Class 02: Outline

Answer questions
Hour 1:
Review: Electric Fields
Charge
Dipoles
Hour 2:
Continuous Charge Distributions
P02 - 1
 Last Time: Fields
Gravitational & Electric

P02 - 2
Gravitational & Electric Fields
Mass M Charge q (±)

G M G q
CREATE: g = −G 2 rˆ E = ke 2 rˆ
r r
G G G G
FEEL: Fg = mg FE = qE

This is easiest way to picture field

P02 - 3
PRS Questions:
Electric Field

P02 - 4
 Electric Field Lines
1. Direction of field line at any point is tangent to
field at that point
2. Field lines point away from positive charges
and terminate on negative charges
3. Field lines never cross each other

P02 - 5
 In-Class Problem
P
ĵ
î
s

−q d +q

Consider two point charges of equal magnitude but

opposite signs, separated by a distance d. Point P
lies along the perpendicular bisector of the line
joining the charges, a distance s above that line.
What is the E field at P?
P02 - 6
Two PRS Questions:
E Field of Finite
Number of Point
Charges

P02 - 7
Charging

P02 - 8
How Do You Charge Objects?
• Friction
• Transfer (touching)
• Induction

- +
- +
+q - Neutral +
- +

P02 - 9
Demonstrations:
Instruments for
Charging

P02 -10
 Electric Dipoles
A Special Charge Distribution

P02 -11
 Electric Dipole
Two equal but opposite charges +q and –q,
separated by a distance 2a

q Dipole Moment
G G
p 2a p ≡ charge×displacement

-q
= q×2aˆj = 2qaˆj

G
p points from negative to positive charge
P02 -12
 Why Dipoles?

Nature Likes To Make Dipoles!

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/electrostatics/20-Molecules2d/20-mole2d320.html
P02 -13
Dipoles make Fields

P02 -14
Electric Field Created by Dipole
Thou shalt use
components!
G
rˆ r ∆x ˆ ∆y ˆ
2
= 3
= 3
i + 3
j
r r r r

⎛ ∆x ∆x ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
x x
Ex = keq⎜ 3 − 3 ⎟ = keq⎜ − ⎟
⎝ r+ r− ⎠ ⎜ ⎡x2 + ( y − a)2 ⎤3/2 ⎡x2 + ( y + a)2 ⎤3/2 ⎟
⎝⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎠
⎛ ∆y+ ∆y− ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ y −a y+a ⎟
Ey = keq ⎜ 3 − 3 ⎟ = keq −
⎜ ⎡ 2 3/ 2
⎤ 2 3/ 2 ⎟
⎡⎣ x + ( y + a) ⎤⎦
⎝ + − ⎠
⎝ ⎣ x + ( y − a) ⎦
r r 2 2
⎠ P02 -15
PRS Question:
Dipole Fall-Off

P02 -16
 Point Dipole Approximation

Take the limit r >> a

Finite Dipole You can show…

3p
Ex → sin θ cos θ
4πε 0 r 3

Ey →
p
4πε 0 r 3 ( 3cos θ − 1)
2

Point Dipole
P02 -17
 Shockwave for Dipole

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/electrostatics/06-
DipoleField3d/06-dipField320.html

P02 -18
Dipoles feel Fields

P02 -19
Demonstration:
Dipole in Field

P02 -20
 Dipole in Uniform Field
G
E = Eˆi
G
p = 2qa (cos θ ˆi + sin θ ˆj)

G G G G G
Total Net Force: Fnet = F+ + F− = qE + (−q)E = 0
G G G G G
Torque on Dipole: τ = r×F = p×E
τ = rF+ sin(θ ) = ( 2a )( qE ) sin(θ ) = pE sin(θ )
G
p tends to align with the electric field P02 -21
 Torque on Dipole
Total Field (dipole + background)
shows torque:
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/
8.02T/f04/visualizations/electr
ostatics/43-
torqueondipolee/43-
torqueondipolee320.html

• Field lines transmit tension

• Connection between dipole field and
constant field “pulls” dipole into alignment
P02 -22
 PRS Question:
Dipole in Non-Uniform Field

P02 -23
Continuous Charge
Distributions

P02 -24
Continuous Charge Distributions
Break distribution into parts:
V
Q = ∑ ∆ qi → ∫ dq
i V

E field at P due to ∆q
G ∆q G dq
∆ E = ke 2 rˆ → d E = ke 2 rˆ
r r
Superposition:
G G G G
E( P) = ? E = ∑ ∆E → dE ∫
P02 -25
Continuous Sources: Charge Density
dQ = ρ dV
R Volume = V = π R 2 L Q
ρ=
V
L
dQ = σ dA
w Area = A = wL Q
σ=
L A

