SCRAPBO OK IN E N G L I S H IV

Lesson 6: Across Cultural Barriers

Scanning to determine specific meaning and information
Scanning
involves moving your eyes quickly across a line or down a page to locate particular information. You scan the material to look for a specific fact or specific information, such as date, a definition, or a name and number in a telephone book. Through guide questions, you can be easily directed to the specific meaning and information you are looking for.

Skimming

is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text. When you skim, you are three to four times faster than when you normally read.

 Using Synonyms Synonyms are words that are similar in meaning or are closely related ideas. A thesaurus, the most commonly used specialized dictionary, lists synonyms and antonyms. Example: modern contemporary commodities goods misunderstanding conflict

Expressing Gratitude/Appreciation (Clauses) Phrase is a group of words that function as a unit. It has no
subject and finite verb.

Clause is a group of words containing a subject and predicate.

It may dependent or independent. Example:

Independent Clause is essentially a sentence.

Example:

Dependent Clause cannot stand alone. It is connected to an

independent clause by a relative pronoun, present or implied. (Who, which, that) or by a subordinating conjunction (after, because, since, while, etc.) and functions as part of the sentence ---- as noun, adjective, or adverb.

Example: Here are some subordinating conjunctions that introduce an adverb clause:
After although as because Before if since than though unless until when whenever where whereas where ever

Some words that introduce noun clauses follow:

How, however that what, whatever where which, whichever who, whom whose why when

Words that usually introduce an adjective clause are called relative pronouns. Here are some examples: That Whose Which Whoever Who What Whom

Examples: The man who is wearing the funny hats. The funny hat that is on his head.

An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies or describes the noun or pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence.

Example: An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Example: A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Example:

Expanding Ideas in Well-Constructed Paragraphs Coherence Connecting Words Coherent writing is writing that shows connections between
one sentence or paragraph and the next. Sentences and paragraphs must be arranged in a clear and logical order so that the thought flows smoothly from one sentence to another and from one paragraph.

Determining Rhetorical Functions Used in Essays

an essay is a brief nonfiction composition that offers an opinion on subject. The purpose of an essay is to inform, to persuade, to entertain the reader, or to analyze a subject.

Descriptive Essay - n essay that describes something, or defines something. There is a thesis
but it isnt necessarily argumentative

Narrative Essay - an essay in which you tell a story. it can be used to argue and prove a point. Expository Essay - is a piece of writing where the writer presents opinions, points of
view, ideas, concepts, arguments on a particular topic. It is usually a formal piece of writing with an introduction, a discussion, and a conclusion.

Persuasive Essay - is an argumentative paper trying to sway the reader's opinion towards your
own. Persuasive essays can range from controversial topics such as abortion, to every-day opinions such as "French fries are better than potato chips."

Cause and Effect - Cause is the specific action a person does which leads to effect or
consequence of the action undertaken by the person. The effect of that action may be good or bad and may be determined by the cause. In short, cause is the primary action while the effect is the result of that action.

Compare and Contrast - The terms compare and contrast are two different words
and their meanings are different. Compare means to look at something critically and see what they have in common or their similarities. Contrast is to note down the differences between the two objects and what difference they have.

Reading Closely to Get Explicit and Implicit Information Explicit Information are on-the-surface information or
details that are readily available to readers as they read the text.

Example:

Implicit Information is not directly read on print, but

they have to be understood from the text. Example:

Recognizing Connotative and Denotative Meanings

Words and phrases have two kinds of meanings --- denotative meaning, which are their dictionary definitions, as you learned earlier, and connotative meanings, which involved the emotions and other associations that come to peoples minds when they hear or read a word.

Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more items (such as words, main clauses, or sentences) of equal syntactic importance. In English, the mnemonic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.[3][4] These are not the only coordinating conjunctions; various others are used, including [5]:ch. 9[6]:p. 171 "and nor" (British), "but nor" (British), "or nor" (British), "neither" ("They don't gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and "only" ("I would go, only I don't have time"). Here are some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English and what they do: For Presents an explanation ("He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far too long.") And Presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble and they smoke.") Nor Presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble nor do they smoke.") But Presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.") Or Presents an alternative item or idea ("Every day they gamble or they smoke.") Yet Presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.") So

Presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.")

