DISASTER

Vulnerability

TRIGGER EVENTS
Earthquake High Wind Flooding Volcanic eruption Landslides Drought Sand Storm

ELEMENTS AT RISK:
-Physical surroundings Houses, Water Supplies, Infrastructure, Crops, Livestock, Industries -Economic - Savings, Jobs, -Natural Environment -Social Group and Network, family

VULNERABLE CONDITIONS:
-ECONOMIC: fragile livelihoods; no credit and saving facilities -NATURAL: access to natural resources -CONSTRUCTED: structural design; location of houses on marginalized land -INDIVIDUAL: lack of skills or knowledge; lacking opportunity due to gender or social discrimination; age (elderly or very young); HIV or AIDS -SOCIAL: disorganized or fragmented society; bad leadership - CULTURAL: fatalistic attitude towards 14 disasters

Example: Disaster Risk in Bihar, India (Tearfund 2006)

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The Release Model

- Working against all the components of the crunch model to reduce the risk of disaster

SOCIAL FACTORS

ECONOMIC CONTEXT

POLICY AND PRACTICES

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Range of Risk Management Measures

Engineering measures (keep hazard away from people) Landuse planning & management measures (keep people away from hazard) Control & protection works (modifying the hazard) Early warning (predicting hazard) Preparedness Planning (prepare in anticipation of a hazard event Reconstruction planning after a disaster with the aim of reducing the vulnerability Mainstreaming risk management in development practice & institutionalization

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Non-structural measures
Risk Transfer Measures Insurance Subsidies Incentives
Loans Tax Policies

Education, Training and Technology Transfer

Education and Awareness: Information - sharing strategies, public agencies at all levels provide information on the nature of natural hazards and the actions that can be taken to minimize their effects. Training and Technology Transfer

Institution Building, Institutional Strengthening Development and operation of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems

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Disaster risk management on a regional level

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POLICY

LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

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The initiating mechanism for policy formulation and development of DM systems is triggered by actual disaster events, usually not a proactive process of reducing the risks of disasters occurring.

Digital Globe

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1980s

Run-up to the start of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR).

1990/91 The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo and Bagiou earthquake saw consolidation of NDCC in the Philippines. 1991 1994 1995 Cyclone in Bangladesh gave birth to a separate Disaster Management Bureau in 1993. Yokohama conference stimulated the preparation of national and subregional disaster management action plans for presentation there. Kobe earthquake in Japan led to fundamental review of Japanese building control as well as national and regional disaster management arrangements. Typhoon Linda as well as 1998 and 2000 floods in Vietnam led to better implementation of the 1993 Water Disaster Management Plan and 2001 NDM Partnership. El Nino induced forest fires showed the regional scale of disaster and regional response (ASEAN Haze Task Force)
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1996

1997

1998 2000

IDNDR had catalyzed action and new commitment, national committees and plans were formed. ADRC was formed in Japan. In India (1998-2000), a series of disasters floods, earthquakes and the Orissa super-cyclone expedited the formation of a high-power committee (HPC) on disaster management policy and plans. The way the disasters were managed raised expectations for wide-ranging institutional reform. Gujarat Earthquake shook India and accelerated the HPC report and the shift of disaster management responsibility from the Ministry of Agriculture to Home Affairs. Mekong Floods in Cambodia and Vietnam led to regional river basin approach to Flood Management and Mitigation (FMM) led by the Mekong River Commission (MRC). The MRC FMM Strategy was formed.
(ADPC 2005)

2001

2000

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At the end of the last decade, most countries in the SE Asian region had moved towards having national policies for disaster management. These policies recognized that disaster management is a government responsibility.

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 Most countries in the region have enacted legislation giving the necessary controls and responsibilities to cope with disaster situations. These laws permit the relevant authorities to govern the long-term requirements of disaster prevention and the short-term needs of disaster preparedness.

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Country Cambodia

DM Policy Drafted in 1997, still for approval by the Council of Ministers Pres. Decree No. 28 (1979); amendment: Pres. Decree No. 3 (2001)

National Action Plan 2002-2003 Action Plan

Focal point National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM) National Coordinating Body for Disaster and IDP Management (BAKORNAS PBP) National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) Central Committee for Storm and Flood Control (CCSFC)
(ADPC 2003)

Indonesia

Integrated into the Five Year Development Plan (Propenas 2000-2004)

Lao PDR

National Disaster Formulated based on Prime Ministers Management Action Plan 2020 Decree No. 158 (1999) Pres. Decree No. 1566 (1978) Decree No. 168-HBDT (1990) of the Council of Ministers National Calamities and Disaster Preparedness Plan Second Strategy and Action Plan for Disaster Management and Mitigation (2001-2020)

Philippines

Vietnam

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN S. ASIA:

INDIA
National Disaster Management Act, 2005. National Disaster Management Authority, 2005. Govt. & UNDP Disaster Risk Management Program covering 17 states and 169 districts. State level Disaster Management Authority in 13 states, especially Gujarat (2001), Orissa (1999) and Tamil Nadu (Disaster Management Department). Picked up momentum posttsunami 2004. District level multi-hazard disaster management planning initiated since 1995 and has picked up momentum post-tsunami 2004.

