Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ 1/8

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CP2 UNIT PACKET FOR the Circulatory, Excretory and

Respiratory Systems
OBJECTIVES: By the end of this unit, you should be able to CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: 1. Match each of the parts of the respiratory system to its correct function 30.1: The circulatory system transports materials throughout the body: 2. Identify the key functions of the organs of the circulatory system 3. Compare and contrast the main types of blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) 4. Explain how chemicals (nutrients, wastes, oxygen and carbon dioxide, in particular) are exchanged between the blood and other tissues 30.2: The heart pumps blood throughout the circulatory system: 5. List the two circuits through which blood is pumped and explain why each depends on the other 6. Explain why valves are important structures in the heart 7. Explain what the sound of the heart beat (lup dupp) is due to 8. Given a diagram of a heart, diagram the flow of blood through the heart 9. Label the following on a diagram of the heart: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle, left lung, right lung, valve, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: 10. Match each of the parts of the respiratory system to its correct function 30.5: The respiratory system exchanges gases between blood and air 11. Explain how the diaphragm helps us breathe 12. Label the following parts of the respiratory system on a diagram: a. Voice box, trachea, epiglottis, sinuses, throat, nose, nasal chamber, bronchus, lung, diaphragm, bronchioles 13. Explain how the respiratory system provides exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 14. Diagram gas exchange in capillaries in the lungs and in capillaries in body cells EXCRETORY SYSTEM 15. Match each of the parts of the respiratory system to its correct function 32.1: Homeostasis depends on mechanisms of regulation: 16. Define excretion 32.2: The kidneys function in excretion and water balance: 17. Describe the function of the excretory system 18. Describe the function of the kidney 32.3: The liver helps maintain homeostasis: 19. Describe the excretory function of the liver KEY TERMS: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: 30.1: The circulatory system transports materials throughout the body Artery: vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body

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Blood: fluid connective tissue of the circulatory system Capillary: microscopic blood vessel that carries blood between an artery and a vein, allowing the exchange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid Circulatory system: body system that transports wastes and nutrients throughout the body. Heart: multi-chambered, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body Interstitial fluid: fluid found between cells Lymph: fluid similar to interstitial fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system Vein: vessel that returns blood to the heart 30.2: The heart pumps blood throughout the circulatory system Aorta: artery that carries blood directly from the heart to the rest of the body Atrium: heart chamber that receives blood returning to the heart from other parts of the body Pacemaker: region of the heart that sets the rate at which the heart contracts Pulmonary circuit: blood flow between the heart and lungs Systemic circuit: blood flow between the hart and the rest of the body except lungs Valve: flap of tissue in heart that prevents blood from flowing in the wrong direction Ventricle: heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart 30.3: Blood consists of cells suspended in plasma: Hemoglobin: iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells Plasma: liquid portion of blood made of water, dissolved salts, proteins, etc. Platelet: fragment of a blood cell involved in blood clotting Red blood cell: blood cell containing hemoglobin, which transports oxygen White blood cell: blood cell that defends the body against infections and cancer 30.4: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States Cardiovascular disease: illness of the heart and / or blood vessels Heart attack: condition that occurs when an artery becomes blocked, disrupting blood flow to the heart Hypertension: high blood pressure Plaque: deposits that build up on artery walls and can lead to cardiovascular disease Stroke: damage to the brain tissue resulting from a clot blocking blood flow to the brain RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: 30.5: The respiratory system exchanges gases between blood and air Alveoli: tiny air sacs in lungs that exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood Bronchi: two large tubes that carry air from the trachea to the lungs Bronchioles: many smaller tubes that deliver air to the lungs Diaphragm: muscle that contracts to help lungs bring in oxygen and expel CO2 Epiglottis: flap that closes over the windpipe when swallowing. Prevents objects from entering windpipe Trachea: tube that carries air to the lungs Respiratory system: system that provides cells with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body. Carbon dioxide: picked up from cells as waste, and transported by the blood to the lungs, and then exhaled. Oxygen: picked up in the lungs and transported to cells in the body

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EXCRETORY SYSTEM: 32.1: Homeostasis depends on mechanisms of regulation: Excretion: removal of nitrogen-containing wastes from the body 32.2: The kidneys function in excretion and water balance: Kidney: organ that produces urine and filters blood Urine: a liquid composed of water, urea and other waste products Ureter: tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder Urinary bladder: temporarily stores urine until it can be eliminated from the body Urethra: passageway for urine to leave the body 32.3: The liver helps maintain homeostasis: (NONE) RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

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NOTES: CIRCULATORY (CARDIOVASCULAR) SYSTEM

The Circulatory System Transports Materials Throughout the Body (Concept 30.1)

