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PPS TRIPOS PART IIB 2013-14 Pol 7 Conflict and Peacebuilding

Course Organiser Devon Curtis (dc403@cam.ac.uk) Drop in office hours: Tuesdays 11:00-13:00 in term time, Room 130, 7 West Rd (15 October until 26 November, and 21 January until 11 March) Lecturers and Supervisors Devon Curtis (dc403@cam.ac.uk) Josip Glaurdic (jg527@cam.ac.uk) Berenice Guyot-Rechard (bcdg2@cam.ac.uk) Marta Iniguez de Heredia Burcu Ozcelik (bo244@cam.ac.uk) Justin Pearce Aye Zarakol (az319@cam.ac.uk)

Outline of the Course Brief Description of the Paper This paper explores issues of conflict and peacebuilding in contemporary international politics. It considers competing theories and claims about the causes of conflict and the relationship between conflict, economy and development. It analyses the range of responses to conflict and how they are justified, and also focuses on contests over the meaning and practice of peacebuilding. The possibilities and limitations of international institutions, including the United Nations, in ending conflict and maintaining peace are highlighted throughout the paper. The paper also includes three case studies: North-East India, Angola, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The paper pays particular attention to the relationship between security and development. Until relatively recently, the fields of security studies and development studies had distinctive agendas and priorities. In the international environment at the end of the Cold War, practitioners and scholars increasingly questioned this division and re-framed security and development so that they are intricately linked. For instance, this view is reflected in the 2005 United Nations report In Larger Freedom, which states: Humanity will not enjoy security without development, it will not enjoy development without security, and will not enjoy either without respect for human rights. Pol. 7 encourages students to critically explore and assess various claims about conflict and peace through an analysis of the empirical and theoretical literature in these fields. It draws on some of the themes raised in Pol 3 and Pol. 4, and addresses core issues, problems and questions in analysing conflict in the developing world. The paper asks, for instance, what is the socio-economic context of the use of violence? Has the nature of conflict changed? What are the consequences of the securitisation of development? What are the causes and features of civil wars? In what ways is conflict 1

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a generative force? What kinds of norms and ideas govern international and regional intervention in conflict and peacebuilding? Does international involvement manage or enable political violence? What are the limits to the liberal peace? In Michaelmas, the lectures explore the origins and nature of contemporary conflict. We begin by discussing the contested meanings of concepts of security, war, and civil war. We will then focus on a number of competing theories and claims about the causes and dynamics of conflict, looking at notions of state failure, new wars and the role of identity and democracy in conflict. The lectures emphasise how the changing international political economy affects conflict through topics such as poverty and inequality, natural resources, environmental scarcity and international trade. In Michaelmas we will also introduce ideas and approaches to conflict and peace through the use of three detailed case studies: North-East India, Angola, and BosniaHerzegovina. Throughout Michaelmas and Lent, we will show a number of films, followed by a discussion. These are not compulsory, but we encourage you to attend. In Lent, the focus will be on peace and peacebuilding. Lectures will question the concept of peacebuilding, and will critically assess the institutions, ideas and practices underlying peacebuilding efforts. This lecture stream focuses on different international and regional actors and their strategies and normative agendas. It includes topics such as peacekeeping, the politics of humanitarian assistance, international administration, and justice and reconciliation. There will also be one seminar class in Michaelmas and two seminar classes in Lent to discuss overarching themes and readings. In Easter term there will be one revision lecture and one revision seminar. Each student will also receive one revision supervision. Aims and Objectives This paper has the following aims and objectives: to explore a range of ways of understanding possible connections between conflict and peace both historically and in contemporary politics to provide a framework for thinking about the causes of conflict and its potential evolution to encourage critical reflection of theoretical assumptions regarding conflict, and peacebuilding, and available models and policy packages to teach students how to read closely primary texts such as international treaties, resolutions and official reports

Teaching and Assessment This paper can be taken either by an undivided three-hour examination paper, from which students should answer three questions, or by writing two 5,000-word essays. 2

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Students will be allocated a supervisor at the start of Michaelmas term. Students should contact the course organiser or their director of studies if any problems occur. Students taking the paper by examination should write six essays over the space of Michaelmas and Lent terms. Essay titles should be chosen in consultation with the supervisor. Three past examination papers, and the examiners reports for 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 are to be found at the end of this course guide. Handouts from lectures are hosted on the CamTools website, to which all students enrolled in the course should have access. For students taking the paper by long essay, a list of essay titles is below. Students taking the paper through this route are recommended to have three supervisions for each of their essays. The deadlines for these essays will be posted on the undergraduate PPS website or available from administrators. All assessed essays must be submitted before the deadline in both electronic format and on paper. Please hand the paper copy in the Politics & International Studies Office at 7 West Road. Please also provide an electronic copy of the essay: this can be done either by sending it as an attachment to an email to: <undergrad-essays@polis.cam.ac.uk>, or by providing it on a disk to the Department Office. Essays will not be registered as having been submitted until they are received in both electronic and paper formats. Long essay questions 2013-14 1. How important is the legacy of colonialism for understanding the forms of contemporary conflict? 2. Are present day conflicts driven primarily by cultural differences or differences in material conditions? 3. Does war help or hurt state-building? 4. What do feminist perspectives add to our understanding of peace and conflict? 5. If inequality is increasing, are we likely to see more armed conflict? 6. Who benefits from peacekeeping? 7. Are there alternatives to liberal peacebuilding in countries emerging from conflict? Lecture List MICHAELMAS Conflict: Causes and Dynamics (Lectures given by A Zarakol unless listed otherwise)

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Lectures: Tuesdays and Thursdays 10-11, Sidgwick lecture block room 2 1. Introduction: Conflict and Peacebuilding (D Curtis) 10 October 2. Defining Organised Violence, Explaining Causes: 15 October 3. War and Violence in History 17 October 4. War-making and the Modern State: 22 October 5. Nationalism, the Modern State and Violence: 24 October 6. Violence in the Evolution of the Modern States System: 31 October 7. Regime Type and Conflict: 7 November 8. State Failure, Civil Wars, Ethnic Conflict: 14 November 9. Terrorism 21 November 10. Speculation on the Future of Violence, Conflict and War 28 November Cases: Conflict and Peacebuilding Lectures: Tuesdays 10-11, Sidgwick lecture block room 2 1. North-east India (B Guyot-Rechard) 29 October 2. North-east India (B Guyot-Rechard) 5 November 3. Angola (J Pearce) 12 November 4. Angola (J Pearce) 19 November 5. Bosnia-Herzegovina (J Glaurdic) 26 November 6. Bosnia-Herzegovina (J Glaurdic) 3 December

Michaelmas Films: These will be shown at 5pm, Emmanuel College, Queens Building Lecture Theatre Wed 16 October: Cry Freetown (2000) by Sorious Samura Wed 30 October: We are all Neighbours (1993) directed by Debbie Christie and Tone Bringa Wed 6 November: Plan Colombia: Cashing in on the Drug War Failure (2003) directed by Gerard Ungerman Wed 13 November: Battle of Algiers (1966) directed by Gillo Pontecorvo

LENT Peacebuilding (Lectures given by D. Curtis) Lectures: Tuesdays and Thursdays 10-11 Sidgwick block, room TBC 1. Introduction: peace studies (16 January) 2. What is peacebuilding? (21 January) 3. Who keeps the peace? The United Nations and regional organisations (23 January) 4. The politics of humanitarian assistance (28 January) 5. Negotiations, mediation and peace agreements (30 January) 6. Governance: Democratisation and the governance of divided societies (6 February) 7. Security: Ex-combatants, security and stabilisation (13 February) 8. Society: Justice and post-war reconciliation (20 February) 9. Economy: Post-conflict economic policies and development (27 February) 4

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10. Beyond the liberal peace? (6 March)

Lent Films: These will be shown at 5pm, Emmanuel College, Queens Building Lecture Theatre Wed 5 February: Wed 19 February: Wed 26 February: Elusive Peace: Israel and the Arabs (BBC/PBS documentary, 2005) Camp Victory Afghanistan (directed by Carol Dysinger, 2010) My Neighbour My Killer (directed by Anne Aghion, 2009)

Seminars: Over the course of the year, there will be four seminar classes. The dates and times will be confirmed, and readings will be posted on Camtools. Michaelmas: Seminar 1: Concepts and approaches to war and peace Lent: Seminar 2: Who keeps the peace and why? Lent Seminar 3: Are there alternatives to liberal peacebuilding? Easter Seminar 4: Revision

EASTER Revision lecture: Revision seminar: Reading list Both the University Library and the HSPS library hold most of the items listed here. Much of the literature also exists in college libraries. Students should also be prepared to use material held in the libraries of the Faculties of History and Law. Some of the material is available on-line, particularly journal articles. Students should make sure that they know how to access journal material through the University Library ejournals portal. Items marked [C] can be accessed electronically on the CamTools library server. Books and articles that are strongly recommended are indicated with an asterisk (*). General Readings These are general readings that deal with the main themes in this paper. Over the course of the year, I would encourage you to read them. Oliver Ramsbotham, Tom Woodhouse and Hugh Miall, Contemporary Conflict Resolution, 3rd edition (London: Polity, 2011). Date TBC (Devon Curtis) Date TBC

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Mark Duffield, Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples (London: Polity, 2007). Stathis Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). David Keen, Complex Emergencies (London: Polity, 2007) Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton University Press, 1985).

MICHAELMAS TERM Conflict: Causes and Dynamics Lecture 1: Introduction: conflict and peacebuilding What are the key themes of the course? What are the politics behind the concepts that are employed by different authors and policy actors? What is the role of outside actors in civil war and peacebuilding? What is the role of the state? *Mark Duffield, Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples, (London: Polity, 2007). [Intro: C] *Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton University Press, 1985). [Intro: C] *David Keen, Complex Emergencies (London: Polity 2008), [Ch. 2 on War: C] * Chandler, David. The securitydevelopment nexus and the rise of anti-foreign policy, Journal of International Relations and Development, 10, 2007, pp. 362 386.[C] *Andrew Mack, Civil War, Academic Research and the Policy Community, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 39, No. 5, Sept 2002, pp.515-525 [OL] *Lene Hansen, Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War, London: Routledge, 2006. [Intro: C] Paul Collier et al, Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy (Washington: World Bank, 2003). N. Dower, Development, Violence and Peace: A Conceptual Exploration European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 2, No. 2, Autumn 1999. Charles Tilly, The Politics of Collective Violence (Cambridge University Press, 2003). Robert Bates, Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Development (New York: Norton, 2001).

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Samuel Huntington, Civil Violence and the Process of Development, Adelphi Paper 83 (December 1971). R. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: How Scarcity, Crime, Overpopulation and Disease are Rapidly Destroying the Social Fabric of our Planet, The Atlantic Monthly, 1994. Mary Anderson, Do No Harm: How Aid can Support Peace or War. (Lynne Rienner, 1999).