Correlative Conjunctions 'Correlative' conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. There are six different pairs of correlative conjunctions: 1. either...or 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. not only...but (also) neither...nor (or increasingly neither...or) both...and whether...or just as...so

Examples: You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office. Not only is he handsome, but he is also brilliant. Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well. Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well. Whether you stay or you go, it's your decision. Just as many Australians love cricket, so many Canadians love ice hockey.

Transition The word "transition" means passing over. Thus transitional guides are connectives (symbols, words, phrases; sometimes whole sentences and paragraphs) that make possible a smooth "passing over" from one idea to the next. You make transitions by referring to what you have said before, establishing cause-and-effect connections, looking ahead to what you will say, referring to the present, marking time and place, qualifying, comparing, contrasting. These and other common transitional devices appear here in categories that necessarily overlap to some extent.

Referring back: as we have seen, on the whole, as mentioned above, as stated previously, as I have said, it seems then Looking ahead. Then, later, next, after, afterward, thereafter, finally, now, consequently, to sum up Establishing causal connections: the result, in conclusion, to conclude, because, for, since, consequently, accordingly, hence, thus, therefore

Time markers: now, then, later, soon, before, next, afterward, finally, meanwhile, thereafter, at the same time Place markers: here, there, at this point, below, beside, next to, behind, in front, outside, inside Comparing and establishing degree: and, similarly, in like manner, in the same way, just as, so ... that, also, more than, less than, beyond this Qualifying conceding, or contrasting: but, nevertheless, on the other hand, however, despite this, still, on the contrary, conversely, if, as if, granted that, unless, whether, anyhow, although, even though, yet Adding and intensifying: first, second, third; a, b, c, 1, 2, 3, to repeat, in addition, moreover, and, also, still, again, similarly, furthermore, finally, really, indeed Introducing an illustration: thus, to illustrate, for example, for instance Repeating a key word: This device keeps the main idea before the reader and carries the thread of meaning throughout a passage. Using synonyms: Instead of repeating a key word so that it becomes monotonous, you may use suitable synonyms that continue the same thought. Using proper pronoun reference: Another substitute for the repetition of key nouns and another way of connecting ideas is to use pronouns in place of nouns. Maintaining same subject throughout paragraph: You can often continue the same subject from sentence to sentence, thereby maintaining a steady focus throughout the paragraph. Establishing repetitive or parallel sentence patterns: In addition to repeating key words and ideas, you may repeat the grammatical structure of your sentences to reinforce the unity of your thoughts and promote their flow. Linking of last sentence of one paragraph with first sentence of next: This natural, frequently intuitive method maintains coherence between paragraphs. Sometimes you may need connecting words (such as "then again" or "on another occasion"), but often the direction of the thought provides its own continuity.

LIST OF TRANSITIONS

1. Transitions that add, repeat, or emphasize:

and also in addition besides too in other words again further furthermore moreover indeed in fact as a result nevertheless finally after all first, second, to conclude to sum up accordingly in the end

2. Transitions that compare, contrast, or contradict:

similarly like in comparison on the other hand to the contrary as, as if unlike however along with regardless in spite of but, yet whereas rather than despite even when although

3. Transitions that show a time or space relationship:

before next afterwards finally until during within earlier now in time eventually soon still meanwhile alongside between later ever since the following day/night beyond now at first at last then across over from . . . to

4. Transitions that limit or prepare for an example:

if when in case that is for example such as unless for instance in particular namely to illustrate provided that

5. Transitions that signal cause or result:

because so thus consequently for therefore as a result for this reason

6. Transitions that assert a truth or acknowledge opposition:

no doubt doubtless surely of course granted that without a doubt in fact certainly naturally conceding that

7. Transition can also be effectively accomplished by repeating a key term or phrase: In 1949, a new trend began as Oklahoma voters approved a state bond issue for higher education facilities. This first state bond issue injected $36 million into the system to strengthen its infrastructure.

