Continuum mechanics

VII. Typical problems of elasto-dynamics and

uid dynamics
Ales Janka
oce Math 0.107
ales.janka@unifr.ch
http://perso.unifr.ch/ales.janka/mechanics
Apr 13, 2011, Universite de Fribourg
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics
0. Force equilibria for elasto-dynamics
Mass conservation:

t
+

y
j
( v
j
) =

t
+ div(v) = 0 in
Force equilibria (statics) momentum conservation (dynamics)
Analogy for

j
F
j
=
d
dt
_

i
m
i
v
i
_
:
_

f
i
dy +
_

ij
n
j
dS =
d
dt
__

v
i
dy
_
Time derivative of an integral in Euler formulation (cf. III. sect.1)
d
dt
_
_
_

v
i
dy
_
_
=
_

_
(v
i
)
t
+ v
j
(v
i
)
y
j
+ v
i
v
j
y
j
_
dy
=
_

v
i
t
+v
i

t
+v
i
v
j

y
j
+ v
i
v
j
y
j
. .
v
i
(

t
+div(v)
)
=0
+ v
j
v
i
y
j
_
dy
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics
0. Force equilibria for elasto-dynamics
Mass conservation:

t
+

y
j
( v
j
) =

t
+ div(v) = 0 in
Force equilibria (statics) momentum conservation (dynamics)
_

f
i
dy +
_

y
j

ij
dy =
_

_
v
i
t
+ v
j
v
i
y
j
_
dy =
_

Dv
i
Dt
dy
Hence, for || 0 we get

Dv
Dt
div = f
..
F
in
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics
1. Elasto-dynamics in small deformations, linear material
Momentum conservation:

D
2
u
Dt
2

j

ij
= F
i
ie.

2
u
t
2
div = F in
Constitutive law: Hookes law,
ij
= E
ijk
e
k
, e.g.
= 2e + tr(e) Id where = K
2
3
Kinematic equation: Cauchy strain tensor e:
e
k
=
1
2
[
k
u

u
k
] ie. e =
1
2
_
u + (u)
T
_
in
Boundary conditions: for time t [0, ):
u = u(t) on
D
(Dirichlet-type),
n = g(t) on
N
= \
D
(Neumann-type).
Initial condition: for all x :
u(x, 0) = u
0
(x) and
u
t
(x, 0) = v
0
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics
2. Fluid dynamics (constitutive law for Newtons uid)
Elastic solid: material reversibly deformed under applied stress
Hookes law: hydrostatic pressure p = s:

im
= 2 e
im
p = s = K e

= (3 + 2 ) e =
E
1 2
e
Cauchy stress:
ij
=
ij
+ s
ij
=
ij
p
ij
Fluid: continually deforming (in time) under applied shear stress
Newtons uid: modication of Hookes law for uids:

ij
= 2

e
ij
= 2 e
ij
+

ij
p = s = (3

+ 2 ) e = 3 K e
Dynamic viscosity and second viscosity

=
2
3

Note: we have replaced e

ij
and e by their time-derivatives
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics
3. Viscosity and visco-elasticity
Distinction solid vs. uid is not obvious:
Some materials behave both like a solid and like a uid
depending on the observation period (asphalt, glass, some plastics)
Example: University of Queensland pitch-drop experiment:
(set up in 1927, won the Ig-Nobel Price in October 2005)
Dec 1938 1st drop fell
Feb 1947 2nd drop fell
Apr 1954 3rd drop fell
May 1962 4th drop fell
Aug 1970 5th drop fell
Apr 1979 6th drop fell
Jul 1988 7th drop fell
Nov 28, 2000 8th drop fell
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics
Digression: General visco-elastic materials
Generalization of constitutive laws for viscoelastic materials:
M

k=1

k
s
t
k
=
N

=1

e
t

k=1

k

k

ij
t
k
=
N

=1

e
ij
t

Maxwell material:
(t)
E
+
(t)

= e(t)
Kelvin-Voigt material:
= E e(t) + e(t)
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics
4. Fluids: Newtons uid
Force equilibrium:

Dv
i
Dt


y
j

ij
= f
i
in
Mass conservation / continuity equation:

t
+ div(v) = 0 in
Kinematic equation:
e
ij
=
1
2
_
v
i
y
j
+
v
j
y
i
_
Constitutive law:

ij
= 2 e
ij
+

ij
p
ij
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics
4. Fluids: incompressible Newtons uid
Force equilibrium:

Dv
i
Dt


y
j

ij
= f
i
in
Mass conservation / continuity equation: particle density is
const. in time:
D
Dt
..
=0
+ div(v) = 0 ie. div(v) = 0 in
Kinematic equation:
e
ij
=
1
2
_
v
i
y
j
+
v
j
y
i
_
Constitutive law:

ij
= 2 e
ij
p
ij
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics
2. Fluids: Navier-Stokes equation
Force equilibria: assembling all to Navier-Stokes equation:

y
j
_

_
v
i
y
j
+
v
j
y
i
_
p
ij
_
= f
i

Dv
i
Dt
Mass conservation / continuity equation:
v
j
y
j
= 0
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics
2. Fluids: Navier-Stokes equation
Force equilibria: assembling all to Navier-Stokes equation:

_

2
v
i
y
j
y
j
+

2
v
j
y
j
y
i
_
+
p
y
i
= f
i

Dv
i
Dt
Mass conservation / continuity equation:
v
j
y
j
= 0
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics
2. Fluids: Navier-Stokes equation
Force equilibria: assembling all to Navier-Stokes equation:

v
i
t
+
v
i
y
j
v
j

_

2
v
i
y
j
y
j
_
+
p
y
i
= f
i
Mass conservation / continuity equation:
v
j
y
j
= 0
Ales Janka VII. Problems of elasto-dynamics and uid dynamics