Lecture 2: Defining Organised Violence, Explaining Causes Sinisa Malesevic, Introduction: war, violence and the social, in The Sociology of War and Violence (Cambridge University Press, 2010). * Sinisa Malesevic, The contemporary sociology of organised violence, Chapter 2 in The Sociology of War and Violence (Cambridge University Press, 2010). * Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State, and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959). Chapter 1. David Singer, "The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Politics," World Politics14.1 (1961): 77-92. Richard Ned Lebow, Why Nations Fight: Past and Future Motives for War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010). Symposium on Why Nations Fight: Security Studies 21.2 (2012). Includes: Robert Jervis, Fighting for Standing or Standing to Fight? pp. 336-344. Richard K. Betts, Strong Arguments, Weak Evidence, pp. 345-351. Edward Rhodes, Why Nations Fight: Spirit, Identity, and Imagined Community, pp. 352-361. Richard Ned Lebow, The Causes of War: A Reply to My Critics, pp. 362367. Jack S. Levy and William R. Thompson, Causes of War (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), Azar Gat, So Why Do People Fight? Evolutionary Theory and the Causes of War, European Journal of International Relations 15.4 (2009): 571-99. * Hannah Arendt, A Special Supplement: Reflections on Violence, The New York Review of Books, February 27, 1969. [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1969/feb/27/a-special-supplementreflections-on-violence/?pagination=false] Johann Galtung Violence, Peace and Peace Research, Journal of Peace Research 6 (1969): 167-191.

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Hidemi Suganami, Explaining War: Some Critical Observations, International Relations 16. 3 (2002): 307-26. Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997). John A. Vasquez, The War Puzzle Revisited (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Lecture 3: War and Violence in History * Sinisa Malesevic, War and violence before modernity, Chapter 3 in The Sociology of War and Violence (Cambridge University Press, 2010). Charles Tilly, War in History, Sociological Forum 7.1 (1992): 187- 195. * Steven Pinker, A History of Violence. http://edge.org/conversation/mc2011history-violence-pinker * Margaret Mead, Warfare is only an invention - not a biological necessity, Asia 40.8 (1940): 402-5. Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989). [Chapters 2-5]. Immanuel Wallerstein, A World System Perspective on the Social Sciences, The British Journal of Sociology, 27.3 (1976): 343-52. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel (NY: W.W. Norton, 1999). Martin Van Creveld, The Transformation of War (New York: Free Press, 1991). Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War [any edition will do] Lecture 4: War-making and the Modern State * Charles Tilly, War Making and State Making as Organized Crime, in Bringing the State Back In edited by Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). [http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar_url?hl=en&q=http://static.ow.ly/docs/0%2520Till y%252085_5Xr.pdf&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm2SpShyaV7q6q5T1UXdMoPZ4tTMlQ &oi=scholarr&ei=FZP-UamdEcm3hAepnYCICg&ved=0CC4QgAMoADAA] Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990 (Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1990). John G. Ruggie, Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations, International Organization 47.1 (1993): 139-74.

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Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994). Sinisa Malesevic, Organised Violence and Modernity, Chapter 4 in The Sociology of War and Violence (Cambridge University Press, 2010). * Jordan Branch, Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority and Systemic Change, International Organization 65 (2011): 1-36. Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 2, The Rise of Classes and NationStates, 17601914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Michael Mann, States, War, and Capitalism: Studies in Political Sociology (New York : Basil Blackwell, 1988). Kenneth Scheve and David Stasavage, The Conscription of Wealth: Mass Warfare and the Demand for Progressive Taxation, International Organization, 64 (2010): 529-61. * Max Weber, Politics as a Vocation, (1919). [http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/ethos/Weber-vocation.pdf - pay special attention to the first few pages] Lecture 5: Nationalism, Modern-State and Violence * Mlada Bukovansky, The altered state and the state of nature--the French Revolution and international politics, Review of International Studies, 25 (1999): 197-216. Carl von Clausewitz, On War [1832] Any current edition will do. Lars-Erik Cederman, T. Camber Warren, and Didier Sornette, Testing Clausewitz: Nationalism, Mass Mobilization and the Severity of War, International Organization 65 (2011): 605-38. * Richard Lachmann, Mercenary, citizen, victim: the rise and fall of conscription, in Nationalism and War, edited by John A. Hall and Sinisa Malesevic (Cambridge University Press, 2013). Sinisa Malesevic, Nationalism and war, Chapter 6 in The Sociology of War and Violence (Cambridge University Press, 2010). Gretchen Schrock-Jacobson, The Violent Consequences of the Nation: Nationalism and the Initiation of Interstate War, Journal of Conflict Resolution 56.5 (October 2012): 825-52. * Rogers Brubaker and David D. Laitin, Ethnic and Nationalist Violence, Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1998): 423-52. Andreas Wimmer, Waves of War (Cambridge University Press, 2013). 9

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Michael Mann, The role of nationalism in the world wars, in Nationalism and War, edited by John A. Hall and Sinisa Malesevic (Cambridge University Press, 2013). Lecture 6: Violence in the Evolution of the Modern States System * David Blaney and Naeem Inayatullah, The Westphalian Deferral, International Studies Review 2.2 (2000): 29 64. * Daniel Philpott, The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations, World Politics 52 (2000): 206-45. Jordan Branch, Colonial Reflection and Territoriality: The Peripheral Origins of Sovereign Statehood, European Journal of International Relations 18.2 (2012): 27797. Sinisa Malesevic, The social geographies of warfare, Chapter 5 in The Sociology of War and Violence (Cambridge University Press, 2010). * John M. Hobson and J. C. Sharman, The Enduring Place of Hierarchy in World Politics: Tracing the Social Logics of Hierarchy and Political Change, European Journal of International Relations 11.1 (2005): 63 98. * Michael Mann, Predation and Production in European Imperialism, in Ernest Gellner and Contemporary Social Thought, edited by Sinisa Malesevic and Mark Haugard (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007) pp. 5074. Vladimir Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism [1917] Any current edition will do. Erik Gartzke and Dominic Rohner, The Political Economy of Imperialism, Decolonization and Development, British Journal of Political Science 41 (2011): 525-56. David Strang, From Dependency to Sovereignty: An Event History Analysis of Decolonization: 1870-1987, American Sociological Review 55.6 (1990): 846-860. Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, The postcolonial moment in security studies, Review of International Studies 32 (2000): 329-52. Erik Ringmar, Performing International Systems: Two East-Asian Alternatives to the Westphalian Order, International Organization 66 (2012): 125. Lecture 7: Regime Type and Conflict * Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, [1795] [https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm] * John M. Owen, "How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace," International Security 19.2 (1994): 87-125. 10

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* Christopher Layne, "Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace," International Security 19. 2 (1994): 5-49. Kenneth Benoit, Democracies Really Are More Pacific (in General), Journal of Conflict Resolution 40.4 (1996): 309-41. Christopher Gelpi and Michael Griesdorf, Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crises, 1918-1994, American Political Science Review 95.3 (September 2001): 633-48. Forum, American Political Science Review 99.3 (2005), including: David Kinsella, No Rest for the Democratic Peace, pp. 453-57. Branislav L. Slantchev, Anna Alexandrova, and Erik Gartzke, Probabilistic Causality, Selection Bias, and the Logic of the Democratic Peace, pp. 459-62. Michael W. Doyle, Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace, pp. 463-66. Sebastain Rosato, Explaining the Democratic Peace, pp. 467-72. Alexander B. Downes and Mary Lauren Lilley, Overt Peace, Covert War?: Covert Intervention and the Democratic Peace, Security Studies 19.3 (2010): 266 306. Ronald R. Krebs, In the Shadow of War: The Effects of Conflict on Liberal Democracy International Organization 63 (2009): 177-210. Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Democratic Transitions, Institutional Strength, and War," International Organization 56.2 (2002), 297-337. * Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy: The Modern Tradition of Ethnic and Political Cleansing, New Left Review I-235 (1999). Demet Yalcin Mousseau, Democratizing with Ethnic Divisions: A Source of Conflict? Journal of Peace Research 38, 5 (September 2001): 547-567 * Stephen M. Walt, "Revolution and War," World Politics 44.3 (April 1992): 321-68. "Stephen M. Walt's Revolution and War: A Debate." Symposium in Security Studies, 6,2 (Winter 1996/97), Contributions by Goldstone, Dassel, and Walt. * Sinisa Malesevic, Social stratification, warfare and violence, Chapter 6 in The Sociology of War and Violence (Cambridge University Press, 2010). Lecture 8: State Failure, Civil Wars, Ethnic Conflict *Jennifer Milliken and Keith Krause, State Failure, State Collapse and State Reconstruction: Concepts, Lessons and Strategies, Development and Change 33.5 (2002): 753-74. * Pinar Bilgin and Adam David Morton, Historicising Representations of Failed States: Beyond the Cold-War Annexation of the Social Sciences? Third World Quarterly 23.1 (2002): 55-80. 11

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* Nicholas Sambanis, What is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition, Journal of Conflict Resolution 48.6 (2004): 814-58. Stathis N. Kalyvas, New and Old Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction? World Politics 54.1 (2001): 99-118. * Michael E. Brown, "The Causes of Internal Conflict: An Overview," in Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, edited by Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cot, Jr., Sean M. LynnJones, and Steven E. Miller (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997) pp. 3-25. James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, "Explaining Interethnic Cooperation," American Political Science Review 90.4 (1996): 715-35. Chaim Kaufman, "Intervention in Ethnic and Ideological Civil Wars: Why One Can be Done and the Other Can't," Security Studies 6.1 (1996): 62-103. Charles King, The Micropolitics of Social Violence, World Politics 56 (2004): 43155. Phillipe Le Billion, Diamond Wars? Conflict Diamonds and Geographies of Resource Wars, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98.2 (2008): 345-72. Lecture 9: Terrorism * Charles Tilly, Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists, Sociological Theory 22.1 (2004): 513. * David C. Rapoport, The Fourth Wave: September 11 in the History of Terrorism, Current History December (2001): 419-24. Albert J. Bergesen, International Terrorism and the World-System, Sociological Theory 22.1 (2004): 38-52. Aye Zarakol, What Makes Terrorism Modern? Terrorism, Legitimacy and the International System, Review of International Studies 37.5 (2011): 2311-36. Martha Crenshaw, Explaining Terrorism: Causes, Processes and Consequences (London: Routledge, 2010). Andrew H. Kydd and Barbara F. Walter, The Strategies of Terrorism, International Security 31,1 (2006), 49-80. Max Abrahms, Why Terrorism Does Not Work, International Security 31.2 (2006), 42-78. Max Abrahms, Does Terrorism Really Work? Evolution in the Conventional Wisdom since 9/11, Defence and Peace Economics 22.6 (2011): 583-594.

