Aerodynamics and Propulsion 2 Aerodynamics Tutorial 2

4 h

cos

cos

1.

The circulation of the trailing vortex of an airliner is 167 m 2/s and the trailing vortices are 20 m apart. Determine the downwash midway between the trailing vortices 5 m, 10 m and 15 m aft of the wing.

II 5m

I 10 m

III

At 5 m aft of the wing For segment I

0 tan h 10
v cos cos 4 h 167 v cos 0 cos(63.43) 4 10 v 1.923
1

10 5

63.43

For segment II

tan h 5
v v v

5 10

26.57

cos cos 4 h 167 cos 26.57 cos(26.57) 4 5 4.754

For segment III From symmetry the downwash is the same as section I The total downwash is:
v 1.923 4.754 1.923 8.600 m/s

At 10 m aft of the wing For segment I

0 tan h 10
v v v cos cos 4 h 167 cos 0 4 10 2.269
1

10 10

45

cos 45

For segment II

tan h 10
v

10 10

45

cos cos 4 h 167 v cos 45 4 10 v 1.879

cos 45

For segment III From symmetry the downwash is the same as section I The total downwash is:
v 2.269 1.879 2.269 6.417 m/s

At 15 m aft of the wing For segment I

0 tan h 10
v v v cos cos 4 h 167 cos 0 4 10 2.435
1

10 15

33.69

cos 33.69

For segment II

tan h 15
v

15 10

56.31

cos cos 4 h 167 v cos 56.31 4 15 v 0.983

cos 56.31

For segment III From symmetry the downwash is the same as section I The total downwash is:
v 2.435 0.983 2.435 5.853 m/s

For the following questions, assume that the aircraft mass is 25,000 kg, the wing span is 25 m and the aircraft is cruising at a speed of 80 m/s at an altitude where the density is 1.2 kg/m3. 2. Assume that the aircraft has an elliptic lift distribution. Determine the lift per unit span at the centre-line, , and span positions.

For an elliptic lift distribution the lift per unit span is given by:
2y b
2

l0 1

Since the area under a semi-ellipse is ab, the total lift is L

4L b 4 25000 9.81 12.49kN/m 25

l0 b

This means: l0

At y/(b/2)=0, l At y/(b/2)=1/4, l At y/(b/2)=1/2, l At y/(b/2)=3/4, l

l0 1 l0 1 l0 1 l0 1

2y b

12.49 kN/m
2

2y b 2y b 2y b

12.09 kN/m
2

10.82 kN/m
2

8.26 kN/m

3.

Assume that the aircaft in the previous question has a wing area of 55 m2 and that its wings are linearly tapered with a taper ratio of 0.5. Determine the lift coefficient required at the spanwise stations considered previously. If the root chord is cr , the tip chord is cr , where The wing area is bcr
ct

is the taper ratio.

2 55 1.5 25 2.933 m and

1 2

which gives cr

2S 1 b

0.5 2.933 1.467 m

The chord at a spanwise distance y from the centreline is given by:

c ( y ) cr ct cr 2y b

The local lift coefficient is then:

At the root:
Cl 12490 1.109 1.2 80 2 2.933

1 2

2y/b 0 0.25 0.5 0.75

C(y) (m) 2.933 2.566 2.200 1.833

L (kN/m) 12.49 12.09 10.82 8.26

Cl 1.109 1.227 1.281 1.174

4.

Determine the downwash at each of the spanwise stations and the necessary angle of attack if the zero lift angle of attack is -1.2 and the lift curve slope of the aerofoil is 0.1 per degree. The downwash angle span and is given by:
b2 S 25 2 55

for an elliptic lift distribution is constant across the CL AR

11.36

Here AR

CL

1 2

L V 2S

1 2

25000 9.81 1.2 80 2 55

1.161

1.161 11.36

0.03253 rad 1.86

dCl d

The lift coefficient is given by: Cl

so

Cl dCl d
At the root

1.109 1.2 1.87 11.8 0 .1

At the span At the 1/2 span At the 3/4 span 5.

1.227 1.2 1.87 12.9 0.1 1.281 1.2 1.87 13.5 0.1 1.174 1.2 1.87 12.41 0.1

Estimate the induced drag of the aircraft.

D L sin 25000 9.81 sin 1.87 8002 N