Concepts 30.1-30.3

Parts of the Circulatory System Blood tissue made of cells and liquid parts Heart multi-chambered muscular organ that pumps blood Blood Vessels carry blood throughout the body Arteries carries blood away from the heart Veins carries blood to the heart Capillaries link between arteries and veins, and also allows exchange of materials (nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide) between the capillaries and the surrounding cells

Arteries, Veins and Capillaries Some differences between arteries and veins Arteries Blood flows FROM heart Made of thick layers of tissue Blood is pushed by pressure from heart No valves in arteries Veins Blood flows TO heart Made of thin layers of tissue Blood is pushed by skeletal muscle contractions Valves in veins to keep blood flow only towards the heart Chemical Exchange Between Blood and Body Tissues Capillaries are in close contact with cells in your body. Function of capillaries: the distribution of oxygen and nutrients to your body cells, and the removal of waste

Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ 5/8 products from your body cells (all by diffusion) The Heart Pumps Blood Throughout the Circulatory System (Concept 30.2) Two Circuits of Blood Flow Blood flows through two pathways in your body: 1. Pulmonary circuit: connects heart and lungs 2. Systemic circuit: connects the heart to all cells in the body other than the lungs Blood flows through both circuits at once The Heart Has Four Chambers: 2 Atria receive blood (one from lungs, one from the rest of the body) 2 Ventricles pump blood out of the heart (one to the lungs, one to the rest of the body) Has Valves: Which prevent blood from flowing backwards in the heart.

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Flow of Blood In the Heart & Body Oxygen rich blood pumped from lungs to the Left atrium Then to the Left ventricle Pumped to rest of body through the aorta and through other arteries Blood enters capillaries and delivers oxygen & nutrients to cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste Oxygen depleted blood returns to the heart through various veins Blood enters the right atrium Then enters the right ventricle Pumped to both lungs, then to left atrium (see above) Blood Consists of Cells Suspended in Plasma (Concept 30.3) The Make Up of Blood Blood is made of cells suspended in plasma: Plasma: a liquid made of water, salts, proteins and other substances Red blood cells: contain a protein (hemoglobin) that delivers oxygen to body cells White blood cells: fight infection

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NOTES: THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Concept 30.5)

Functions of the Respiratory System Bring Oxygen into the body Expel Carbon Dioxide from the body Parts of the Respiratory System Nose & Nasal Chamber: As you breathe in, air enters the nose. o Hairs trap dust particles. o Mucus keeps the air moist. Air is cooled or warmed, depending on the outside temperature. Epiglottis: Before entering the the windpipe, the epiglottis opens. It closes over the windpipe when we swallow. Trachea: The windpipe. This is a short tube that branches off into the lungs. It is composed of rings of cartilage. Bronchi: These are the two tubes that branch off the trachea and carry air into the right and left lungs. Bronchioles: These are the smaller branches that form tiny tubes in the lungs Alveoli: These are the tiny AIR SACS of the lung, where carbon dioxide is given off and Oxygen is taken in. o Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries. o Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where gas exchange occurs

Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ 7/8 Gas Exchange Gas exchange occurs between the blood and the alveoli. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the plasma, through the walls of the capillaries, and into the alveoli Oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli, through the capillaries and into the hemoglobin of red blood cells. The Importance of Oxygen and Energy Cells die after a few minutes without oxygen because they run out of energy. Remember: cells use oxygen that you breathe and food that you eat to produce energy (ATP) do work for your body. ATP is made in the process called cellular respiration.

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Breathing Breathing is the result of the increase and decrease of pressure in the chest cavity. The chest cavity is surrounded by the ribs A sheet-like muscle, the diaphragm, separates the inside of your chest from the organs of the digestive system When the diaphragm is relaxed, it pushes up against the lungs and the space gets smaller The soft lungs are squeezed and air is pushed out When the diaphragm is contracted, it tightens up and flattens out. The space in the chest cavity gets larger and the lungs expand. Air is pulled into the alveoli as the lungs expand.

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Problems of the Respiratory System Problems of the respiratory system can be caused by diseases or by the quality of the air that we breathe. Carbon Monoxide: (CO) o Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas that is formed when fuels are incompletely burned. Carbon monoxide may combine with the hemoglobin in the blood and deprive our cells of oxygen. o If too much CO is absorbed, it may be fatal. Pneumonia: o This communicable lung disease may be caused by bacteria or viruses that live and multiply in the alveoli. This causes the accumulation of fluid and mucus, which blocks lungs and prevents oxygen from getting into the blood. Emphysema o This noncommunicable disease is associated with smoking and causes the breakdown of alveoli.

NOTES: THE HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM (Concepts 32.1-32.3)

Functions of the Excretory System To maintain homeostasis of body fluids Remove wastes The Main Organs of the Excretory System Kidneys: remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood o The Kidney is the main organ of the excretory system. Nephron: part in kidney that actually filters the wastes out of the blood Liver: remove toxic compounds from the blood Urinary bladder: smooth bag made of muscle that stores urine, the wastes which will be excreted from the body.