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Daniel Byman, Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Lecture 10: Speculations on the future of Violence, Conflict and War * Francis Fukuyama, The End of History? The National Interest (1989). * Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 22-49. * Immanuel Wallerstein, Globalization or the Age of Transition? International Sociology 15.2 (2000): 251-67. Sinia Maleevi, "The Sociology of New Wars? Assessing the Causes and Objectives of Contemporary Violent Conflicts," International Political Sociology 2.2 (2008): 97-112. Kimberly Marten, Warlordism in Comparative Perspective, International Security 31. 3 (2006/7): 41-73. Edward N. Luttwak, "Toward Post-Heroic Warfare," Foreign Affairs 74 (May/June 1995): 109-22. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature: The Decline of Violence and its Psychological Roots. London: New York: Penguin, 2011. ------

Cases: Conflict and Peacebuilding Lecture 1: North-East India: From a colonial frontier to a constituent of a nation-state: A difficult transition
Ball, Ellen, 'An untold story of the Partition: The Garos of Northern Mymensingh', in State, society and displaced people in South Asia ed. by Imtiaz Ahmed, Abhijit Dasgupta and Kathinka Sinha-Kerkhoff, (Dhaka: University Press, 2004), pp. 246279 * Barbora, Sanjay, Ethnic politics and land use: Genesis of conflicts in Indias Northeast, Economic & Political Weekly 37:13 (2002), 1285-1292 Barman, Rup Kumar, Contested regionalism: A new look on the history, cultural change, and regionalism of North Bengal and Lower Assam (Delhi: Abhijeet Publications, 2007) * Baruah, Sanjib, Durable disorder: Understanding the politics of Northeast India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)

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* ---, India against itself: Assam and the politics of nationality (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), Chapters 2-6 * Baruah, Sanjib, Assam: Confronting a failed partition ', Seminar, 591 (2008), 33-37 * Bhaumik, Subir 'Northeast India: The evolution of a post-colonial region', in Wages of freedom: Fifty years of the Indian nation-state, ed. by Partha Chatterjee, (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 310-327 (p. 186) Chaudhuri, Sujit 'A god-sent opportunity?', Seminar (2002), 510 (Porous borders, divided selves: A symposium on Partitions in the East). http://www.indiaseminar.com/semsearch.htm Dasgupta, Anindita, Small arms proliferation in Indias Northeast: A case study of Assam, Economic & Political Weekly 36:1 (2001), 59-65 Dasgupta, Anindita, Civilians and localisation of conflict in Assam, Economic & Political Weekly 39:40 (2004), 4461-4470 Gassah, L. S., 'Effects of partition on the border marketing of Jaintia Hills', in Marketing in Northeast India: Problems of rural markets, ed. by J.B. Ganguly, (Gauhati: Omsons Publications, 1984) Kumar Das, Samir, 'Extraordinary Partition and its impact on ethnic militant politics of Assam', in Ethnicity and Polity in South Asia, ed. by Girin Phukon, (New Delhi: 2002) * Ludden, David, 'Where is Assam?', Himal South Asian, http://www.himalmag.com/read.php?id=1240 [accessed 17 March 2010] (2005)

Misra, Tilottama, Assam: A colonial hinterland, Economic & Political Weekly 15:32 (1980), 1357-1359, 1361-1364 * Misra, Tilottama, The periphery strikes back: Challenges to the nation-state in Assam and Nagaland, 1st edn (Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 2000) * Nag, Sajal, Contesting marginality: Ethnicity, insurgency and subnationalism in North-East India (New Delhi: Manohar, 2002) Prasad, R. N., Autonomy movements in Mizoram (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing, 1994) Syiemlieh, David R., 'Response of the North-Eastern hill tribes of India towards Partition and independence', Indo-British Review: A Journal of History, 17, no. 1-2 (September-December 1989) Scott, James C., The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia (New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press, 2009)

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Sharma, Jayeeta. Empires garden: Assam and the making of India. New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2011 Swain, Ashok, Displacing the conflict: Environmental destruction in Bangladesh and ethnic displacement in India, Journal of Peace Research 33:2 (1996),189-204. Van Schendel, Willem, 'Geographies of knowing, geographies of ignorance: Jumping scale in Southeast Asia', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 20 (2002) Weiner, Myron, When migrants succeed and natives fail: Assam and its migrants (Cambridge, MA Centre for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1975) * Weiner, Myron, The political demography of Assam's anti-immigrant movement, Population and Development Review 9:2 (1983), 279-292 * Yunuo, Asoso, The rising Nagas: A historical and political study (New Delhi: Vivek Publishing House, 1974)

Lecture 2: North-East India: Finding a way out of durable disorder


* Baruah, Alokesh and Santosh Kumar Das, 'Perspectives on growth and development in the Northeast: The Look East Policy and beyond', The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 2 (2008), 327-350 * Baruah, Sanjib, Durable disorder: Understanding the politics of Northeast India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) * ---, India against itself: Assam and the politics of nationality (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), Chapters 1, 7, 8, Conclusion Basumatary, Amprapali, 'Fashioning identities: Nationalizing narrative of the Bodoland movement', Eastern Quarterly, 4 (2007) Bhaumik, Subir, Meghan Guhathakurata and Sabyasachi Basu Ray Chaudhury, Living on the edge: Essays on the Chittagong Hill Tracts (Kathmandu [Calcutta]: South Asia Forum for Human Rights ; Calcutta Research Group, 1997) Brass, Paul R. 'The strong state and the fear of disorder', in Transforming India: Social and politcal dynamics of democracy, ed. by Francine R. Frankel, and others, (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 60-89 Das, Samir Kumar, Blisters on their feet: Tales of internally displaced persons in India's North East (Thousand Oaks; London: Sage, 2008) Das, Gurudas and R. K. Purkayastha, Border trade: North-East India and neighbouring countries (New Delhi: Akansha Pub. House, 2000) 15

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* Dasgupta, Jyotirindra, 'Community, authenticity, and autonomy: Insurgence and institutional development in India's Northeast', The Journal of Asian Studies, 56, no. 2 (1997) * Egreteau, Renaud, Instability at the gate: Indias troubled North East and its external connections (New Delhi: Centre For Sciences Humanies, 2006) * Hussain, Monirul, ed., Coming out of violence: Essays on ethnicity, conflict resolution and peace process in North-East India (New Delhi: Regency Publications, 2005) * Hussain, Monirul, Interrogating development: State, displacement and popular resistance in North East India (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2008) * Jacob George, Sudhir, 'The Bodo Movement in Assam: Unrest to accord', Asian Survey, 34 (1994), 878-892 * Jalal, Ayesha, Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: A comparative and historical perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), Chapter 1 McDuie-Ra, Duncan, Northeast migrants in Delhi: Race, refuge and retail (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2012) Nepram, Binalakshmi, South Asia's fractured frontier: Armed conflict, narcotics and small arms proliferation in India's Northeast (New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 2002), especially Parts III-V Roy, Ramashray, Sujata Miri and Sandhya Goswami, Northeast India: Development, communalism and insurgency (Delhi: Anshah Publishing House, 2007) Saikia, Yasmin Fragmented memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004) * Sonwalkar, Prasun, 'Mediating otherness: Indias English-language press and the Northeast', Contemporary South Asia, 13 (2004)), 389-402 * Syiemlieh, David R., Sirnath Baruah and Anuradha Dutta, eds, Challenges of Development in North-East India (New Delhi: Regency, 2006)

Lecture 3: Angola: global and local, politics and economics


The Angolan civil war, which has its origins in anti-colonial struggles in the early 1960s, divided independent Angola from 1975 until 2002. The length and complexity of the war have given rise to many incomplete and often partisan explanations, but also give us cause for reflection on different theoretical perspectives on conflict. This first lecture on Angola will focus on the interplay of global and local contingencies and on the respective roles of political and economic factors in driving and shaping the conflict. 16

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Andrade, Mario de, and Ollivier, Mark 1975. The war in Angola: a socio-economic study translated by Marga Holness. Tanzania Publishing House, Dar es Salaam. Birmingham, David 2002. Angola in Chabal, Patrick et al (eds) A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa: 137-184. Hurst, London. Bridgland, Fred 1986. Jonas Savimbi: a key to Africa. Mainstream, Edinburgh. Bridgland, Fred 1995. Savimbi et lexercice du pouvoir: un tmoignage. Politique africaine 57: 94-102. Brinkman, Inge 2005. A war for people : civilians, mobility, and legitimacy in SouthEast Angola during MPLAs war for independence. Kppe, Kln. (Deals with the anti-colonial conflict rather than the civil war, but introduces some useful perspectives.) Davidson, Basil 1972. In the Eye of the Storm: Angolas People. Longman, London. (Again, about the anti-colonial struggle.) Chabal, Patrick (ed) 2002 . A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa. Hurst,London. (Especially David Birminghams chapter on Angola.) Chabal, Patrick and Vidal, Nuno (eds) 2007. Angola: The Weight of History. Hurst, London. (Chapter by Newitt is good for historical context, Hodges for wartime and post-war political economy, Messiant also prescribed for next week on the continuities between wartime and post-war politics.) * Cilliers, Jakkie and Christian Dietrich 2000. Angolas war economy: the role of oil and diamonds. Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria. (Especially the chapters by Le Billon, Malaquias and Reno.) http://www.issafrica.org/publications/books/01-nov-2000-angolas-war-economy.therole-of-oil-and-diamonds-j-cilliers-c-dietrich-eds Cramer, Christopher 2006. Civil war is not a stupid thing: accounting for violence in developing countries. Hurst, London. Gleijeses, Piero 2002. Conflicting missions : Havana, Washington, and Africa, 19591976. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill NC. (Introduction and chapters on Angola.) Heimer, F. W. 1979. The decolonization conflict in Angola 1974-76: an essay in political sociology. Institut universitaire de hautes tudes internationales, Genve. * Heywood, Linda, 1989. Unita and Ethnic Nationalism in Angola. The Journal of Modern African Studies 27(1):47-66. Heywood, Linda 1998. Towards an understanding of modern political ideology in Africa: the case of the Ovimbundu of Angola. The Journal of Modern African Studies 36(1): 139-167. 17

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Hodges, Tony 1976. How the MPLA Won in Angola in Legum, Colin and Hodges, Tony After Angola: The War Over Southern Africa. Rex Collings, London. Marcum, John 1969. The Angolan Revolution: Volume I (1950-1962). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA. Marcum, John 1978. The Angolan Revolution: Volume II (1962-1976). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA. * Malaquias, Assis 2007. Rebels and Robbers: Violence in post-colonial Angola Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala. * Messiant, Christine 1997. Angola: The challenge of statehood in Birmingham, David and Martin, Phyllis (eds), History of Central Africa, vol III: The Contemporary Years, Longman, London Messiant, Christine 2006. 1961: LAngola coloniale, histoire et socit. Les premises du mouvement nationaliste. Schlettwein, Basel. Minter, William 1988. Operation Timber: Pages from the Savimbi Dossier. Africa World Press, Trenton NJ. * Minter, William 1994. Apartheids contras: an inquiry into the roots of war in Angola and Mozambique. Zed, London. Pearce, Justin 2012 Control, politics and identity in the Angolan civil war. African Affairs, 111 (444) pp 442-465. Wheeler, Douglas and Plissier, Ren, 1971 Angola. Pall Mall Press, London. (Colonial era history.) Wolfers, Michael and Bergerol, Jane 1983. Angola in the frontline. Zed, London. (Deals with immediate post-independence era.)