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN S. ASIA:

BANGLADESH
Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP), 2003: Strategic institutional and programming approach designed to (a) Optimize the reduction of long-term risk and (b) To strengthen operational capacities for responding to emergencies and disaster situations including actions to improve recovery. To achieve a paradigm shift in disaster management from conventional response and relief to a more comprehensive risk reduction culture. Strategic focus: (a) Professionalizing the DM system, (b) Partnership development, (c) Expanding Mitigation, Preparedness and Response across a broader range of hazards, and (d) Strengthening 28 emergency response systems.

DRIVERS FOR CHANGE

Global Drivers Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) -Yokohama Strategy - National Platforms World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR) National Drivers Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) Standing Orders on Disaster Management (SODM)

Govt of Bangladesh and UN Common Country Assessment (CCA) UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF)
(MoFDM 2005)

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN S. ASIA:

SRI LANKA
Post-tsunami 2004, significant steps have been taken towards putting in place a disaster risk management framework. Enactment of Sri Lanka Disaster Management (DM) Act, 2005. Establishment of the National Council for Disaster Management (NCDM) chaired by H.E. the President. Creation of the Disaster Management Centre as per the DM Act. Creation of the Ministry of Disaster Management & Human Rights.

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 Most recently the formulation and launch of the Road Map for Disaster Risk Management in Sri Lanka is a big step forward. This Road Map is a 10-year framework to be addressed in a systematic and prioritized manner with the involvement of all relevant stakeholders. These priorities for action are consistent with the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No. 13 of 2005, and also in line with the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. 7 components of the Road Map.

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(DMC 2006)

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Road Map Components 1 Policy, Institutional Mandates, and Institutional Development Preparation of a national disaster management plan. National policy for disaster management. Reviewing and formalising mandates. Identifying capacity development needs of agencies to perform their disaster management functions. Steps to implement policies already in place. Comprises activities ranging from flood simulation modelling in key river basins to the development of a vulnerability atlas for Sri Lanka. This will enable development planning which is sensitive to multiple hazards and different kinds of vulnerabilities. Incorporates elements to generate advance warnings for floods, cyclones, abnormal rainfall, droughts, landslides. Thus enables decision-makers to take much-needed action even prior to the occurrence of a disaster. To minimize the adverse impacts of a hazard through effective precautionary actions and timely, adequate responses. Prioritised activities include development of a national emergency preparedness and response plan. Establishment of emergency operation centres at national, provincial and district levels. 33

2 Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment

3 Multi-hazard Early Warning Systems

4 Preparedness and Response Plans

Road Map Components 5 Mitigation and Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into Development Planning 6 Community-based Disaster Risk Management Encompasses activities relating to reducing impacts of droughts, preventing floods, landslides, protection against storm surges, sea and coastal flooding. By incorporating disaster risk considerations in development plans. Involves activities that recognize the fact that communities though affected in disasters are also the first line of defence against disasters if they are well prepared. Interventions proposed include mobilization of community teams: - Creation of a local network of trained volunteers - Establishing resource centres - Small grants to fund priority projects by community teams. Focuses on empowering the public with ways and means to reduce disaster losses. Includes a national awareness campaign. Designating a National Disaster Safety Day. Promoting disaster awareness among professionals through training. Among children through school curriculum.

7 Public Awareness, Education and Training

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Disaster Reduction An Agenda in Progress

1989: IDNDR 1990-1999 promotion of disaster reduction, technical and scientific buy-in 1994: Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action Midreview IDNDR, first blueprint for disaster reduction policy guidance (social & community orientation) 2000: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) - increased public commitment and linkage to sustainable development, enlarged networking and partnerships. Mechanisms: IATF/DR, ISDR secretariat, UN Trust Fund 2002: Johannesburg Plan of ImplementationWSSD Includes a new section on An integrated, multihazard, inclusive approach to address vulnerability, risk assessment and disaster management 2005: WCDR - Hyogo Framework for Action 20052015 Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters

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SUMMARY of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (HFA)

(ISDR 2005)

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Continued
SUMMARY of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (HFA)

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90 80

Disaster Frequency and Damage 1950-1999

600

Number of disasters per year

500 70 60 50 300 40 30 20 100 10 0 0 200 400

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995
(MunichRe 2000)

Number of disasters

Estimated Damage

38

Billion US$

(ISDR 2006)

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Future Challenges
Increasing urbanization - by 2010, 50% of world population will live in cities. More rural population migrating into urban areas seeking economic opportunities. Growth of human settlements expanding into hazard-prone areas. Global impacts such as climate change and sea level rise for island/coastal countries.

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 ENSO impact and increase in Hydrometeorological events. Potential earthquake impact in large cities (Teheran, Kathmandu, Dhaka, etc). Biological disasters (HIV-AIDS). Pandemic and epidemic threats (Avian flu, SARS). New weapons of mass destruction (biological weapons, dirty bombs). Environmental degradation - air pollution, depletion of sources of water.

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Future Needs
Scientific approach for risk reduction. Need to learn from the past and application of lessons for future. Change in policy environment in most countries. New approaches (loss estimation and recovery planning after disaster events for building better, safer and fast). Mainstream risk management into sectors and all development interventions. Transfer of responsibility from national to local. Involvement of private sector.

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