Coordination Subordinating Conjunctions

subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join an independent clause and a dependent clause. The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include after, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, since, so, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, and while. Complementizers can be considered to be special subordinating conjunctions that introduce complement clauses: e.g. "I wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that he'll be on time". Some subordinating conjunctions (until and while), when used to introduce a phrase instead of a full clause, become prepositions with identical meanings.

 Appreciating the Use of Imagery and Poetic Devices Imagery is a language that appeals to the senses. It refers to words
and phrases that create vivid sensory experiences for the readers. While the majority of images are visual, imagery may also appeal to the senses of smell, hearing, taste, and touch. In poetry, the use of imagery adds rhythm and beauty to the lines of a poem. Imagery is one of the more commonly used poetic devices.
The others comprise of:

Sound Devices
1. Alliteration The repetition of initial consonant sounds. 2. Assonance The repetition of vowel dance 3. Onomatopoeia The use of words which imitate sound. 4. Rhyme The similarity of ending sounds existing between two words. 5. Rhyme Scheme The sequence in which the rhyme occur. The first end
sound is represented as the letter a, the second b, etc. 6. Repetition the recurring of words, phrases, lines, or stanzas.

Figurative Language
7. Simile A comparison between two objects using a specific word of comparison such as like, as, or than. 8. Metaphor A comparison between two objects with the intent of giving clearer meaning to one of them. 9. Personification A figure of speech which endows animals, ideas, or inanimate objects with human traits or abilities.

Metrics
10. Meter The recurrence of a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. 11. Stanza A grouping of two or more lines of a poem in terms of length, metrical form, or rhyme scheme.

Point-of-View
12. Point-of-View The authors point-of-view concentrates on the vantage
point of the speaker or teller of the story or poem. 1st person: the speaker is a character in the story or poem and tell if from his/her perspective (uses I)

3rd person limited: the speaker is not part of the story, but tells about the other
characters though limited information about what one character sees and feels.

3rd person omniscient: the speaker is not part of the story, but knows
and describes what all characters are thinking.

Using Collocation of Difficult Words to Unlock Meaning

Collocation the term collocation refers to the relationship between two words
or group of words that always go together to form a commonly used expression. When words are commonly used together, they register a paired in our minds. Some examples of collocated words are crystal clear, white wine or red wine, and river bank.

Coping with Unknown Words and Ambiguous Sentence Structure

Identifying the use of words like it, its, he, our, this, those

Using Transition Signals/Connectives/Adverbs

While reading the text, reporting, or relaying information, you must have noticed words or phrases that link a sentence with the rest of the sentence or a paragraph with the rest of the paragraphs. These are what we call transition signals. The underlined words in the following sentences are examples of transition signals. 1. Before the gossip could create more fear, Francis bravely walked to the plaza and began to preach about Gods commandment concerning love for all creatures of God.

Transition signals act like signpost. They indicated to the reader the order and flow of your writing and ideas. Using these transitions makes it easier for the reader to follow your ideas.

Key Points
Words or phrases that connect or link parts of sentences or paragraphs in a text are called transition signals or markers. They may be connectives, adverbs, or simply group of words or phrases that signal a shift, continuation, addition, or contrast of ideas or sequence of time or steps.
Here are some examples:

Sequence
First next last initially before

Time
later finally presently lately afterwards

Shift/Contrast
on the other hand in contrast but, so, that meanwhile however

Comparison
so that because in fact for example similarly

Writing a Personal Account

When writing a personal account, you may focus your attention on the sight, the sound, and the feeling. Then, start to recall them. You are a wealth of experiences and feelings. Like anyone else, you must have had experienced meaningful, beautiful, dramatic, and exciting moments. You can draw from such experiences in writing a personal account. Here are some topics to write about:

a. Memories

of People: Think of someone you knew very well (and

maybe still know today) and share a memorable story about this person. Focus on a specific experience or period of time in this persons life and share with you readers his or her story. Remember, this is someone elses story, so keep yourself in the background in your writing.