Lecture 4: Angola: losing the peace, winning the peace


Internationally brokered efforts to bring peace to Angola following the end of the Cold War were spectacularly unsuccessful. However, the conflict came to an end in 2002 in a manner that seemed to defy many of the norms on how peacemaking should be conducted. This second lecture will examine the failure of peace efforts in the 1990s and the ending of combat in 2002 in the light of the contingencies and theoretical perspectives examined in the first lecture. It will investigate the impact of the 2002 agreement on post-war politics, and consider what that agreement can tell us about theories and norms of peacemaking.

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Anstee, Margaret Joan 1996. Orphan of the Cold War: The Inside Story of the Collapse of the Angolan Peace Process, 1992-3. Macmillan, Basingstoke Faria, Paulo 2013. The Dawning of Angolas Citizenship Revolution: A Quest for Inclusionary Politics. Journal of Southern African Studies 39,2 pp 293-311. Hodges, Tony 2004. Angola: The Politics of an Oil State. James Currey, Oxford. (Alternatively, the chapter by Hodges in the book edited by Chabal and Vidal.) Maier, Karl 1997. Angola: Peace at Last? Refugee Survey Quarterly 16(2):1-23 Messiant, Christine 1994. Angola, les voies de lethnisation et de la dcomposition in Messiant, Christine 2008 LAngola postcolonial 1. Guerre et paix sans dmocratisation. Karthala, Paris. Originally published in Lusotopie I (1-2). Messiant, Christine 2003. Des alliances de la Guerre froide la juridisation du conflit angolais: vers la criminalisation? in Messiant, Christine 2008 LAngola postcolonial: 1. Guerre et paix sans dmocratisation 277-300. Originally published as Des alliance de la Guerre froide la juridisation du conflit angolais: vers la judiciarisation in Hassner, P. and Marchal, R. Guerres et socits. tat et violence aprs la guerre froide 491-519. Karthala, Paris. * Messiant, Christine 2004. Why did Bicesse and Lusaka fail? A critical analysis. Conciliation Resources, London. http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/angola/bicesselusaka.php. * Messiant, Christine 2007 The Mutation of Hegemonic Domination in Chabal, Patrick and Vidal, Nuno (eds), Angola: The Weight of History, Hurst, London. Pearce, Justin 2008. LUnita la recherche de son peuple Dossier Angola, Politique Africaine 110. Pearce, Justin 2010. From rebellion to opposition: Unita in Angola and Renamo in Mozambique in Wafula Okumu and Augustine Ikelegbe (eds), Militias, Rebels and Islamist Militants: Human Insecurity and State Crises in Africa. Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, 2010. http://www.iss.co.za/pgcontent.php?UID=30496 Pearce, Justin 2012. Angola: Changing nationalisms, from war to peace in Eric Morier-Genoud (ed) Sure road? Nations and Nationalisms in Lusophone Africa. Brill, Leiden. * Pereira, Anthony 1994. The Neglected Tragedy: The Return to War in Angola, 1992-3. The Journal of Modern African Studies 32(1): 1-28. Sakala, Alcides 2006. Memrias de um guerrilheiro: Os ltimos anos de guerra em Angola. Dom Quixote, Lisboa. * Schubert, Jon 2010. Democratisation and the Consolidation of Political Authority in Post-War Angola, Journal of Southern African Studies, 36, 3, (2010) pp. 657-672 19

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* Soares de Oliveira, Ricardo 2011. Illiberal peacebuilding in Angola. Journal of Modern African Studies 49,2 pp 287-314 Vines, Alex 1999. Angola unravels: the rise and fall of the Lusaka peace process. Human Rights Watch, New York. http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/a/angola/angl998.pdf

Lecture 5: Bosnia-Herzegovina: causes and dynamics of conflict


Fotini, Christia. Following the Money: Muslim versus Muslim in Bosnias Civil War, Comparative Politics, Vol. 40, No. 4 (2008): 461-480. * Glaurdic, Josip. The Hour of Europe: Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011. * Gow, James. The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes. London: Hurst & Company, 2003. (Chapter 7) Gutman, Roy. A witness to genocide: the first inside account of the horrors of 'ethnic cleansing' in Bosnia. Element Books, 1993. * Hoare, Marko Attila. How Bosnia Armed. London: Saqi, 2004. Rohde, David. Endgame: The Betrayal and Fall of Srebrenica, Europe's Worst Massacre Since World War II. London: Penguin Books, 2012. Shrader, Charles R. The Muslim-Croat civil war in Central Bosnia: a military history, 1992-1994. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2003. * Silber, Laura and Allan Little. Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation. London: Penguin Books, 1997. * Weidmann, Nils B. Violence from above or from below? The Role of Ethnicity in Bosnias Civil War, Journal of Politics, Vol. 73, No. 4 (2011): 1178-1190. ani, Ivo. Flag on the mountain: a political anthropology of the war in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1990-1995. London: Saqi, 2007. (Selected chapters)

Lecture 6: Bosnia-Herzegovina: peace-keeping, peace-making, and state-building


Aybet, Glnur and Florian Bieber. From Dayton to Brussels: The Impact of EU and NATO Conditionality on State Building in Bosnia & Hercegovina, EuropeAsia Studies, Vol. 63, No. 10 (2011): 1911-1937.

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* Both, Norbert. From Indifference to Entrapment: The Netherlands and the Yugoslav Crisis 1990-1995. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2000. (Chapters 4 and 5) Caplan, Richard. Europe and the Recognition of New States in Yugoslavia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005. (Chapters 4 and 5) Cehajic, Sabina, Rupert Brown and Emanuele Castano. Forgive and Forget? Antecedents and Consequences of Intergroup Forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Political Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 3 (2008): 351-367. * Donais, Timothy. The political economy of peacebuilding in post-Dayton Bosnia. London: Routledge, 2005. * Holbrooke, Richard. To End a War. Modern Library, 1999. (Chapters 16-21) McMahon, Patrice C. and Jon Western. The Death of Dayton: How to Stop Bosnia from Falling Apart, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 5 (2009): 69-83. * Nettelfield, Lara J. Courting democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Hague Tribunal's impact in a postwar state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. * Simms, Brendan. Unfinest Hour: Britain and the Destruction of Bosnia. London: Penguin Press, 2001. (Chapters 2 and 3)

LENT TERM
Peacebuilding Lecture 1. Introduction: peace studies
How did peace studies evolve as a distinct area of study? What are the key methodological and theoretic commitments in the field of peace studies, and how have these changed over the past sixty years? How does peace studies relate to the study of international relations? *Heikki Patomaki, The Challenge of Critical Theories: Peace Research at the Start of the New Century, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001. [OL] *Oliver Ramsbotham, Tom Woodhouse and Hugh Miall, Contemporary Conflict Resolution, 3rd edition (London: Polity, 2011), see Chapter 2.[C: ch. 2] *Oliver Richmond, Peace in International Relations (London and New York: Routledge, 2008). [C: intro, 1-18] *Peter Wallensteen, Peace Research, London: Routledge, 2011. [C: Intro]

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Butler, Michael J. 2009. International Conflict Management. London: Routledge. Chapter 1: What is international conflict management? 1326.

Lecture 2. What is peacebuilding?


What is peace? Who are peacebuilders? What kinds of goals, interests and assumptions are held by different peacebuilding organisations, and what happens when their visions clash? Is peacebuilding intervention a form of domination? Is conflict prevention overrated? *Johan Galtung, Violence, Peace and Peace Research, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1969, pp.167-191. [OL] *Michael Barnett, Hunjoon Kim, Madalene ODonnell, and Laura Sitea. Peacebuilding: What is in a Name? Global Governance 13, no. 1 (2007): 35-58 [C] *David Keen, War and peace: whats the difference, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2000, pp.1-22. [OL] *Michael Banks, Four conceptions of peace in Dennis Sandole and Ingrid SandoleStaroste (eds), Conflict Management and Problem-Solving (Pinter, 1987) [C] *John Heathershaw, Seeing like the International Community: How Peacebuilding Failed (and Survived) in Tajikistan Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, (Vol. 2, No. 3, November 2008). [C] *UN Security Council 2011: S/2011/552 Preventive Diplomacy: Delivering results Report of the Secretary General, 26 August 2011. New York: United Nations http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/552&Lang=E Stephan John Stedman, Alchemy for a New World Order: Overselling Preventive Diplomacy?, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1995. Michael Lund, Under-rating Preventive Diplomacy: A Reply to Stedman, Foreign Affairs (July/August 1995). Devon Curtis, The Contested Politics of Peacebuilding, in Devon Curtis and Gwinyayi A. Dzinesa (eds), Peacebuilding, Power and Politics in Africa, Ohio University Press, 2012. [C] International Development Research Centre, What Kind of Peace is Being Built? Reflections on the State of Peacebuilding Ten Years after the Agenda for Peace (Ottawa: IDRC, 2003). http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/userS/10515565510Preface_&_WKOP_workshop_report.pdf Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Death Without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992). Daniel Branch, The Normalisation of Violence. Oxford Transitional Justice Research Working Paper Series, Oxford University, 2009. 22

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UN Secretary-General, Prevention of Armed Conflict (June 2001) and Progress Report on the Prevention of Armed Conflict (July 2006), both via: http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/conflict.html

