INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR Tutorial SPACE DYNAMICS

1. Show that in elliptic motion about a focus under attraction r 2 , the radial velocity is given by the equation r = ar2 [a (1 + e) r] [r a (1 e)], where r is the radius, a is the semi-major axis, e is the eccentricity, and is the planetary gravitational constant.

2. Prove that the earth takes two days more than half a year to travel over half of its orbit separated by minor axis away from the sun. It is given that period of the earth is 365 days and the eccentricity of the orbit is 1/60. 3. A wheel of radius 1 m is rolling without slip on a belt which is moving to the left at a speed on 2 m/s to the left. An observer on the ground sees that the center of the wheel is moving to the right at a speed of 4 m/s. Determine the velocity of the point Q with respect to the ground and the belt.
Q
0

60

2 m/s

Figure 1: Wheel rolling on the belt 4. Find an equation for the speed V of a satellite in the earth orbit as a function of energy E and the radial distance r. 5. Of two circular orbits, the one with larger radius has greater energy E , explain the reason for lower velocity in this orbit as compared to that with the smaller radius. 6. Show that central force motion is conned to a xed plane. 7. Derive an expression for eccentricity e in terms of an initial speed V0 , and ight path angle 0 . 8. Show that the speed of a satellite in an elliptic orbit at the either end of the minor axis is the same as circular speed at that point. 9. Prove that the ight path angle is 450 when = 900 for all parabolic trajectories. 10. Determine the orbital period of a spacecraft whose perigee and apogee are at an altitude of 122 km and 622 km, respectively. 11. Show that the period of an orbit close to the surface of a homogeneous spherical planet is a function of planetary density only. 12. Halleys comet orbits the sun in an elliptical orbit of eccentricity 0.9673. Compare the linear and angular velocities of this comet at perihelion and aphelion. 13. The semi-major axis of a satellite when injected into the orbit has a semi major axis of 1.0478 earth radii and a period of 90.54 min. Calculate the mass of the earth in the units of the suns mass.
2 14. A rocket traveling in a circular orbit ri vi / = 1 is given an impulsive thrust normal to the orbit so that the resultant velocity vector makes an angle 0 outward from the tangent to the departing circular orbit. Determine the new orbit, specifying the perigee and apogee distances and the eccentricity. Determine 0 to perigee.
0 15. A satellite is launched with the following conditions: 0 0 = 1, 0 = 200 , and r R = 2.0. (a) Determine the orbit parameters e, a/R, and establish the initial position with respect to perigee. (b) Now imagine that this satellite continue along this orbit to = 1500 , at which time the orbit is to be increased to a value of a/R = 3.60 without rotating the apse line, determine the required increment in the velocity and its direction. 0 is the ight path angle. R is the radius of earth. Sketch the gure showing all the parameters. If there are multiple solutions then state the reason of selecting a particular solution.

r v2

ri rf f

Figure 2: Ascent of rocket and injection into orbit 16. A system of n particles of masses mi , i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n moves under the action of a law of gravitation such that the force of attraction between each pair of the particles is directly proportional to the product of their masses and directly proportional to the distance between them. Show that under such a law the orbit of any particle about any other particle is an ellipse and that the other particle is at the center of the ellipse and that the orbit of any particle with respect to the center of mass of the system is also an ellipse.
) 17. Prove that the minimum value of 2U = x2 + y 2 + 2 (1r + 2r in the restricted coplanar 3 body problem 1 2 is 3 so that no zero velocity curves exists for C < 3. What is the shape of the curves for C = 3.

18. The equation of the zero velocity curves of the Earth-Moon system is 2U = C. Determine the largest values of C for which the Earth-Moon trip is possible. 19. A satellite is to be placed into an orbit of radius rf through the direct ascent. This is followed by its injection into a transfer ellipse along which it coasts until the nal orbit is reached where the nal impulse places the satellite into the desired orbit. Show that the nal cuto velocity attained during powered ascent is given by 2 (rf ri ) rf sin2 i V 2 = g0 R2 /ri rf sin2 ri sin2

20. A satellite is to be placed from an elliptic orbit of eccentricity ei and major axis 2ai to an outer coplanar coaxial elliptic orbit with eccentricity ef and major axis 2af . For two such possible co-tangential transfer nd the eccentricities and also calculate V for these transfer.
a 22. Satellite 2 is traveling east in equatorial circular orbit of R = 2, being at position longitude 2 = 0, latitude 2 = 0 at time t = 0. Satellite 1 at t = 0 at the latitude 1 = 900 and traveling in polar a = 2, e = 0.30. If it is desired for 1 to intercept 2 at longitude elliptical orbit longitude 1 = 0, with R 0 330 , determine the transfer orbit and components of the velocity increment. The position of 1 at t = 0 corresponds to perigee for elliptic orbit.

23. Two circular heliocentric orbits have radii 1 A. U. and 3 A. U. and a mutual inclination of 50 . It is proposed to transfer a vehicle moving in the outer orbit by a single elliptic path into the inner one by applying the 2

AB A

AB A

21. Figure 3: Two satellites in the same orbit

B A P O C

Figure 4: Rendezvous of satellites A and B two velocity increments. When should they be applied? Should the change in orbit inclination be made at the outer or inner transfer points if a saving in fuel is to be made. Calculate the saving in the velocity sum if the correct decision is made. 24. It is proposed to study the sensitivity of transfer orbits to small errors in position and velocity cut-o. Obtain the expression for the resulting error in orbital elements. 25. A satellite is launched from earth such that the booster burnout occurs at an altitude of 422 km with a velocity V0 = 9.5 km/s and ight path angle 0 = 100 . (a) determine 0 and e, (b) determine a and rp . (c) as the satellite passes perigee its rocket is red in order to circularize the orbit. However, the resulting velocity was 4% o, and = 0.04 radian at the end of thrusting. What is the resulting value of e? 26. What is the minimum V required to bring a synchronous satellite back to earth reentry altitude (about 75 km)? 27. Two satellites have positions A and B at time t while moving in an elliptic orbit of eccentricity e about the center of force O. It is proposed to apply an impulse at A to send it in a faster trajectory of eccentricity et so that the satellites can be made to to have a rendezvous when the satellite B moves to position C. Given that BOA = 1 and COB = 2 then show that et = rC rA rA cos A rC cos(A + 1 + 2 )

where rx is the length of radius vector at point at point x = A, B, C , and A is the true anomaly of A in the transfer orbit. Indicate the steps of the iteration schemes that would be required to determine a suitable orbit facilitating rendezvous. 28. The motion of a spinning rigid satellite in the absence of external torque is given by Ixx x = (Iyy Izz ) y z Iyy y = (Izz Ixx ) z x Izz z = (Ixx Iyy ) x y where x, y , and z are the principal body coordinate axes with origin at the mass center of the rigid satellite, x , y , and z are the angular velocity components. Show that if rotation is given about x axis only, it would represent an equilibrium conguration. 29. Prove that the equation of a satellite pitching motion in a circular orbit is given by d2 + 3ki sin cos = 0. d2 3

Find the approximate period of oscillations for motion in small. Integrate this equation to determine the rst integral of pitching motion. Hence nd the maximum pitching angle for the case when initial pitch angle is zero while initial pitching velocity (dimensionless) is 3/2 and ki = 1. 30. For the ight of a single stage rocket in vertical ascent, show that the rocket burnout altitude is given by yb y0 = 2 g0 Isp 1 r 1 1 R 1 ln
1 1 R R 1R 2r 2 2