Variation: In your writing, highlight mannerisms, actions, or likes and

dislikes of your subject and give us a special look at this person.

b. Unpeopled

Memories: Think of a time when you were out of doors

and all alone and write about your experience. Focus on the natural scene itself or think of an experience with a pet or another animal and make this the focus of your writing.

c. Memories

of Places: Focus on a place that stands out in your mind.

This could be a favorite place, a place you never want to see again, or a place that has changed over the years.

d. Memories

of Events: Write about an event that you witnessed when you

were younger. Maybe you remember a fire in your neighborhood, an argument, a display of kindness, a hilarious situation, or a shocking development.

e. Memories

of Objects: We all have had a favorite objects that deserve to

be praised and preserved in writing. Perhaps you can recall some odd or unusual object in your phone or neighborhood.

f. Memories

of Family Life: Write about memorable events and

incidents dealing with you immediate family. Who knows? This might lead to something big perhaps being designated as the family historian.

LESSON 9: Hallmarks of Friendship

Drawing Conclusions (Conjunctive Adverbs)
In the earlier lessons, you had the chance to use conjunctions, connectives, transition signals, and other markers of discourse. All of those grammar structures contribute to the smooth flow of sentences and paragraphs. Study the following sentences: 1. The author does not look at friendship as something enduring; but, he viewed it as something solid. 2. We demand much from friendship; consequently, we drive our friends away. The first sentence expresses contrasting ideas. The two ideas are of importance. But is used as coordinating conjunction. The second sentence expresses the result

of our action. Consequently is used as conjunctive verb.

Key Points
Conjunctive Adverbs function somewhat like coordinating conjunctions, but they often make the relationship between the clauses stronger and clearer than coordinating conjunctions do. They are often used as transitions creating bridges between different ideas by showing comparisons, contrasts, and results. The following examples illustrate the uses of conjunctive adverbs: To replace and also, beside, furthermore, moreover To replace but however, nevertheless, still To state a result consequently, therefore, so, thus To state quality equally, likewise, similarly Note that the proper punctuation to be used for conjunctive adverbs is a semicolon. A conjunctive adverb is not strong enough to join two independent clauses without the aid of a semicolon. Example: A buildings design affects the way people carry on their daily life; therefore, architects must know as much about life as they do about art.

Listening to Determine the Content and Function of Statements

Statements in lectures certainly differ in context and function. As you listen, you must be able determine the contents and function of statements in reports or lectures you listen to. The functions refer to establishing social relationships, imparting and seeking information, expressing feelings and attitudes, and getting things done.

Conveying Information through Interactive Media

Media has made possible an interesting way to communicate to people all over the world. Many lives have been changed dramatically since the use of interactive communication. People can now shops, pay bills, apply for jobs, and request services through the internet, television and the radio. Interactive media is also very much a part of instruction in more progressive schools and universities, now that ICT is talking a significant role in lives.

Identifying Values Reflected in Various Text Types.

Literature is an enduring expression of mans thoughts, feelings, and actions in words, well-chosen, and arranged. Through literature, we come to feel how a persons longing for something becomes the ultimate reason for expressing how he/she feels. And, no matter which race we belong to, what language we speak and in what age we live, we can capture the universality of the message and the values a written conveys in lines, especially of poetry.