Lecture 3: Who Keeps the Peace?: The United Nations and Regional Organisations
Is the use of force sometimes necessary to bring about peace/stability? How has UN peacekeeping evolved? On what basis do the United Nations and regional organisations involved in peace operations derive their legitimacy? Assess the advantages and disadvantages of different regional organisations in peace operations. Note: Read the general readings (including UN readings) as well as readings for at least one regional organization *An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, Report of the Secretary-General, January 1992. Accessible via <www.un.org/Docs/SG/agpeace.html> *Supplement to An Agenda for Peace, Report of the Secretary-General, January 1995. Accessible via <http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/agsupp.html> *Alex Bellamy and Paul Williams, Whos Keeping the Peace? Regionalization and Contemporary Peace Operations, International Security, (Vol. 29, No. 4, Spring 2005). [OL] *Alex de Waal, Mission without End: Peacekeeping in the African Political Marketplace, International Affairs, Vol. 85, No. 1, 2009. [OL] *Mats Berdal, Spyros Economides (eds), United Nations Interventionism, 1991-2004 (Cambridge University Press, 2007). (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|depfacozdb|464603) *Beatrice Pouligny, Peace Operations Seen from Below: UN Missions and Local People, (London: Hurst, 2006). [C: Introduction: The United Nations Between War and Peace, p 1-41.] *United Nations 2011: A/66/311-S/2011/527 Civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflict: Report of the Secretary-General, 19 August 2011. New York: United Nations. http://civcapreview.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=st0UsF3L0GQ%3d&tabid=3583&l anguage=en-US William Durch (ed), UN Peacekeeping, American Policy and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s (Palgrave, 1996). David M. Malone, ed., The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (Lynne Rienner, 2004), pp.133-152, 451-66, 483-99. 23

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Alex Bellamy, The Responsibility to Protect and the Problem of Military Intervention, International Affairs, Vol. 84, no. 4, July 2008. Katharina P. Coleman, International Organisations and Peace Enforcement: The Politics of International Legitimacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Thomas G. Weiss, David Forsythe and Roger Coate, The United Nations and Changing World Politics, 4th edn (Westview Press, 2004), chapter 1. Richard M. Price, ed., The United Nations and Global Security (Palgrave, 2004), chapters 4-5, 9-12. Lynn H. Miller, The Idea and Reality of Collective Security, Global Governance, Vol. 5, no. 3, 1999, pp.303-332; reprinted in Diehl, The Politics of Global Governance, 2nd and 3rd edns. Ernst B. Haas, Collective Conflict Management: Evidence for a New World Order?, in Thomas G. Weiss, ed., Collective Security in a Changing World (Lynne Rienner, 1993). Nicholas J. Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford University Press, 2000). (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|depfacozdb|448809) Terry Nardin, The Moral Basis of Humanitarian Intervention, Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2002, pp.57-70 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The responsibility to protect, 2001. Accessible via <www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/iciss-ciise/pdf/CommissionReport.pdf> David Chandler, The Responsibility to Protect: Imposing the Liberal Peace, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 11, No. 1, Spring 2004, pp.59-82. [OL] Ramesh Thakur, The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect (Cambridge University Press, 2006). UN Secretary-General, Prevention of Armed Conflict (June 2001) and Progress Report on the Prevention of Armed Conflict (July 2006), both via: http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/conflict.html Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations ('the Brahimi report'), August 2001. Accessible via <http://www.un.org/peace/reports/peace_operations/> Douglas Jett, Why Peacekeeping Fails (New York: St Martins Press, 1999). Alex Bellamy, Paul Williams and Stuart Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004). Lise Morj Howard, UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008). (eBook: 24

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http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|eresources|4834478) Patrick Regan, Civil Wars and Foreign Powers: Outside Intervention in Intrastate Conflict (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000). Paul F. Diehl, Forks in the Road: Theoretical and Policy Concerns for 21st Century Peacekeeping, in Diehl, The Politics of Global Governance, 2nd and 3rd edns. Bjorn Hettne and Fredrik Soderbaum, The UN and Regional Organisations in Global Security: Competing or Complementary Logics?, Global Governance, Vol 12 (2006), pp. 227-232 NATO *Gheciu, A. and Paris, R. 2011: NATO and the Challenge of Sustainable Peacebuilding. Global Governance 17 no. 1: 75-79. Sperling, J./ Webber, M. 2009: NATO: from Kosovo to Kabul. International Affairs 85 no. 3: 491-511. NATO 2010: Strategic Concept for the Defence and Security of the Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation: Active Engagement, Modern Defence, 19 November 2010. Lisbon: http://www.nato.int/lisbon2010/strategic-concept-2010eng.pdf P Spiegel, Gates warns NATO alliance at risk. Financial Times, 10 June 2011: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2972e4f2-9358-11e0-a038 00144feab49a.html#axzz1QU6i7byl Shea, J. 2010: NATO at Sixty - and Beyond, in G. Aybet/ R. R. Moore, NATO in Search of a Vision. Washington: Georgetown University Press. 11-34. Whitman, R. 2004: NATO, the EU and ESDP: an emerging division of labour? Contemporary Security Policy 25 no. 3: 430-451. European Union *Gross, E. and Juncos, A. 2010: Introduction, in Eva Gross/ A. Juncos, EU Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management: Roles, Institutions, and Policies. London: Routledge. 1-14. Grevi, G./ Helly, D./ Keohane, D. 2009: European Security and Defence Policy: The first ten years. Paris: European Institute for Security Studies. 13-16 European Union 2003: A Secure Europe in a Better World - European Security Strategy, 12 December 2003. Brussels: http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cms_data/docs/2004/4/29/European%20Security%20Strategy.p df C. Hill, 2001: The EU's capacity for conflict prevention. European Foreign Affairs Review 6 no. 3: 315-334. 25

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Bailes, A. J. K. 2008: The EU and a 'better world': what role for European Security and Defence Policy. International Affairs 84 no. 1: 115-130. Menon, A. 2009: Empowering paradise? The ESDP at ten. International Affairs 85 no. 2: 227-246. Chivis, C. S. 2010: EU Civilian Crisis Management: The Record So Far. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, Prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense. http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG945.html. Dobbins, J. et al., Europe's Role in Nation-Building: From the Balkans to the Congo. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2008. African Union and sub-regional organisations in Africa *Murithi, T. 2009: The African Unions Foray into Peacekeeping: Lessons from the Hybrid Mission in Darfur. Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development. Alex Bellamy and Paul Williams, The New Politics of Protection? Cote dIvoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect, International Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 4, 2011. Okumu, W. 2009: The African Union: Pitfalls and Prospects for Uniting Africa. Journal of International Affairs 62 no. 2: 93-111. Powell, K./ Tieku, T. K. 2005: The African Union's New Security Agenda: Is Africa Closer to a Pax Pan-Africana? International Journal 60 no. 4: 937-952. Powell, K. 2005: African Union's emerging peace and security regime: opportunities and challenges for delivering on the responsibility to protect: Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa Nathan, L. 2005: Mediation and the African Unions Panel of the Wise. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. eprints.lse.ac.uk/28340/1/dp10.pdf Jane Boulden, ed., Dealing with Conflict in Africa: The United Nations and Regional Organizations, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Richard Jackson, The dangers of regionalising international conflict management: the African experience, Political Science, 52(1): 41-60, June 2000.

Lecture 4: The politics of humanitarian assistance


Is the work of humanitarian aid agencies based on altruism? Is it possible for humanitarian relief to be neutral? What are the politics of humanitarianism and how has this changed over the last fifty years? What are the consequences of framing populations in conflict areas as victims? *Mary Anderson, Do No Harm: How Aid can Support Peace or War. (Lynne Rienner, 1999). [C: ch. 4] 26

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*David Rieff, A Bed for a Night, Humanitarianism in Crisis (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002). [C: ch. 2 Hazards of Charity] *Michael Barnett and Tom Weiss, Humanitarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics, Cornell University Press, 2008. See especially chapters 1, 6, 11. [C: intro] *Sarah Kenyon Lischer, Collateral Damage: Humanitarian Assistance as a Cause of Conflict, International Security, Vol. 28, No. 1, Summer 2003. [OL] *Jenny Edkins, Humanitarianism, Humanity, Human, Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2003, pp.253-58 [C] *Alexander Cooley and James Ron, The NGO Scramble: Organizational Insecurity and the Political Economy of Transnational Action, International Security, (27: 1, 2002).[OL] *David Shearer, Aiding or Abetting? Humanitarian Aid and Its Economic Role in Civil War, in Mats Berdal and David Malone, Greed and Grievance, Lynne Rienner 2000. (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|depfacozdb|446260) *Bernard Hours, NGOs and the victim industry, Monde Diplomatique, November 2008. [OL] Edward Luttwak, Give War a Chance Foreign Affairs, July-August 1999. Michael Barnett, Empire of Humanity: a history of humanitarianism, Cornell University Press, 2011. David Kennedy, The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism (Princeton University Press, 2004). Nicolas de Torrente, Executive Director of the USA MSF Chapter, "Humanitarian Action Under Attack: Reflections on the Iraq War" http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss17/torrente.pdf And reply by Paul O'Brien, CARE director in Afghanistan: http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss17/obrien.pdf Volume 17 (2004) of the Harvard Human Rights Journal: http://harvardhrj.com/archive/ Simon Turner, Suspended Spaces- Contesting Sovereignties in a Refugee Camp, in Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat (eds) Sovereign Bodies, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005). Ben Barber, Feeding Refugees, or War? The Dilemmas of Humanitarian Intervention, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 4, 1997. [OL] Nick Stockton, In Defense of Humanitarianism, Disasters, Vol. 22, No. 4, 1998. Kenneth Bush, Beyond Bungee Cord Humanitarianism: Towards a Developmental 27

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Agenda for Peacebuilding, Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 1996, pp.7592. Devon Curtis, Politics and humanitarian aid: debates, dilemmas and dissension, HPG Report 10, April 2001, at: http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/244.pdf Katherine Davies, Continuity, change and contest: meanings of humanitarian from the Religion of Humanity to the Kosovo war HPG Working Paper, August 2012. Joanna Macrae, Aiding Recovery? The Crisis of Aid in Chronic Political Emergencies. (London: Zed Books, 2001).

