Class 31: Outline

Hour 1:
Concept Review / Overview
PRS Questions – possible exam questions

Hour 2:
Sample Exam

Yell if you have any questions

P31­ 1
 Exam 3 Topics
• Faraday’s Law
• Self Inductance
• Energy Stored in Inductor/Magnetic Field
• Circuits
• LR Circuits
• Undriven (R)LC Circuits
• Driven RLC Circuits
• Displacement Current
• Poynting Vector

NO: B Materials, Transformers, Mutual Inductance, EM Waves

P31­ 2
 General Exam Suggestions
• You should be able to complete every problem
• If you are confused, ask
• If it seems too hard, you aren’t thinking enough
• Look for hints in other problems
• If you are doing math, you’re doing too much
• Read directions completely (before & after)
• Write down what you know before starting
• Draw pictures, define (label) variables
• Make sure that unknowns drop out of solution
• Don’t forget units!
P31­ 3
 Maxwell’s Equations
Qin
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = ε
S 0
(Gauss's Law)

dΦB
∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt (Faraday's Law)

∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
S
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

dΦE
∫C B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc + µ0ε 0 dt (Ampere-Maxwell Law)

F = q(E + v × B) (Lorentz force Law)

P31­ 4
 qin
Gauss’s Law: ∫∫
S
E ⋅ dA =
ε0

Gaussian
Pillbox
Spherical
Symmetry Planar
Symmetry
Cylindrical
Symmetry P31­ 5
 Ampere’s Law: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ 0 I enc .

B
Long
Circular I
Symmetry B
(Infinite) Current Sheet

B
X
X
X X
X Solenoid X
X
X X X
X
X = X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
2 Current X
X

Sheets
X
X
X
X

Torus/Coax
P31­ 6
 Faraday’s Law of Induction
dΦB
ε=∫ E ⋅ ds = − N
dt Moving bar,
entering field
d
= −N ( BA cos θ )
dt
Ramp B Rotate area
Lenz’s Law: in field

Induced EMF is in direction that opposes the

change in flux that caused it
P31­ 7
 PRS Questions:
Faraday’s & Lenz’s Law
Class 21

P31­ 8
Self Inductance & Inductors
NΦ
L=
L I
I
When traveling in
direction of current:
dI
ε = −L
dt
Notice: This is called “Back EMF”
It is just Faraday’s Law!
P31­ 9
 Energy Stored in Inductor

2
UL = L I 1
2
Energy is stored in the magnetic field:
2
B
uB = : Magnetic Energy Density
2µo
P31- 10
 LR Circuit
Readings on Voltmeter
c Inductor (a to b)
Resistor (c to a)
dI
ε − IR − L = 0
dt

t=0+: Current is trying to change. Inductor works as

hard as it needs to in order to stop it
t=∞: Current is steady. Inductor does nothing.
P31- 11
 General Comment: LR/RC
All Quantities Either:

Value(t ) = Value Final (1 − e − t /τ ) Value(t ) = Value0 e − t /τ

τ can be obtained from differential equation

(prefactor on d/dt) e.g. τ = L/R or τ = RC
P31- 12
 PRS Questions:
Inductors & LR Circuits
Classes 23, 25

P31- 13
Undriven LC Circuit
Oscillations: From charge on
capacitor (Spring) to current in
inductor (Mass) 1
ω0 =
LC

P31- 14
 Damped LC Oscillations
ωL
Q =πn =
R

Resistor dissipates
energy and system
rings down over time

P31- 15
 PRS Questions:
Undriven RLC Circuits
Class 25

P31- 16
 AC Circuits: Summary

Resistance-
Current vs.
Element V vs I0 Reactance
Voltage
(Impedance)

Resistor V0 R = I 0 R In Phase R=R

I0 1
Capacitor V0C = Leads (90º) XC =
ωC ωC

Inductor V0 L = I 0ω L Lags (90º) XL = ωL

L32 - 17

 Driven RLC Series Circuit

VL 0
VS 0
I(t)
I0 VR 0
VC 0
VS

Now Solve: VS = VR + VL + VC

Now we just need to read the phasor diagram!

