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Table of Contents
Time Value of Money .............................................................................................................................. 1 Time Value of Money Applications ......................................................................................................... 1 Discount and Interest Rate Components ................................................................................................ 3 Interest rate in determining future value ............................................................................................... 3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 4
capital markets. This is a method of direct finance because the "companies borrowed directly by issuing securities to investors in the capital markets". Opposite of direct financing is indirect financing which involves a "financial intermediary between the borrower and the investor". Banks would be an example of the intermediary because they may loan out money that an individual or company has left in a savings account. The capital marketplace could not exist without these intermediaries as they are what help create strong economies. Stocks and bonds are commonly called securities "because they both represent obligations on the part of issuers to provide purchasers with expected or stated returns on the funds invested or loaned". In the primary market firms issue securities and sell them initially to the public. When a company needs capital to expand a plant, develop products, acquire another firm, or pursue other business opportunities, it may make a stock or bond offering which gives investors the opportunity to purchase ownership shares in the firm and to take part in its future growth in exchange for providing current capital. Netscape and Yahoo! are examples of companies that have grown because of a stock offering in the primary market called initial public offering. Government agencies will also use primary markets to raise funds by issuing bonds. Treasury bonds to finance part of the budget deficit as well as state and local governments will issue municipal bonds to finance long-term capital projects in a community. A long-term capital project might be building a new school or park. Secondary markets consist of a "collection of places where previously issued shares of stock and bonds are traded among owners other than the issuing firms". A corporate security that represents the ownership or debt of a company is a stock or bond. The basic form of ownership in a business is the common stock. Purchasers of common stock expect to be paid dividends and/or capital gains that result from the increases in the value of the stock they hold. The value of the stock sold on either par value or no-par value cannot be confused with two other types of stock value, market and book value. The par value of a stock is an arbitrary value for the stock designated by the company. Since par value is arbitrary, most companies will issue no-par value stock. Market value of stock is the price the stock is currently selling at and book value is determined by subtracting the company's liabilities, including the value of any preferred stock it has issued, from its assets. The net figure is then divided by the number of shares of common stock resulting in the book value. Another form of stock issued by corporations is preferred stock. Preferred stock owners receive preference in payment of dividends. Unlike common stock holders who may lose money if a company fails, preferred stock holders will receive money if a company fails because preferred stock holders receive payment before any claim by common stockholders. Bonds are another way for a corporation to receive financing. In selling bonds, corporations obtain long-term debt capital. Bondholders have a claim on corporations assets should that corporation fail which must be satisfied prior to any claims that a preferred stockholder or common stockholder be satisfied. The three categories of securities that are used for the valuation and reporting on financial statements of corporations are trading securities, available for sale securities, and held to maturity securities. Trading securities are those securities that are "bought and held primarily for sale in the
near term to generate income on short-term price differences". Available-for-sale securities may be sold, and held-to-maturity securities are considered debt securities that the investor intends to or could hold on to until maturity. In examining other securities of a corporation one must also look at temporary investments or those securities that are held by a company that are readily marketable and intended to be converted into cash usually within a year or an operating cycle. If an investment does not meet both of the mentioned criteria, the investment is called a long-term investment. Long-term investments in available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, and investments in common stock are accounted for under the equity method is reported at equity. Ensuring compliance and fairness in trading securities is a governmental agency known as the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). According the SEBI website (2013) the mission of the agency is "to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto" . The SEBI has oversight of those that participate in trading securities. This oversight ensures that important, relevant market-related information is shared so that securities can be traded fairly to help eliminate fraud.
Discount rate in determining present value To calculate present value, a discount rate must be determined that takes in consideration how much risk is associated with a project or an investment. High risk means high discount rate while low risk means a low discount rate. The formula for computing present value is derived from the future value formula, therefore, PV = FV / [(1+i)n].
Conclusion
Time value of money is the basic concept applied by various governmental, financial and investment institutions and companies in valuing securities and capital investments. Prices of bonds are determined by using discount rates, time to maturity and face value. Banks use the time value of money principle in calculating annuities on home loans based on interest rates, present value of principal and amortization period. Pension and other fixed income funds also determine annuities based on the time value of money. Individuals and families have to consider Time Value of Money in deciding how to invest for retirement or college expenses, whether or not to buy on credit or save up for major purchases, when to purchase a house and how much to pay for it, etc. Decisions about taking equity out of their homes to pay off debts or to purchase items should be based on opportunity cost and time value of money. Time value of money serves as the foundation of finance and the way of life. Any individual that has a goal to prosper in the future needs to always make sure on the weight of everything. Being knowledgeable of savings and investing is very important. It is a valuable tool in building a successful company as well as in building a sound financial basis for a family.