Lecture 5: Negotiations, mediation and peace agreements


Are peace negotiations best understood as an exercise in bargaining between belligerents? On what basis are participants in peace negotiations chosen? Why do peace agreements so often break down? Is it possible for outsiders to manage spoilers in peace processes? *Stephen Stedman, Donald Rothchild and Elizabeth Cousens, Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements (Lynne Rienner 2002). [Intro. pp. 1-40 on C] (Also read one or two case study chapters) *Stephen Stedman, Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes, International Security (22:2, 1997). [OL] *M.A. Kleiboer, Understanding Success and Failure of International Mediation, Journal of Conflict Resolution, (Vol. 41, 1996): 360-389. [OL] *I William Zartman and Saadia Touval, International Mediation in Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall (eds), Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World (United States Institute of Peace, 2007). [C] Mohammed Maundi et al., The Problem, in Getting In (Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2006). [C] *John Darby (ed), Contemporary Peace Making: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes. (London: Palgrave-MacMillan, 2003). [C: ch. 5 by Guelke] Virginia Page Fortna, 'Scraps of Paper? Agreements and the Durability of Peace', International Organization, (57: 337-72, 2003). [OL]

Lecture 6: Governance: Democratisation and the governance of divided societies


Is there an immediate trade-off between democracy and order in highly divided countries emerging from civil war? Is it possible for outsiders to institutionally engineer states and societies in order to reach desired outcomes? When, if ever, is partition necessary? Are certain kinds of institutions more conducive to peace? Is it possible to build domestic accountability through international administration? *Tim Sisk, Power-sharing after Civil Wars: Matching Problems with Solutions, in 28

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John Darby and Roger Mac Ginty, Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) [C] *Phil Roeder and Donald Rothchild, eds., Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy After Civil Wars (Cornell University Press 2005). [Chapter 1 on C] *Roland Paris, At Wars End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict, Cambridge University Press, 2004. [Chapter 2 The Liberal Peace Thesis on C] *David Campbell, National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity and Justice in Bosnia (University of Minnesota Press, 1998) esp chaps 1 and 7. [C: ch. 1] *Mann, Michael. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing, Cambridge: CUP, 2005. (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|eresources|4558753) *Carter Johnson, Partitioning to Peace, International Security, Vol. 32, No. 4, May 2008, and see reply by Michael Horowitz and Alex Weisiger The Limits to Partition, International Security, Vol. 33, No. 4, Spring 2009. *Bickerton, Christopher J. State-building: exporting state failure, in Politics Without Sovereignty: A Critique of Contemporary International Relations Theory, Christopher J. Bickerton, Philip Cunliffe and Alexander Gourevitch (eds.), London: UCL Press, 2007. [C] *Thandika Mkandawire, Good Governance: the itinerary of an idea. Development in Practice 17, 4/5, 2007, pp. 679-81. *Thomas Carothers, The Sequencing Fallacy, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 2007. Jack Snyder, From voting to violence: democratization and nationalist conflict, Norton, 2000. Beatrice Pouligny, Promoting Democratic Institutions in Post-Conflict Societies: Giving Diversity a Chance. International Peacekeeping (Vol. 7, No. 3, 2000). Anna Jarstad and Timothy Sisk (eds), From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding (Cambridge University Press, 2008). (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|depfacozdb|464498) Amy Chua, World on Fire (New York: Doubleday, 2002). Roland Paris, Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism, International Security, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1997. [OL] Karen Guttieri and Jessica Piombo (eds) Interim Governments: Institutional Bridges to Peace and Democracy? (Washington: USIP, 2007). Barbara Walter, Designing Transitions from Civil War in Barbara Walter and Jack 29

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Snyder (eds), Civil Wars, Insecurity and Intervention (Columbia University Press, 1999). Daniel Byman, Keeping the Peace: Lasting Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002). Sumantra Bose, Bosnia after Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention (Oxford University Press, 2002). Chaim Kaufmann, When All Else Fails: Evaluating Population Transfers and Partition as Solutions to Ethnic Conflict, in Barbara Walter and Jack Snyder (eds), Civil Wars, Insecurity and Intervention (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 221- 260[C] Radha Kumar, The Troubled History of Partition, Foreign Affairs, (Vol. 76, No. 1, January-February 1997). [OL] Alexander Downes, The Holy Land Divided: Defending Partition as a Solution to Ethnic Wars, Security Studies (Vol. 10, No. 4, Summer 2001). Richard Caplan, Partner or Patron? International Civil Administration and Local Capacity Building. International Peacekeeping. 11 (2), (Summer 2004): 229-247. [OL] James Fearon and David Laitin, Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States, International Security, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2004. [OL] James Dobbins, 'The UN's Role in Nation Building: From the Belgian Congo to Iraq', Survival 46(4): 81-102, 2004.[OL] Simon Chesterman, You, The People: The United Nations, Transitional Administration, and State Building (Oxford University Press, 2004). [Ch. 4 in C] Richard Caplan, International Governance of War-Torn Territories: Rule and Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, 2005. Kimberly Zisk Marten, Enforcing the Peace: Learning from the Imperial Past, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004). Ian Martin and Alexander Mayer-Rieckh, 'The United Nations and East Timor: From Self-determination to State-Building', International Peacekeeping 12(1): 125-145, 2005. [OL] Mats Berdal and Richard Caplan, eds., 'Special Issue on the Politics of International Administration', Global Governance 10(1), 2004. [OL] Robert Keohane, 'Political Authority after intervention: gradations of sovereignty', in J.L Holzgrefe and Robert Keohane (eds), Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas, Cambridge University Press, 2003

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Jarat Chopra, 'The UN's Kingdom of East Timor', Survival 42(3): 27-39, 2002.[OL] Richard Caplan, A New Trusteeship? The International Administration of War-Torn Territories, IISS Adelphi Paper 341, Oxford University Press, 2001. Joel C. Beauvais, 'Benevolent Despotism: A Critique of UN State Building in East Timor', New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, 33: 1101-1178, 2001. Michael Matheson, 'United Nations Governance of Post-Conflict Societies', American Journal of International Law, 95: 76-85, 2001

Lecture 7: Security: Ex-Combatants, Security and Stabilisation


Is security and stability the first priority for peacebuilding? Are there tensions between stabilization operations and sovereignty and if so, can these be resolved? Do disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes achieve their objectives? Does security sector reform help or undermine peace? *UK Stabilisation Unit, Responding to Stabilisation Challenges in Hostile and Insecure Environments, report published in November 2010 http://www.stabilisationunit.gov.uk/stabilisation-and-conflict-resources/stabilisationunit-publications.html *Nat J. Colletta, Jens Samuelsson Schjrlien & Hannes Berts, "Interim Stabilization: Balancing Security and Development in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding" PDF: http://tinyurl.com/7fuanhu *United Nations DDR Resource Centre: http://www.unddr.org/ Note the IDDRS modules on the links to SSR and to transitional justice (downloadable here: http://unddr.org/iddrs/framework.php) For a summary: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/issues/security.shtml. *SSR resource centre (documents and articles): http://www.ssrresourcecentre.org/resources/ OECD Development Assistance Committee (OECD DAC), Security System Reform: What Have We Learned? 2010. *Morten Boas and Anne Hatloy, Getting in, getting out: Militia Membership and Prospects for Re-integration in Post-war Liberia, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2008. [OL] *Susan Willett, Demilitarisation, Disarmament & Development in Southern Africa, Review of African Political Economy, 25, 77, September 1998 [OL] *Matthew Longo and Ellen Lust, The Case for Peace before Disarmament, Survival, Vol. 51, No. 4, August-September 2009. [OL] *Macartan Humphreys and Jeremy Weinstein, Demobilization and Reintegration in Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 5, no 4, 2007. [OL] 31

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Paes, W.-C. 2005: The Challenges of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration in Liberia. International Peacekeeping 12 no. 2: 253-261. Small Arms Survey, "Southern Sudan and DDR: Adopting an Integrated Approach to Stabilization" (PDF: http://tinyurl.com/6tjdbd9) International Center for Transitional Justice, "Beyond 'Peace versus Justice': The Relationship Between DDR and the Prosecution of International Crimes" (PDF: http://tinyurl.com/86ludly) International Center for Transitional Justice, "Transitional Justice, DDR, and Security Sector Reform" (PDF: http://tinyurl.com/7zxwddh) International Center for Transitional Justice, "Amnesties and DDR Programs" (PDF: http://tinyurl.com/7b9z8wf) UN 2000: S/2000/101 The Role of United Nations Peacekeeping in Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration - Report of the Secretary-General, 11 February 2000. New York: United Nations. http://www.reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/3768C42C154A073DC125 74280044873C-sc_feb2000.pdf Charles Call and William Stanley, Civilian Security, In Stephen Stedman, Donald Rothchild and Elizabeth Cousens (eds), Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements (Lynne Rienner 2002). Dirk Salomons, Security: An Absolute Prerequisite In Gerd Juune and Willemijn Verkoren (eds), Post-Conflict Development: Meeting New Challenges, Lynne Rienner, 2005. [C] Johan Pottier, Displacement and Ethnic Reintegration in Ituri, DR Congo: Challenges Ahead, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 46, 3, 2008. Mark Knight and Alpaslan Ozerdem, Guns, Camps and Cash: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Transition from War to Peace, Journal of Peace Research, (Vol. 41, No. 4, 2004). Kees Kingman, Demobilization, Reintegration and Peacebuilding in Africa, International Peacekeeping, 9, 2 (2002). Alpaslan Ozedem, Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Afghanistan: Lessons from a Cross-cultural Perspective, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 5 (2002). Robert Muggah, No Magic Bullet: A Critical Perspective on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegratioin (DDR) and Weapons Reduction in Post-conflict Contexts, The Round Table Vol. 94, No. 379. Robert Muggah (ed), Security and Post-Conflict Reconstruction, (London: Routledge, 32

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2008). See chapters on DDR in particular cases. Jeffrey Isima, Cash Payments in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration programmes in Africa, Journal of Security Sector Management, Vol. 2, No. 3, (September 2004). Mats Utas and Magnus Jorgel, The West Side Boys: Military Navigation in the Sierra Leone Civil War, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 46, 3, 2008. Mats Berdal and David Ucko (eds), Reintegrating Armed Groups after Conflict: Politics, Violence and Transition, London, Routledge, 2009. (see case study chapters) Barry J. Ryan, Statebuilding and Police Reform: The Freedom of Security, Routledge, 2011.

Lecture 8: Society: Justice and post-war reconciliation


Can there be anything more than a victors justice after conflict? Who benefits from international courts? Is there a trade-off between reconciliation and justice? Do truth commissions succeed in uncovering the truth? What is therapeutic governance? *Mahmood Mamdani, From Justice to Reconciliation: Making Sense of the African Experience, C. Leys and M. Mamdani (eds), Crisis and Reconstruction. Uppsala: Nordisk Afrikainstitutet, 1997, pp.17-25. [C] *Rosemary Nagy, Transitional Justice as a Global Project: Critical Reflections, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 2, March 2008. *Andrew Rigby, Justice and Reconciliation: After the Violence (Lynne Rienner, 2001). [C: ch. 1] *Priscilla Hayner, Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions (Routledge, 2002). [C: ch. 1] *Vanessa Pupavac, Therapeutic Governance: Psycho-social Intervention and Trauma Risk Management, Disasters, 25(4), 2001. [OL] *Pauline Baker, "Conflict Resolution Versus Democratic Governance: Divergent Paths to Peace?" in Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict (2000). *Barbara Oomen, Donor-Driven Justice and its Discontents: The Case of Rwanda, Development and Change (Vol. 36, No. 5, 2005). Donna Pankhurst (ed), Gendered Peace: Women's Struggles for Post-War Justice and Reconciliation, (Routledge: 2007), see especially ch. 11, Post-War Backlash Violence against Women: What Can "Masculinity" Explain? Donna Pankhurst, Issues of Justice and Reconciliation in Complex Emergencies, Third World Quarterly, 20 (1), March 1999. [OL] 33

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Chandra Sriram, Justice as peace? Liberal peacebuilding and strategies of transitional justice, Global Society: Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations (Vol. 21, no. 4, 2007). Martha Minow, Breaking the Cycles of Hatred (Princeton University Press 2002). Mike Kaye, The Role of Truth Commissions in the Search for Justice, Reconciliation and Democratization: The Salvadoran and Honduran Cases, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 29, 1997. Rachel Kerr and Eirin Mobekk, Peace and Justice: Seeking Accountability after War, (Polity, 2007).