P31- 18
 Driven RLC Series Circuit
VL 0
VS 0
I (t ) = I 0 sin(ω t − ϕ ) ϕ
I0 VR 0
VC 0
VS = V0 S sin ( ω t )
2 2 2 2
VS 0 = VR 0 + (VL 0 − VC 0 ) = I 0 R + ( X L − X C ) ≡ I 0 Z

VS 0 ⎛ X L − XC ⎞
I0 = 2
Z = R + (X L − XC ) 2
φ = tan −1
⎜ ⎟
Z ⎝ R ⎠
Impedance P31- 19
 Plot I, V’s vs. Time
0
I (t ) = I 0 sin ( ω t )
I

VR (t ) = I 0 R sin ( ω t )
VR

VL (t ) = I 0 X L sin ( ω t + π2 )
VL

+π/2
-π/2 VC (t ) = I 0 X C sin ( ω t − π2 )
VC

VS (t ) = VS 0 sin ( ω t + ϕ )
VS

0
0 1 2 3
+φ ⎛ X L − XC ⎞
Time (Periods) φ = tan − 1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R ⎠
P31- 20
 Resonance
V0 V0 1
I0 = = ; X L = ω L, X C =
Z R 2 + ( X L − X C )2 ωC

On resonance:
C-like: I0 is max; XL=XC; Z=R;
φ<0 L-like:
φ=0; Power to R is max
I leads φ>0
I lags

ω0 = 1 LC P31- 21
Average Power: Resistor

2
< P > =< I (t ) R >
=< I sin (ω t − ϕ ) R >
2
0
2

= I R < sin (ω t − ϕ ) >

2
0
2

= I 0 R ( 12 )
2

P31- 22
 PRS Questions:
Driven RLC Circuits
Class 26

P31- 23
 Displacement Current
Q
E= ⇒ Q = ε 0 EA = ε 0 Φ E
ε0 A
dQ dΦE
= ε0 ≡ Id
dt dt
Capacitors,

∫
C
B ⋅ d s = µ 0 ( I encl + I d ) EM Waves

dΦE
= µ 0 I encl + µ 0ε 0
dt P31- 24
 Energy Flow

E×B
Poynting vector: S =
µ0

• (Dis)charging C, L
• Resistor (always in)
• EM Radiation
P31- 25
 PRS Questions:
Displacement/Poynting
Class 28

P31- 26
 SAMPLE EXAM:

The real exam has 8 concept,

3 analytical questions

P31- 27
 Problem 1: RLC Circuit
Consider a circuit consisting of an AC voltage
source: V(t)=V0sin(ωt) connected in series to a
capacitor C and a coil, which has resistance R and
inductance L0.

1. Write a differential equation for the current in this

circuit.
2. What angular frequency ωres would produce a
maximum current?
3. What is the voltage across the capacitor when
the circuit is driven at this frequency?
P31- 28
 Solution 1: RLC Circuit
1. Differential Eqn:
dI Q
VS − IR − L − =0
dt C
dI d 2I I d
R+L 2 + = VS
dt dt C dt
VS = V0 sin ( ω t ) = ωV0 cos ( ω t )

2. Maximum current on resonance: ω res = 1

L0C

P31- 29
 Solution 1: RLC Circuit
3. Voltage on Capacitor
VC 0 = I 0 X C What is I0, XC?
V0 V0
I0 = = (resonance)
Z R
VS = V0 sin ( ω t ) XC =
1
=
L0C
=
L0
ωC C C

V0 L0 V = VC 0 ( − cos ( ω t ) )
VC 0 = I0 X C =
R C = VC 0 sin ( ω t − π2 )
P31- 30
Problem 1, Part 2: RLC Circuit
Continue considering that LRC circuit.
Insert an iron bar into the coil. Its inductance
changes by a factor of 5 to L=Lcore

4. Did the inductance increase or decrease?

5. Is the new resonance frequency larger, smaller
or the same as before?
6. Now drive the new circuit with the original ωres.
Does the current peak before, after, or at the
same time as the supply voltage?

P31- 31
Solution 1, Part 2: RLC Circuit

4. Putting in an iron core INCREASES the

inductance

5. The new resonance frequency is smaller

6. If we drive at the original resonance frequency

then we are now driving ABOVE the resonance
frequency. That means we are inductor like,
which means that the current lags the voltage.

P31- 32
 Problem 2: Self-Inductance

The above inductor consists of two solenoids

(radius b, n turns/meter, and radius a, 3n
turns/meter) attached together such that the
current pictured goes counter-clockwise in both of
them according to the observer.
What is the self inductance of the above inductor?
P31- 33
 Solution 2: Self-Inductance
b Inside Inner Solenoid:
a
X X ∫ B ⋅ d s = Bl = µ 0 ( nlI + 3nlI )
X
X
⇒ B = 4 µ 0 nI
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
Between Solenoids:
B = µ 0 nI
X X
X
X X
X 2
X
X B
X X U= iVolume
X X
X 2µo
( 4 µ 0 nI ) ( µ 0 nI )
2 2
n 3n = π a2 + π ( b2 − a 2 )
2µo 2µo
P31- 34
 Solution 2: Self-Inductance
b
( µ 0 nI )
2

{15a }
a
U= π 2
+b 2

2µo
X X
X
X X
X X
X
2
X
X
X
X
X
U = LI 1
2
X X
X

( µ0 n )
X X 2

{15a }
X X

⇒L= π 2
+b 2
X
X X
X X
X µo
n 3n NΦ
Could also have used: L =
I P31- 35
 Problem 3: Pie Wedge
Consider the following pie
shaped circuit. The arm is
free to pivot about the
center, P, and has mass m
and resistance R.

