FLUID FORCES 1.

When finding the forces on a nozzle, we should first decide the control volume on which to apply the force balance. 2. When a fluid speeds up, slow down or changes direction, and thus accelerate, it will oppose it as it has MASS, and thats where the inertia forces come in. These forces are the manifestations of the will of the mass to avoid any changes. It is this force that the mass uses to oppose any change.(Direction and magnitude together constitutes the vector VELOCITY). Therefore a change in either causes acceleration. 3. There are pressure forces and then there are acceleration------> inertia-----> inertia force ------>forces due to velocity changes. 4. Instead of taking simple difference of values when finding out the change in velocity, we instead draw vector diagrams as it gives an idea about the change in magnitude as well as in direction. 5. When its given that a pipe bends through a certain angle, then reference line should be taken as the original extension of the pipe (original line of flow) before the bending took place. 6. Here we are finding the change in velocity (which includes the magnitude and direction) unlike when we find the change in velocity along a particular direction to find the change in momentum in THAT direction. Here we are only concerned with the change in momentum without bothering about what different changes occur in each of the many directions. 7. To determine the relative velocity, first draw the vectors such that they have a single origin point. 8. To find the exact solution of a differential equation, we need the boundary conditions; otherwise it just gives a general solution. 9. Any material is made up of bonds which join atoms. And these bonds are elastic in nature, therefore under the influence of any disturbing force they develop restoring forces and therefore they vibrate. 10. The force vector must be in the direction of velocity as the rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force applied in the direction of change. When water flows in a curved pipe, the direction of its flow changes. It means the pipe must be exerting some kind of force on the water flow so as to change its direction. But how do we find out that force? We know that if the velocity changes, there must be acceleration and thus change in momentum, and the water will develop some kind of opposing inertia force as it has MASS! That inertia force can be found to be = rate of change of momentum. (F=ma) F=mV/t

Here the mass flow rate doesnt change, only velocity changes. Therefore all we have to do is find the change in velocity, which can be done by drawing vectors. We also know the force will act in the direction of change in velocity. Therefore we find the force exerted on the pipe and its direction, which will be opposite the force exerted by the pipe on the water. 1. When a jet of fluid strikes a stationary vane, the vane decelerates the fluid in a GIVEN direction and the deceleration is due to the change in fluid flow direction. 2. the fluid is always at atmospheric pressure after leaving the nozzle, therefore there are no forces due to pressure change. How do we find the force exerted due to change in momentum? We first try to find the change in velocity and its direction, because only then well know the direction of the force occurring due to change in momentum. We should observe all such paths which the flow of the liquid has been broken into relative to the original line of flow. And find the velocity change and thus forces involved there. There may also be a direction in which the flow has become zero, and this will also count as change in velocity since velocity changed from a finite value to zero in that direction. 1. We are interested in finding the force in the direction normal to the plate instead of finding the force in a direction which is normal to the original line of fluid flow. 2. When dealing with vanes we interested in the forces acting in the direction normal to the plate, therefore we consider the momentum changes in that same direction. 3. Remember that if friction is present, then the magnitude as well as direction will change when water flows over a vane. But usually we consider ideal cases and in them the friction is considered to be negligible, thus only the change in the direction of the velocity causes a change in momentum ultimately causing the force. FLUID FORCES 1. When finding the forces on a nozzle, we should first decide the control volume on which to apply the force balance. 2. When a fluid speeds up, slow down or changes direction, and thus accelerate, it will oppose it as it has MASS, and thats where the inertia forces come in. These forces are the manifestations of the will of the mass to avoid any changes. It is this force that the mass uses to oppose any change.(Direction and magnitude together constitutes the vector VELOCITY). Therefore a change in either causes acceleration. 3. There are pressure forces and then there are

acceleration------> inertia-----> inertia force ------>forces due to velocity changes. 4. Instead of taking simple difference of values when finding out the change in velocity, we instead draw vector diagrams as it gives an idea about the change in magnitude as well as in direction. 5. When its given that a pipe bends through a certain angle, then reference line should be taken as the original extension of the pipe (original line of flow) before the bending took place. 6. Here we are finding the change in velocity (which includes the magnitude and direction) unlike when we find the change in velocity along a particular direction to find the change in momentum in THAT direction. Here we are only concerned with the change in momentum without bothering about what different changes occur in each of the many directions. 7. To determine the relative velocity, first draw the vectors such that they have a single origin point. 8. To find the exact solution of a differential equation, we need the boundary conditions; otherwise it just gives a general solution. 9. Any material is made up of bonds which join atoms. And these bonds are elastic in nature, therefore under the influence of any disturbing force they develop restoring forces and therefore they vibrate. 10. The force vector must be in the direction of velocity as the rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force applied in the direction of change. When water flows in a curved pipe, the direction of its flow changes. It means the pipe must be exerting some kind of force on the water flow so as to change its direction. But how do we find out that force? We know that if the velocity changes, there must be acceleration and thus change in momentum, and the water will develop some kind of opposing inertia force as it has MASS! That inertia force can be found to be = rate of change of momentum. (F=ma) F=mV/t Here the mass flow rate doesnt change, only velocity changes. Therefore all we have to do is find the change in velocity, which can be done by drawing vectors. We also know the force will act in the direction of change in velocity. Therefore we find the force exerted on the pipe and its direction, which will be opposite the force exerted by the pipe on the water. 1. When a jet of fluid strikes a stationary vane, the vane decelerates the fluid in a GIVEN direction and the deceleration is due to the change in fluid flow direction.

2. the fluid is always at atmospheric pressure after leaving the nozzle, therefore there are no forces due to pressure change. How do we find the force exerted due to change in momentum? We first try to find the change in velocity and its direction, because only then well know the direction of the force occurring due to change in momentum. We should observe all such paths which the flow of the liquid has been broken into relative to the original line of flow. And find the velocity change and thus forces involved there. There may also be a direction in which the flow has become zero, and this will also count as change in velocity since velocity changed from a finite value to zero in that direction. 1. We are interested in finding the force in the direction normal to the plate instead of finding the force in a direction which is normal to the original line of fluid flow. 2. When dealing with vanes we interested in the forces acting in the direction normal to the plate, therefore we consider the momentum changes in that same direction. 3. Remember that if friction is present, then the magnitude as well as direction will change when water flows over a vane. But usually we consider ideal cases and in them the friction is considered to be negligible, thus only the change in the direction of the velocity causes a change in momentum ultimately causing the force.