Lecture 9: Economy: Post-Conflict Economic Policies and Development


To what extent are the governments of countries emerging from conflict constrained in their economic choices? When is post-conflict reconstruction assistance helpful? Has the involvement of new actors such as China, led to a significant change in post- conflict development policies? *James K. Boyce and Madalene ODonnell (eds), Peace and the Public Purse: Economic Policies for Postwar Statebuilding, Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 2007. [Cintroduction] *Susan Woodward, Economic Priorities for Successful Peace Implementation In Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements, Stephen John Stedman, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth M. Cousens (eds). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002. [C] Chris Cramer, From waging war to peace work: labour and labour markets, in Michael Pugh, Neil Cooper and Mandy Turner (eds), Whose Peace? Critical Perspectives on the Political Economy of Peacebuilding, Palgrave 2008. Michael Pugh, The Political Economy of Peacebuilding: A Critical Theory Perspective, International Journal of Peace Studies 10, 2, 2005. Paul Collier, Post-Conflict Economic Recovery, International Peace Academy, April 2006. John Ohiorhenuan, and Chetan Kumar, Sustaining Post-Conflict Economic Recovery: Lessons and Challenges, New York: United Nations Development Programme, October 2005. Pierre Englebert and Denis Tull, Postconflict Reconstruction in Africa: Flawed Ideas about Failed States, International Security 32 (4), 2008. [OL] Patrick Bond, Global Uneven Development, Primitive Accumulation and PoliticalEconomic Conflict in Africa: The Return of the Theory of Imperialism. Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 4, no. 2 (2008): 1-10 34

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Astri Suhrke, Astri, Torunn Wimpelmann, and Marcia Dawes, Peace Processes and State-building, Economic and Institutional Provisions of Peace Agreements, New York: United Nations Development Programme and Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2007. Susan Willett, Trading with security: Trade liberalization and conflict, in Michael Pugh, Neil Cooper and Mandy Turner (eds), Whose Peace? Critical Perspectives on the Political Economy of Peacebuilding, Palgrave 2008. Alex Bellamy, The Institutionalization of Peacebuilding: What Role for the UN Peacebuilding Commission?in Oliver Richmond (ed.), Advances in Peacebuilding (London: Palgrave, 2010) Susan Woodward, Soft intervention and the puzzling neglect of economic actors in Matthew Hoddie and Caroline A Hartzell (eds) Strengthening Peace in Post-Civil War States, University of Chicago Press, 2010.

Lecture 10: Beyond the Liberal Peace?


Are there alternatives to the liberal peace? *Beatrice Pouligny, State-Society Relations and Intangible Dimensions of State Resilience and State Building: A Bottom-Up Perspective. PAIS International, 2010. *Susanna Campbell, David Chandler, Meera Sabaratnam (eds) A Liberal Peace: The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding, Zed Books, 2011. *Edward Newman, Roland Paris, Oliver Richmond (eds), New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding, UNU Press, 2009. See esp chapters 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 16. See also chapter 15 on Cambodia. [C: ch. 2] *Susan Woodward, Do the Root Causes of Civil War Matter? On Using Knowledge to Improve Peacebuilding Interventions, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2009. [C] *Mark Duffield, Social Reconstruction and the Radicalisation of Development: Aid as a Relation of Global Liberal Governance, Development and Change, 33, 5, 2002. [C] *Oliver Richmond, Becoming Liberal, Unbecoming Liberalism: Liberal-Local Hybridity via the Everyday as a Response to the Paradoxes of Liberal Peacebuilding, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, Vol. 3, Number 3, November 2009. [C] *Oliver Richmond, Resistance and the Post-Liberal Peace, Millennium, Vol. 38, No. 3, May 2010: pp. 665-692. *Roland Paris, Saving Liberal Peacebuilding Review of International Studies, Vol 36, 2, April 2010. *James Scott, Seeing Like a State How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. See esp. intro and ch. 1. [C: ch. 1] 35

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*Devon Curtis, The limits to statebuilding for peace in Africa, South African Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2013, pp. 79-97. Rita Abrahamsen and Michael Williams, Security Beyond the State: Private Security in International Politics, Cambridge University Press, 2011. See esp. intro and ch. 4. Adam Branch, Displacing Human Rights, Oxford University Press, 2011. Ishbel McWha, The roles of, and relationships between, expatriates, volunteers, and local development workers, Development in Practice, 21, 1, February 2011. Kristoffer Liden, Roger Mac Ginty, Oliver Richmond, Beyond Northern Epistemologies of Peace: Peacebuilding Reconstructed? International Peacekeeping, Vol. 16, No. 5, November 2009. [C] David Chandler, Peace without Politics International Peacekeeping, Vol. 12, No. 3, Autumn 2005. John Heathershaw, Peacebuilding as Practice: Discourses from Post-Conflict Tajikistan International Peacekeeping, Vol. 14, No. 2, April 2007. [C] Centre for the Future State, Institute of Development Studies, An Upside-down View of Governance, IDS, Sussex, 2010. http://www2.ids.ac.uk/futurestate/pdfs/AnUpsidedownViewofGovernance.pdf Deborah Brautigam, The Dragons Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Examinations Pol 7 Examination 2013 1. Since definitions of war and peace are heavily contested, is the comparative study of the causes of war worthwhile? 2. Did the end of the Cold War change the nature of conflict and/or did it change the way we study conflict? 3. If grievances contribute to the outbreak of conflict, why do we not see more conflict? 4. Does the idea of patriarchy explain, or only describe, conflict? 5. If conflict is a business, who are the producers and consumers of conflict? 6. Are strong states necessary for sustaining peace? 7. When third parties are involved in conflict, does more local knowledge lead to fewer unintended consequences? Answer with reference to one of the following: a) peacekeeping b) humanitarian assistance c) peace negotiations

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8. If all conflicts are different, is there any point in developing broad peacebuilding operational frameworks? Answer with reference to either security sector reform (SSR) or disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) or both. 9. Is justice compromised when post-conflict governance arrangements include power-sharing between former belligerents? 10. Are economic benefits in post-conflict countries important for peace and reconciliation? 11. Did post-1991 democratisation strengthen the Cambodian state? 12. How important have actors ideological choices been in causing or managing conflict in Mozambique? 13. Does Iraqs experience since 2003 demonstrate that there is a trade -off between democratisation and peace?

Pol 7 Examination 2012 1. Is the ideal of a unified state apparatus that monopolises legitimate violence impracticable in the modern world? 2. Is ethnic difference redundant in explaining the origin and trajectory of conflict? 3. What explains the high incidence of conflict in countries rich in natural resources? 4. Does economic crisis prompt violent conflict? 5. Is rebellion predictable? 6. Can peace be measured? 7. Does third party intervention reinforce the power of the state? Answer with reference to one or more of: (a) peacekeeping (b) humanitarian assistance (c) negotiation. 8. Is it necessary to integrate ex-combatants in post-conflict political and military structures? 9. When is there a contradiction between justice and reconciliation? 10. Are there viable alternatives to the adoption of liberal economic reforms in the aftermath of conflict? 11. In what ways can conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo be attributed to underdevelopment?

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12. Has the process of democratisation in Iraq since 2003 facilitated or ameliorated the conflict there? 13. How significant has international involvement been for Cambodias peacebuilding?

Pol 7 Examination 2011 Answer three questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Does the way we conceptualise armed violence matter? If conflict can be a profitable activity, why is there not more conflict? Do modern wars have a prevailing logic? When state institutions collapse, does conflict inevitably follow? What explains the heightened concern over ethnic-based violence in the postCold War era? 6. Is power-sharing the most viable route to democracy in countries emerging from conflict? 7. When does international intervention in conflict trigger further violence? Answer with reference to ONE of the following: (a) peacekeeping; (b) humanitarian assistance; (c) peace agreements. 8. Do disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration programmes lead to greater security in countries at risk from conflict? 9. Can post-conflict justice be anything other than victors justice? 10. How can the state be empowered in the aftermath of conflict? 11. Are Western aid donors losing their influence? 12. Does building civil society undermine accountability? 13. Is economic progress possible without painful adjustment? 14. Who benefits from good governance programmes? 15. Can Sudans wars be characterised primarily as wars of the centre against the periphery? Discuss with reference to EITHER the North-South conflict, OR the Darfur conflict, OR both. 16. Is violent conflict an inevitable feature of building the state in the Democratic Republic of the Congo? 17. How have inequalities shaped the dynamics of Iraqs post-2003 sectarian conflict? Pol 7 Examination 2010 Answer three questions: 1. Does the concept of human security privilege the role of the state or marginalise it? 2. Does the modern world economy inevitably internationalise local conflicts? 3. Do contemporary states find it harder to maintain domestic order than their predecessors? 38

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4. What is lost if the study of war concentrates on the motives of rebels? 5. Do underdevelopment and conflict necessarily reinforce one another? 6. Why does gender-based and sexual violence become prevalent in many contemporary conflicts? 7. Do the negative consequences of international intervention in conflict zones outweigh the benefits? 8. When do negotiated peace settlements sow the seeds for further violence? 9. Why do disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration programmes often fail to achieve their aims? 10. Is there a trade-off between effective post-conflict governance and democratic post-conflict governance? 11. Does justice lead to post-conflict reconciliation? 12. How do the mechanisms of intervention reinforce dominant ideologies of development? 13. Are developing countries still sovereign states? 14. Has liberalism been effective in developing countries? 15. Has the war in Iraq since 2003 been a continuation of earlier conflicts? 16. To what extent were international factors key to the outbreak of the Zapatista uprising? 17. How has international intervention sustained war in Sudan?

Pol 7 Examination 2009 Answer three questions: 1 2 Is human security an achievable goal? In what ways have trading networks shaped the nature of conflict in developing countries? Do poverty reduction programmes make the world more secure? Why does competition over resources sometimes become violent?