LESSON 1O: DEVELOPMENT and NATIONAL

PRIDE Defining Words from Context
You learned in the lower years that you can learn the meaning of an unfamiliar word by paying attention to surrounding words and sentences. These are called context clues or the parts of statements that occur just before and just after specific words. Most of the vocabulary you know and use is gained from reading, it is important that you be able to recognize and take advantage of context clues. Sometimes, contexts provide obvious clues to the meaning of words, but other times to you need to verify a words meaning by looking it up in the dictionary. However, context clues sometimes do not appear in the same sentence as the unfamiliar word. There are at least four types of context clues that are quite common. Here are some of them. 1. Synonyms A synonym or word with the same meaning is used in the sentence. Example: My friends argument is fallacious, misleading, plain wrong. 2. Antonym A word or group of words that has the opposite meaning reveal the meaning of an unknown term. Example: Its true that women are loquacious, other hardly talk at all. 3. Explanation The unknown word is explained within the sentence or in a sentence immediately preceeding. Example: The patient is so somnolent, that she requires medication to help her stay awake.

 Expressing Opinion: Agreeing/Disagreeing (Parallelism)

Key Points
Parallelism is the placement or use of similar grammatical forms to express equal or parallel ideas. Parallel structures may be two or more words, two or more phrases, two or more clauses of the same type, or two or more sentence of equal ideas. The use of parallelism in sentence construction improves writing style and readability. Compare the following examples: Without parallelism: She likes cooking, jogging, and to read. Parallel: She likes, cooking, jogging, and reading. Other examples; Parallel words: Some of my sons friends are Europeans, Asians, and Americans, Parallel phrases: He prefers talking with friends, milling around, and getting along with people. Parallel clauses: I try to show my son that language should not be a barrier, and that the cultures of others must be understood. Parallel sentences: I ate in a Vietnamese restaurant, I bought flowers in a Vietnamese flower shop, and I hired a Vietnamese gardener. Parallel structures or parallelism may also be observed in sentences serving other grammatical functions. The following are more examples of parallel structures falling under different grammatical functions. Go over there structural patterns and do this exercises that come after these example. 1. Infinitive phrases in a compound subject To come, to see, and to conquer are his objectives in visiting the place. 2. Direct object with prepositional phrase modifiers They have a swing near the gate, an avocado tree at the backyard, and a big space at the right side of the lot. 3, Infinitive phrases used as direct object He promised to fight graft and corruption in government service, to eradicate poverty in urban communities, and to raise the level of literacy among

his constituents. 4. Adjective clauses introduce by who The qualified candidate must be someone who cares for the poor, who values responsibility, and who delivers basic services to the community. 5. Gerund phrases used as subject Heeding the wisdom of the ages, learning from past mistakes, and seeking advice from well-meaning adults are factors contributory to ones success. 6. Gerund phrases as direct object He prefers understanding others customs and practices and learning to relate with them.

Assessing Effectiveness of Materials Listened to

Idioms is phrases whose meanings are beyond the literal interpretation of the individual works being put together. Some idioms have fascinating histories. For example, buy a pig in a poke means to buy something unseen. Centuries ago in England, a farmer would carry a piglet and then sell it to a trusting person who did not bother to check out what he was buying. Idioms are used figuratively or when emphasizing points or dramatizing the message we want to put across. The meaning of an idiom may be derived by understanding the context where it is used. Below is a list of some idioms or idiomatic expressions and their respective meanings. Try to use them in the exercise the come after. 1. go places to have a good future 2. second to none better than anything else 3. get the inside track to get the advantage 4. live by ones wits survive by being clever 5. screw up ones courage build up ones courage 6. have ones back to the wall to be in a defensive positions 7. Hold your horses wait a minute and be reasonable

Vocabulary Words 1. Ingrained adj. (habits, feelings, etc) firmly established; (dirt) deeply embedded also ingrained example: Most of the songs are so ingrainedthat we can sing along whenever we
happen across them.

2. Heck interj an expression of surprise or grief. Example: What the heck are you doing here? 3. Egregious adj. outstandingly bad. Her friend told us egregious lie about her. 4. Miser a greedy, stingy person who hoards money for its own sake. Example: The old miser would not give any money to the poor children.
5. Mount to increase; to climb, ascend; to get up on (a horse, platform, etc)

He went to the door, mounted the two stone steps, and held it open.