Professional Documents
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Hour 1:
Concept Review / Overview
PRS Questions – possible exam questions
Hour 2:
Sample Exam
P13- 5
E Field and Potential: Creating
P13- 7
Continuous Sources: Charge Density
Charge Densities:
Q Q Q
λ= σ= ρ=
L A V
dQ = λ dL dQ = σ dA dQ = ρ dV
Don’t forget your geometry:
dL = dx dA = 2π rdr
dVcyl = 2π rldr
dL = Rdθ dVsphere = 4π r dr
2
P13- 8
E Field and Potential: Creating
Discrete set of point charges:
G q q Add up from each
E = ke 2 rˆ ; V = ke point charge
r r
Continuous charge distribution:
G dq dq Break charged object
dE = ke 2 rˆ ; dV = ke into small pieces, dq,
r r and integrate
Symmetric charged object:
G G qin G G Use Gauss’ law to get
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = ; ∆V ≡ − ∫ E ⋅ d s E everywhere, then
w ε0
S integrate to get V
P13- 9
G G qin
Gauss’s Law: ∫∫
w
S
E ⋅ dA =
ε0
Gaussian
Pillbox
Spherical
Symmetry Planar
Symmetry
Cylindrical
Symmetry P13-10
E Field and Potential: Effects
W = ∆U = q∆V
P13-11
PRS Questions:
Electric Fields and Potential
P13-12
Conductors in Equilibrium
Conductors are equipotential objects:
1) E = 0 inside
2) Net charge inside is 0
3) E perpendicular to surface
4) Excess charge on surface
E =σ
ε0
5) Shielding – inside doesn’t
“talk” to outside
P13-13
PRS Questions:
Conductors
P13-14
Capacitors
Capacitance To calculate:
Q 1) Put on arbitrary ±Q
C= 2) Calculate E
∆V
3) Calculate ∆V
In Series & Parallel
1 1 1
= + Ceq ,parallel = C1 + C2
Ceq ,series C1 C2
Energy
Q 2
1 1 εo E 2
U= = Q ∆V = C ∆V = ∫∫∫ uE d 3 r = ∫∫∫
2
d 3r
2C 2 2 2
P13-
PRS Questions:
Capacitors
P13-16
Dielectrics
Dielectrics locally weaken the electric field
E0
E= ; κ ≥1
κ
P13-18
SAMPLE EXAM:
P13-19
Q: Point Charges
A right isosceles triangle of side 2d has charges q,
+2q and -q arranged on its vertices (see sketch).
− 1 0k q Q
(c) W = ∆ U = ( − 5Q ) ∆ V = ( − 5Q ) V ( P ) = =W
r
P13-21
Q: Ring of Charge
A thin rod with a uniform charge per unit length λ is bent into the shape of a
circle of radius R
a) Choose a coordinate system for the rod. Clearly indicate your choice of
origin, and axes on the diagram above.
b) Choose an infinitesimal charge element dq . Find an expression relating
dq , λ, and your choice of length for dq .
c) Find the vector components for the contribution of dq to the electric field
along an axis perpendicular to the plane of the circle, a distance d above
the plane of the circle. The axis passes through the center of the circle.
Express the vector components in terms of your choice of unit vectors
d) What is the direction and magnitude of the electric field along the axis
that passes through the center of the circle, perpendicular to the plane of
the circle, and a distance d above the plane of the circle.
e) What is the potential at that point, assuming V(∞)=0?
P13-22
A: Ring of Charge
z a) Origin & axes as pictured
d dq
y b) d q = λ d A = λ R d θ
θ
x G kdq G
c) d E = 3
r
r
G
r = − R c o s ( θ ) ˆi − R s i n ( θ ) ˆj + d kˆ ; r = R 2 + d 2
b) What is the electric potential V(r) in these same three regions. Take the
electric potential to be zero at ∞.
c) What is the electric potential difference between the outer shell and the
inner cylinder, ∆V=V(b) - V(a)?
d) What is the capacitance of this spherical capacitor?
e) If a positive charge +2Q is placed anywhere on the inner sphere of radius
a, what charge appears on the outside surface of the thin spherical shell
of inner radius b?
P13-24
A: Spherical Capacitor
3 a) By symmetry E is purely radial.
2 Choose spherical Gaussian surface
G G qin
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = = EA = E ⋅ 4π r
1
w
2
S
ε0
G G Q
1&3) qin = 0 → E = 0 2) E = ˆ
r
4πε 0 r 2
2) V ( r ) = − ∫ E ⋅ dS = 4πε r b
0
( )
b
1) E=0 → V constant = V(a) → V =
Q 1 −1
4πε 0 a b P13-25
A: Spherical Capacitor
Q ⎛1 1⎞
3 c) ∆V = V ( b ) − V ( a ) = ⎜ − ⎟
2 4πε 0 ⎝ b a ⎠
1
Q 4πε 0
d) C= = −1 −1
∆V a −b( )
e) If you place an additional +2Q charge on the inner
sphere then you will induce an additional -2Q on the
inner surface of the outer shell, and hence a +2Q
charge on the outer surface of that shell
Answer: +2Q
P13-26
Q: Find E from V
The graph shows the variation of an electric
potential V with distance z . The potential V
does not depend on x or y. The potential V
in the region -1 m < z < 1 m is given in Volts
by the expression V(z)= 15 - 5z2. Outside of
this region, the electric potential varies
linearly with z, as indicated in the graph.
(a) Find an equation for the z-component of the electric field, Ez, in
the region -1 m < z < 1 m.
(b) What is Ez in the region z > 1 m? Be careful to indicate the sign
(c) What is Ez in the region z < -1 m? Be careful to indicate the sign
(d) This potential is due a slab of charge with constant charge per unit
volume ρo. Where is this slab of charge located (give the z-
coordinates that bound the slab)? What is the charge density ρo of
the slab in C/m3? Be sure to give clearly both the sign and
magnitude of ρo. P13-27
A: Find E from V
(a) V ( z ) = 15 − 5 z 2
∂V
Ez = − = 10 z
∂z
∂V These make
(b) (z > 1 m) Ez = − = 10 V m
∂z sense – the
electric field
∂V points down
(c) (z < -1 m) Ez = − = −10 V m
∂z the hill
P13-28
A: Find E from V
(d) Field constant outside slab,
so slab from -1m to 1m
The slab is positively charged
since E points away
G G qin
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = = ERt A + ELt A = 2 EA
w
S
ε0
qin ρ0 Volumein ρ0 Ad
2 EA = = =
Gaussian ε0 ε0 ε0
d=2m Pillbox
P13-30
A: Parallel Plate Capacitor
(a) Charges are
attracted, so live
on inner surface
only
z
G G Q
Between plates: Vin ( z ) = ∆V = − ∫ E ⋅ dS = − Ez = − z
0
Aε 0