3 4

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Either(a) Is the labelling of conflicts as instances of ethnic violence no more than an attempt to provide a simplistic explanation for complex situations? Or(b) Are the states of the post-Cold War world especially susceptible to processes of ethnic cleansing? Does the state retain a monopoly of legitimate violence within its territory? What remains, if anything, of the ideal of collective security? Does the principle of doing no harm constitute a secure ethical foundation for development programmes in countries vulnerable to violent conflict? Is it possible for institutional design to minimize the likelihood of conflict in highly divided societies?

6 7 8

10 Whose interests are served by third party involvement in conflict? Explain with reference to one of the following: a) humanitarian assistance; b) peacekeeping; c) mediation 11 Are there benefits to ignoring questions of justice in the aftermath of conflict? 12 Should regional organisations be expected to keep the peace in their own neighbourhoods? 13 Do the international financial institutions help or hinder economic development in the worlds poorest states? 14 Does the expansion of the international role for non-governmental organisations make global politics more democratic? 15 Does the power of veto within the Security Council serve to enhance or deflect its authority? 16 At what stage, if any, was Iraq a failed state? 17 Has democratisation increased violent conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo? 18 Was the 1994 Zapatista uprising a product of economic crisis or political exclusion?

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Examiners reports 2013 There were 44 candidates for this paper, with 4 candidates choosing to submit two 5000-word essays instead of sitting an exam. Two of the candidates writing two long essays received 2.1 marks on both essays. One candidate received a first class mark on one essay and a 2.2 on the other, while another candidate received a first class mark on one essay and a 2.1 one the other. Of the 40 candidates who did the exam option, 8 candidates received first class marks from both examiners and 4 candidates received a first class mark from one examiner and a high 2.1 mark from the other examiner. 23 candidates received 2.1 marks from both examiners, one candidate received a low 2.1 mark from one examiner and a high 2.2 mark from the other, and 4 candidates received 2.2 marks from both examiners. The examiners were very pleased to see that candidates had really engaged with the course material and were able to critically assess the arguments in the literature. There were some excellent answers. The most impressive answers assessed various perspectives and put forward arguments based upon careful analysis of the literature and the use of empirical case studies. Many answers were very reflective, and we were pleased to see that many students did not simply accept conventional accounts, but probed further and questioned some of the basic assumptions in the literature and in conflict and peacebuilding practice. Weaker exam answers adopted formulaic responses or failed to engage with the literature or relevant case study examples. Every exam question was attempted by at least two candidates. The most popular question was Q3, which was attempted by 17 students. This question was generally well done with many students drawing upon a wide range of sources and examples. Some students, however, fell back on a standard greed vs grievance answer to this question without spending enough time on the specific terms of the question. Some of the weaker answers neglected to mention the state, and had difficulty forming a coherent argument backed by evidence and examples. Q2 was another popular question with 13 students attempting it. This question was done either very well (first class answers) or very poorly (2.2 answers), with very few in the middle. The best answers engaged with historical and contemporary examples, and made some innovative points. The weaker answers tended to ignore part of the question (the part about how we study conflict) and/or gave rather pedestrian accounts of the new wars debate. We were pleased to see that 12 students provided answers to Q4 and these tended to be cogently argued, with a solid understanding of the concept of patriarchy. Students generally provided good answers to another popular question, q. 9, on justice and power-sharing. There were 12 students who answered this question, and many of them successfully interrogated the disputed meanings of justice and connected this intelligently to arguments about power-sharing among former belligerents. Some students had more difficulty with Q1, Q6, and Q8. Several answers to Q1 were very vague, with a tendency to discuss issues and literature only tangentially related to the question. Many students discussed failed states in Q6. Some students did this 41

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effectively, but several others spent too much time assessing whether the label failed state was appropriate, without addressing the terms of the specific question. Likewise, several students seemed to want to answer a different question on why disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration programmes fail, instead of engaging with the specific question asked in Q8. The three questions on cases (Q11-12-13) were well done, with students skilfully addressing conceptual and case study material. We were happy to see that many students had a sophisticated understanding of the literature and were able to effectively apply case study examples to support or refute various arguments.

2012 There were 38 candidates for this paper, with 1 candidate choosing to submit two 5000-word essays instead of sitting an exam. The candidate writing two long essays received a 2.1 from both markers for both essays. Of the 37 candidates who did the exam option, 4 candidates received first class marks from both examiners and 2 candidates received a first class mark from one examiner and a high 2.1 mark from the other examiner. 24 candidates received 2.1 marks from both examiners, 3 candidates received a low 2.1 mark from one examiner and a high 2.2 mark from the other, and 4 candidates received 2.2 marks from both examiners. The examiners were generally very pleased with the quality of the exam scripts and the range of material covered. Candidates were able to engage with different texts, and critically assess relevant literature. The best answers showed the ability to sustain intelligent, well considered arguments that drew from particular texts and used empirical examples thoughtfully. Weaker scripts tended to regurgitate pre-packaged answers, or provided weak analysis, less relevant examples and little engagement with the literature. Every exam question was attempted by at least two candidates. The most popular question was q. 1, which was attempted by 17 students. Although there were several thoughtful answers, many students encountered difficulties with this question. Instead of directly answering the question, several students provided standard greed vs grievance or human security discussions that only tangentially addressed the question. Only a few good answers managed to engage with the question both conceptually and in historical or comparative terms. Students provided better answers to another popular question, q. 9, on justice and reconciliation. There were 16 students attempting this question, and many of them successfully interrogated the disputed meanings of these terms and provided cogent answers. The weaker answers on this question had an overly narrow focus. Despite being advised throughout the year to be sure to answer the specific question asked, the most common problem on the exam was the tendency to drift away from the question. Students were penalised- some severely- for failing to engage with the specific terms of the question. Students are not rewarded for providing answers to 42

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questions that were not asked, no matter how brilliant. There seemed to be a tendency, among some students, to show familiarity with a narrow set of topics and draw upon those regardless of the specific question. In addition to q. 1 discussed above, this was particularly an issue for q. 3, 6, 7, 8. In q. 3, many students answered using greed vs grievance frameworks that did not engage with the terms of the question. Others focused on whether natural resources cause conflict, ignoring the question that asks about what explains the high incidence of conflict. In q. 6 many students focused on failed states, without showing how this related to the question on the measurement of peace. While there were some excellent answers to q. 7, a disappointingly high number of students discussed the advantages and disadvantages of third party intervention, neglecting the question about the consequences on the power of the state. For q. 8 several students focused on military structures, and ignored the part of the question on political structures, and other students did the reverse. Some students provided a general discussion on disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration that did not properly engage with the terms of the question. On the other hand, the three questions on cases (q. 11-12-13) were generally well done, with an appropriate use of empirical evidence to refute and support various claims. There were also some excellent answers to q. 5, with several students providing highly sophisticated and thoughtful insights. On the whole, we were encouraged that a large number of students were able to skilfully assess different arguments, using examples and the literature in intelligent ways. We were also very pleased that many students this year used case evidence effectively.

2011 There were 41 candidates for this paper, with 4 candidates choosing to submit two 5000-word essays instead of sitting an exam. Of the candidates writing long essays, two received first class marks on at least one of the essays. The other candidates received 2.1 marks on both essays. Of the 37 candidates who did the exam option, four candidates received first class marks from both examiners and one candidate received a first class mark from one examiner and a high 2.1 mark from the other examiner. 32 candidates received 2.1 marks, and one candidate received 2.2 marks. The examiners were generally very pleased with the quality of the exam scripts. Candidates were able to engage with different texts, and critically assess the literature. Although there were only a few exceptional exam answers, the examiners were impressed with the way in which most candidates were able to skilfully address different angles of the questions, often through the use of relevant empirical examples. Every exam question was attempted by at least two candidates. There were 15 students who answered the most popular question (q. 9), but unfortunately many of these students ran into difficulty discussing the concept of justice and relating their answers to different empirical cases. Candidates also tended to have difficulty on q. 2. While some candidates provided clear and interesting answers that engaged with the question of profitability, several others offered overly general answers on the causes 43

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of war. Standard greed and grievance arguments were not rewarded. There were a couple of excellent answers for q. 7, but many others who attempted this question failed to address the specific issue of violence and instead provided a tally of the benefits and drawbacks of international involvement. Some candidates also had difficulty with q. 11, providing pre-packaged answers on liberalism rather than engaging with the specific terms of the question. Answers to q. 5 also tended to be fairly weak. More generally, the scripts with lower marks often suffered from a lack of clarity and weak analysis. Many candidates deployed case studies effectively, and were rewarded for this in q. 15-16-17 and elsewhere. The best candidates displayed admirable knowledge of cases, and the ability to sustain intelligent, carefully considered arguments. Answers to q. 14 on good governance and q. 6 on power-sharing were typically well done. There were some excellent answers on q. 3, with several candidates providing highly eloquent and thoughtful insights on the logics of war. There were a high number of exam scripts in the high 2.1 range. This reflects the hard work that many candidates put into this paper, and their appreciation of the range of issues and debates addressed in the paper.

2010 There were 44 candidates for this paper, with 10 candidates choosing to submit two 5000-word essays instead of sitting the examination. Of the 34 candidates who chose the exam option, one student withdrew. Of the remaining 33, two students received first class marks and thirty-one students received 2.1 marks. Of the students writing long essays, only one received first class marks from both examiners. Four students received a first class mark for one essay and a 2.1 for the other. The remaining students received a 2.1 mark on both essays. The examiners were pleased that no students scored a 2.2 mark or lower for this paper, which reflected the consistently good quality of work, in particular under examination conditions. However, the examiners were disappointed not to see more first class scripts. In the exam, all questions were attempted, however only one candidate attempted questions 1 and 12. The most popular questions were q.7 (13 candidates), q.4 (11 candidates) and q.1 (10 candidates). Answers to these questions, while sound, were not outstanding. Most answers to q.1 dealt well with the contested nature of human security and arguments and counter-arguments for its effects on the states role, but very few move beyond equivocating on these issues to construct a more sophisticated argument. A similar shortcoming was evident in answers to q.7, on international intervention in conflict zone, with a kind of tally sheet of arguments (albeit often good ones) detracting from a deeper interrogation of what underlies asking such a question, and the politics of who in practice asks such questions. Answers to q.4 fared better, with the best answers accounting for the different ways in which an analysis of rebel motives can be undertaken, yet which still underweight structural and macro-political dimensions of conflict dynamics. A consistent shortcoming in examination answers was the relation of broader arguments to specific examples, especially more nuanced and deeper interrogation of cases. The best

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answers demonstrated sufficient knowledge of particular cases to show how conceptual or theoretical debates played out in different ways. It is clear that students find the range of theories, concepts and cases addressed by this paper stimulating but challenging when it comes to exam preparation. Candidates in future years would do well to focus on not merely covering off all the basics, but on developing innovative and convincing arguments, well supported by rich case examples, which clearly spell out and defend a focused scope of analysis.

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