Length = L dQ = λ dL
Q
L λ=
L P02 -26
Examples of Continuous Sources:
Line of charge
Length = L dQ = λ dL
Q
L λ=
L

http://ocw.mit.edu/a
ns7870/8/8.02T/f04
/visualizations/elect
rostatics/07-
LineIntegration/07-
LineInt320.html

P02 -27
Examples of Continuous Sources:
Line of charge
Length = L dQ = λ dL
Q
L λ=
L

http://ocw.mit.edu/a
ns7870/8/8.02T/f04
/visualizations/elect
rostatics/08-
LineField/08-
LineField320.html

P02 -28
Examples of Continuous Sources:
Ring of Charge
Q
dQ = λ dL λ=
2π R

http://ocw.mit.edu/a
ns7870/8/8.02T/f04
/visualizations/elect
rostatics/09-
RingIntegration/09-
ringInt320.html

P02 -29
Examples of Continuous Sources:
Ring of Charge
Q
dQ = λ dL λ=
2π R

http://ocw.mit.edu/a
ns7870/8/8.02T/f04
/visualizations/elect
rostatics/10-
RingField/10-
ringField320.html

P02 -30
 Example: Ring of Charge

P on axis of ring of charge, x from center

Radius a, charge density λ.
Find E at P
P02 -31
 Ring of Charge
1) Think about it
E⊥ = 0 Symmetry!
http://ocw.mit.edu/a
ns7870/8/8.02T/f04
/visualizations/elect
rostatics/09-
RingIntegration/09-
ringInt320.html

2) Define Variables
dq = λ dl = λ ( a dϕ )

r= a +x 2 2

P02 -32
 Ring of Charge
3) Write Equation dq = λ a dϕ
G G r = a2 + x2
rˆ r
dE = ke dq 2 = ke dq 3
r r
a) My way
x
dEx = ke dq 3
r
b) Another way
G 1 x x
dEx = dE cos(θ ) = ke dq 2 ⋅ = ke dq 3
r r r
P02 -33
 Ring of Charge
4) Integrate dq = λ a dϕ
x r = a2 + x2
Ex = ∫ dEx = ∫ ke dq 3
r
x
= ke 3 ∫ dq
r

Very special case: everything except dq is constant

2π 2π
∫ dq = ∫ 0
λ a dϕ = λ a ∫ dϕ = λ a 2π
0

=Q
P02 -34
 Ring of Charge
5) Clean Up
x
E x = ke Q 3
r
x
E x = ke Q
(a )
3/ 2
2
+x 2

6) Check Limit a → 0
G x
E = ke Q ˆi
(a ) x ke Q
3/ 2
2
+x 2
E x → ke Q = 2
(x )
3/ 2
2 x
P02 -35
 In-Class: Line of Charge
r̂ ĵ

î
P

L
− +
L
2 2

Point P lies on perpendicular bisector of uniformly

charged line of length L, a distance s away. The
charge on the line is Q. What is E at P? P02 -36
 Hint: http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/electrostatics/07-LineIntegration/07-
LineInt320.html

r̂ ĵ

θ î
P

r = s 2 + x ′2
s
dq = λ dx ′
θ dx ′

x′
L
− +
L
2 2

Typically give the integration variable (x’) a “primed”

variable name.
P02 -37
 E Field from Line of Charge
G Q
E = ke ˆj
s ( s + L / 4)
2 2 1/ 2

Limits:
G Qˆ
lim E → ke 2 j Point charge
s >> L s
G Q ˆ λˆ
lim E → 2ke j = 2ke j Infinite charged line
s << L Ls s
P02 -38
In-Class: Uniformly Charged Disk

(x > 0)

P on axis of disk of charge, x from center

Radius R, charge density σ.
Find E at P P02 -39
 Disk: Two Important Limits
G ⎡ ⎤
σ ⎢ x ⎥ ˆi
Edisk = 1−
2ε o ⎢ ( ) ⎥
1/ 2

⎣ x 2
+ R 2
⎦

Limits:
G 1 Qˆ
lim E →
***
i Point charge
4πε o x
disk 2
x >> R

G σ ˆ
lim Edisk → i Infinite charged plane
x << R 2ε o
P02 -40
E for Plane is Constant????

1) Dipole: E falls off like 1/r3

2) Point charge: E falls off like 1/r2
3) Line of charge: E falls off like 1/r
4) Plane of charge: E constant

P02 -41