SPEECH VARIANTS

No native speaker of a language consistently adheres to a given standard pronunciation in normal conversation thus it is referred to as nonstandard forms or speech variants. Speech variants can occur either as a result if phonological processes, for example elision, epenthesis or assimilation, or they can arise in line with the regional or dialectal sound change. Speech variants can, however, be classified according to three abstract processes based on segments: deletion, insertion and substitution. Each of these abstract processes has a corresponding abstract rule type. A deletion rule deletes a whole segment and can also modify feature values in neighboring segments. An insertion rule inserts a whole segment and a substitution rule is applied to single features in particular segments having the effect of substituting one segment for another.

VOCABULARY FOR RADIO AND TELEVISION SPEECH

To be effective a speaker must pronounce words distinctively and correctly. The proper articulation of words is everywhere admired as a mark or cultivation. On the other hand, the speaker who slurs and mispronounces word is regarded as uneducated. Today the spoken word is as important as the written word. We are obliged to listen to a large volume of speech and we have learned to enjoy it. Whether we are being instructed or entertained, however, we expect to be addressed clearly and correctly. We insist upon a standard of correctness that we ourselves are therefore obliged to comply with in speaking to others. These occasions are numerous; in a world that admires talk we must talk often and well. Correct speech is reputable, national and contemporary. It is the standard of speech established by cultivated speakers. Broadcast by radio and television, it is heard everywhere and is everywhere accepted as correct. As a result, the demand for conformity to this standard is increasing. More than ever before correct pronunciation is important. GOOD SPEECH IS DISTINCT SPEECH Good speech is distinct. It is crisp and clear; all of the voiced letters and syllables are distinctively sounded. To speak distinctively one must obey the following rules:

Pronounce Final Consonants Clearly Sound the final ng in words ending in ing: running; not sayin', runnin'. Sound the final consonant in words ending in two consonants. SAY enTertaiNment goverNment inTeresting physIcal exERcise agOny alTer amenDment attenTive breaKfast breaDth cOrrect crimInal gEography moVement al'er amen'ment atten'ive brea'fast brea'th c'rrect crim'nal g'ography moo'ment DO NOT SAY en'ertai'ment gover'ment or gov'ment in'erestin' or in'erte'in phys'cal ex'cise ag'ny

note: Do not, on the other hand, add syllables to words. Athlete Elm Film not athUHlete not elUm not filUm

In addition to slurring sounds and running words together, many faulty speakers distort the sounds of some consonants and vowels in various ways. People who cannot place and pronounce various sounds correctly should not

rely on pronunciation lists and their own efforts to improve their speech. They should seek the aid of a good speech teacher or therapist.

SOME OF THE COMMONLY USED TERMS IN BROADCASTING ON RADIO OR TELEVISION. Marketplace of ideas-the concept that ideas and theories compete for acceptance among the public Mass Media-means of conveying information to large public audiences cheaply and efficiently New media-technologies, such as the Internet, that blur the line between media sources and create new opportunities for the dissemination of news and other information Print media-traditional form of mass media comprising of newspapers, magazines, newsletters, and journals Broadcast media-television, radio, cable, and satellite services Network-an association of broadcast stations (radio or television) that share programming through a financial arrangement Affiliates-local television stations that carry the programming of a national network Wire service-an electronic delivery of news gathered by the news services correspondents and sent to all member news organizations Narrowcasting-the targeting of specialized audiences by the media Commercial bias-the tendency of the media to make coverage and programming decisions based on what will attract a large audience and maximize profits Civic journalism (social responsibility theory/public advocate model) -a movement among journalists to be responsive to citizen input in determining what news stories to cover Libertarian view-idea that the media should be allowed to publish information that they deem newsworthy or of interest to public without regard to the social consequences of doing so News management-the efforts of a politicians staff to control news about the politician Revolving door-the tendency of public officials, journalists, and lobbyists to move between public and private sector jobs Investigative reporting-type of journalism in which reporters thoroughly investigate a subject

matter (often involving a scandal) to inform the public, correct an injustice, or expose an abuse Muckraking-investigating and exposing societal ills such as corruption in politics or abuses in business Priming-the way in which the medias emphasis on particular characteristics of people, events, or issues influences the publics perception of those people, events, or issues Framing-process through which the media emphasize particular aspect of a news story, thereby influencing the publics perception of the story Horse-race journalism-the medias focus on the competitive aspects of politics, such as candidates polling numbers, rather than on actual policy proposals and political decisions Selective perception-the phenomenon of filtering incoming information through personal values and interests Pundit-a professional observer and commentator on politics Blogs-web logs, or on-line journals, that can cover any topic Sound bite-a brief, snappy excerpt from a public figures speech that is easy to repeat on the news Party presses-newspapers popular in the late nineteenth century that were highly partisan and often influenced by political party machines Penny press-cheap newspapers containing sensationalized stories sold to members of the working class in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Yellow journalism-sensationalistic stories featured in the daily press around the turn of the twentieth century Technology gap (digital divide)-the differences in access to and mastery of information and communication technology between segments of the community (typically for socioeconomic, educational, or geographical reasons) Feeding frenzy-excessive press coverage of an embarrassing or scandalous subject Earned media coverage-airtime provided free of charge to candidates for political office Press release-a written statement that is given to the press to circulate information or an announcement News briefing-a public appearance by a governmental official for the purpose of releasing information to the press

News conference-a media event, often staged, where reporters ask questions of celebrities or politicians Pseudo-events-events that appear spontaneous but are in fact staged and scripted by public relations experts to appeal to the news media or the public Agenda setting-featuring specific stories in the media to focus attention on particular issues Media effects-influence of news sources on public opinion Gatekeepers-group or individuals who determine which stories will receive attention in the media and from which perspective Spin-an interpretation of a politicians words or actions, designed to present a favorable image Off the record-information provided to a journalist that will not be released to the public On the record-information provided to a journalist that can be released and attributed by name to the source Deep background-information provided to a journalist that will not be attributed to any source On background-information provided to a journalists that will not be attributed to a named source Leaks-confidential information secretly revealed to the press Trial balloon-an official leak of a proposal to determine public reaction to it without risk Political accountability-the democratic principle that political leaders must answer to the public for their actions Competitive news markets-locales with two or more news organizations that can check each others neutrality and accuracy of reporting News monopoly-a single news firm that controls all the media in a given market Libel-publication of false and malicious material that defames an individuals reputation (see New York Times Co. v. Sullivan) Prior censorship-forbidding publication of material considered objectionable (see Near v. Minnesota) Equal time rule-FCC rule that requires offering equal airtime in the broadcast media for all major candidates competing for political office

Fairness doctrine-policy that required television and radio broadcasters to provide time for opposing viewpoints on controversial issues so as to ensure fair and balanced reporting; formally abolished in 1987 (see FCC v. League of Women Voters)

SOURCES: http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ew2S7OBZtIC&pg=PA43&dq=vocabulary+for+radio+and+television+speech&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uZkIUrPhEKqiiAfD9YBQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=one page&q=vocabulary%20for%20radio%20and%20television%20speech&f=true http://www.auburnschools.org/ahs/wbbusbin/ap%20resources/media_vocabulary.htm