1. If the angle θ decreases in time (the bar is

falling), what is the direction of current?
2. If θ = θ(t), what is the rate of change of
magnetic flux through the pie-shaped circuit?
P31- 36
 Solution 3: Pie Wedge
1) Direction of I?

Lenz’s Law says: try to

oppose decreasing flux
I Counter-Clockwise (B out)
2) θ = θ(t), rate of change of magnetic flux?

2⎛ θ ⎞ θ a 2
dΦB d d θ a2
A =πa ⎜ ⎟= = ( BA ) = B
⎝ 2π ⎠ 2 dt dt dt 2
Ba 2 dθ
=
2 dt
P31- 37
Problem 3, Part 2: Pie Wedge
3. What is the magnetic force on
the bar (magnitude and
direction – indicated on figure)
4. What torque does this create
about P? (HINT: Assume
force acts at bar center)

P31- 38
 Solution 3, Part 2: Pie Wedge
3) Magnetic Force?
dF = Id s × B F = IaB
ε 1 d Φ B 1 Ba 2 dθ
I= = =
R R dt R 2 dt
B 2 a 3 dθ (Dir. as pictured)
F=
2 R dt

4) Torque?
a B 2 a 4 dθ
τ = r×F ⇒τ = F = (out of page)
2 4 R dt
P31- 39
 Problem 4: RLC Circuit
The switch has been in
position a for a long time.
The capacitor is uncharged.

1. What energy is currently stored in the magnetic

field of the inductor?
2. At time t = 0, the switch S is thrown to position
b. By applying Faraday's Law to the bottom
loop of the above circuit, obtain a differential
equation for the behavior of charge Q on the
capacitor with time. P31- 40
 Solution 4: RLC Circuit
1. Energy Stored in Inductor
2
1 2 1 ⎛ε ⎞
U = L I = L⎜ ⎟
I 2 2 ⎝R⎠
+Q 2. Write Differential Equation
2
dI Q dQ d Q Q
−L − = 0 I= ⇒L 2 + =0
dt C dt dt C

P31- 41
 Problem 4, Part 2: RLC Circuit
3. Write down an explicit
solution for Q(t) that
satisfies your differential
equation above and the
initial conditions of this
problem.

4. How long after t = 0 does it take for the electrical

energy stored in the capacitor to reach its first
maximum, in terms of the quantities given? At that
time, what is the energy stored in the inductor? In the
capacitor?
P31- 42
 Solution 4: RLC Circuit
3. Solution for Q(t): Q (t ) = Qmax sin (ω t )
1 ε ε LC
ω= ω Qmax = I 0 = ⇒ Qmax =
LC R R
4. Time to charge capacitor
2π T π LC
T= = 2π LC ⇒ TCharge = =
ω 4 2
Energy in inductor = 0 2
1 ⎛ε ⎞
Energy in capacitor = Initial Energy: U = L ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝R⎠
P31- 43
 Problem 5: Cut Circuit
Consider the circuit at left: A battery
(EMF ε) and a resistor wired with
very thick wire of radius a.
At time t=0, a thin break is made in
the wire (thickness d).
1. After a time t = t0, a charge Q = Q0
accumulates at the top of the break and Q
= -Q0 at the bottom. What is the electric
field inside the break?
2. What is the magnetic field, B, inside the
break as a function of radius r<a?
P31- 44
 Solution 5: Cut Circuit
1. Cut looks like capacitor.
Use Gauss to find electric field:
+Q0
A Qenc σA
-Q0
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = EA = ε0
=
ε0

σ Q0
E= = down
ε0 π a ε0
2

P31- 45
 Solution 5: Cut Circuit
Q0
E= 2. Find B field using Ampere’s Law
π a 2ε 0
dΦE d 2 dE
Id = ε0 = ε 0 Eπ r = ε 0π r
2

+Q0
dt dt dt
2 d ⎛ Q0 ⎞ 2
r dQ0
r -Q0 = ε 0π r ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 2
dt ⎝ π a ε 0 ⎠ a dt
2
r dQ0
∫ B ⋅ d s = B 2π r = µ0 ( I enc + I d ) = µ0 I d = µ0 a 2 dt
µ 0 r dQ0
B= clockwise
2π a dt
2
P31- 46