Class 24: Outline

Hour 1:
Inductance & LR Circuits

Hour 2:
Energy in Inductors

P24- 1
 Last Time:
Faraday’s Law
Mutual Inductance

P24- 2
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

dΦB
ε = −N
dt
Changing magnetic flux induces an EMF

Lenz: Induction opposes change

P24- 3
 Mutual Inductance
A current I2 in coil 2, induces some
magnetic flux Φ12 in coil 1. We
define the flux in terms of a “mutual
inductance” M12:
N1Φ12 ≡ M 12 I 2
N1Φ12
→ M 12 =
M 12 = M 21 = M I2

ε12 ≡ −M dI 2 You need AC

currents!
dt P24- 4
Demonstration:
Remote Speaker

P24- 5
 This Time:
Self Inductance

P24- 6
Self Inductance
What if we forget about coil 2 and
ask about putting current into coil 1?
There is “self flux”:

N1Φ11 ≡ M 11 I1 ≡ LI
NΦ
→L=
I

ε ≡ −L
dI
dt P24- 7
 Calculating Self Inductance
NΦ Unit: Henry
V ⋅s
L= 1H=1
I A
1. Assume a current I is flowing in your device
2. Calculate the B field due to that I
3. Calculate the flux due to that B field
4. Calculate the self inductance (divide out I)

P24- 8
 Group Problem: Solenoid

Calculate the self-inductance L of a

solenoid (n turns per meter, length A,
radius R)

REMEMBER
1. Assume a current I is flowing in your device
2. Calculate the B field due to that I
3. Calculate the flux due to that B field
4. Calculate the self inductance (divide out I)

L = NΦ I P24- 9
 Inductor Behavior

L
I

ε = −L
dI
dt
Inductor with constant current does nothing
P24- 10
 Back EMF ε = −L
dI
dt

I I
dI
> 0, εL < 0 dI
< 0, εL > 0
dt dt P24- 11
 Inductors in Circuits
Inductor: Circuit element which exhibits self-inductance

Symbol:

When traveling in
direction of current:

ε = −L
dI
dt
Inductors hate change, like steady state
They are the opposite of capacitors! P24- 12
 PRS Question:
Closing a Switch

P24- 13
 LR Circuit

∑i Vi = ε − IR − L dt = 0
dI
P24- 14
 LR Circuit
ε dI
− IR − L = 0 ⇒
L dI ⎛ ε
= −⎜ I − ⎟
⎞
dt R dt ⎝ R⎠
Solution to this equation when switch is closed at t = 0:

ε
I (t ) =
R
(1− e ) − t /τ

L
τ = : LR time constant
R

P24- 15
 LR Circuit

t=0+: Current is trying to change. Inductor works as

hard as it needs to to stop it
t=∞: Current is steady. Inductor does nothing.
P24- 16
 LR Circuit
Readings on Voltmeter
c Inductor (a to b)
Resistor (c to a)

t=0+: Current is trying to change. Inductor works as

hard as it needs to to stop it
t=∞: Current is steady. Inductor does nothing.
P24- 17
 General Comment: LR/RC
All Quantities Either:

Value(t ) = Value Final (1 − e − t /τ ) Value(t ) = Value0 e − t /τ

τ can be obtained from differential equation

(prefactor on d/dt) e.g. τ = L/R or τ = RC
P24- 18
 Group Problem: LR Circuit

1. What direction does the current flow just after

turning off the battery (at t=0+)? At t=∞?
2. Write a differential equation for the circuit
3. Solve and plot I vs. t and voltmeters vs. t
P24- 19
 PRS Questions:
LR Circuit & Problem…

P24- 20
Non-Conservative Fields

R=10Ω R=100Ω
I=1A

G G dΦB
∫ E ⋅ d s = −
dt
E is no longer a conservative field –
Potential now meaningless P24- 21
 This concept
(& next 3 slides)
are complicated.
Bare with me and try not to
get confused

P24- 22
Kirchhoff’s Modified 2nd Rule
G G dΦB
∑i ∆ Vi = − v∫ E ⋅ d s = + N d t
dΦB
⇒ ∑ ∆ Vi − N =0
i dt
If all inductance is ‘localized’ in inductors then
our problems go away – we just have:
dI
∑i ∆ Vi − L d t = 0 P24- 23
 Ideal Inductor
• BUT, EMF generated
in an inductor is not a
voltage drop across
the inductor!
dI
ε = −L
dt
G G
∆ Vi n d u c t o r ≡ −∫ E ⋅ d s = 0
Because resistance is 0, E must be 0!
P24- 24
 Conclusion:
Be mindful of physics
Don’t think too hard doing it

P24- 25
 Demos:
Breaking circuits with
inductors

P24- 26
Internal Combustion Engine

See figure 1:
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine3.htm

P24- 27
 Ignition System

The Distributor:
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ignition-system4.htm

(A) High Voltage Lead (A) Coil connection

(B) Cap/Rotor Contact (B) Breaker Points
(C) Distributor Cap (D) Cam Follower
(D) To Spark Plug (E) Distributor Cam
P24- 28
 Modern Ignition

See figure:
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ignition-system.htm

P24- 29
Energy in Inductor

P24- 30
 Energy Stored in Inductor
ε
= + IR + L
dI
dt

Iε = I R + L I
2 dI
dt

Iε = I R +
2 d
dt
( 1
2 LI 2
)
Battery Resistor Inductor
Supplies Dissipates Stores
P24- 31
Energy Stored in Inductor

UL = L I 1
2
2

But where is energy stored?

P24- 32
 Example: Solenoid
Ideal solenoid, length l, radius R, n turns/length, current I:

B = µ 0 nI L = µo n π R l 2 2

U B = LI =
1
2
2 1
2 (µ no
2
π R l) I
2 2

⎛ B ⎞ 2 2
UB = ⎜ ⎟π R l
⎝ 2µo ⎠
Energy Volume
Density
P24- 33
 Energy Density
Energy is stored in the magnetic field!
2
B
uB = : Magnetic Energy Density
2µo

εo E 2
uE = : Electric Energy Density
2
P24- 34
Group Problem: Coaxial Cable

I I Inner wire: r=a

X
Outer wire: r=b

1. How much energy is stored per unit length?

2. What is inductance per unit length?

HINTS: This does require an integral

The EASIEST way to do (2) is to use (1)
P24- 35
Back to Back EMF

P24- 36
 PRS Question:
Stopping a Motor

P24- 37