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=constant
-
4 . 4
2 1
= =
-
045 . 0
1
=
,
095 . 0
2
=
,
095 . 0
2 2
= =
-
015 . 0
1 ,
=
D
C
Needed Data: ?
2 ,
=
D
C
Solution steps
- Calculate CL
1
For the wing with AR=6
From Eq. 5.61
( )
+
= + =
1
1
, 2
2
,
AR C
C
AR
C
C
i D
L
L
i D
541 . 0
045 . 0 1
) 5 . 6 )( 015 . 0 (
2
=
+
=
L L
C C
Lift slop (a )for wing with AR=6 :
rad ree a
C C
d
dC
a
l L
L L
L
/ 188 . 4 deg / 0731 . 0
) 3 ( 4 . 4
0 541 . 0
0
) 3 ( 0 ) 4 . 4 (
= =
= =
=
= = =
From Eq. 5.70
188 . 4
) 1 )( ( 1
0
0
=
+ +
= =
AR
a
a
a
d
dC
L
0
0
0
0
0512 . 0 1
5 . 6
045 . 1
1
188 . 4
a
a
a
a
+
=
(
\
|
+
=
rad a / 33 . 5
0
=
Since the airfoil section is the same for both wings, a
0
is a constant
* Lift slop for the wing with AR=8.5
ree rad a
a
deg / 0763 . 0 / 37 . 4
) 095 . 0 1 )(
) 5 . 8 (
33 . 5
( 1
33 . 5
= =
+ +
=
Calculate CL For the wing with AR=8.5
( ) ( ) 565 . 0 ) 3 ( 4 . 4 0763 . 0
0
= = =
=
l L
a C
Induced drag for wing with AR=8.5
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0131 . 0
5 . 8
095 . 1 565 . 0
1
2 2
,
= = + =
AR
C
C
L
i D
Q2.
First solve the angle of attack and the profile drag coefficient, which say the same in this
problem
deg/radian= 180/= 57.3
2 . 4 0732 . 0
7 9 . 0
3 . 57 11 . 0
1
3 . 57 11 . 0
35 . 0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
= =
(
=
(
+ =
+
= =
radian
eAR
a
a
C
AR e
a
a
a C
L
L
The profile drag can be obtained as follows
012 . 0
29
35 . 0
= =
|
|
\
|
=
D
L
L
D
C
C
C
C
( )
( )( )
0058 . 0
7 9 . 0
35 . 0
012 . 0
2 2 2
= = = + =
eAR
C
C c
eAR
C
c C
L
D d
L
d D
Increasing the aspect ratio at the same angle of attack increases C
L
and reduces C
D
. For
AR=10, we have
3778 . 0
10 9 . 0
3 . 57
11 . 0
1
2 . 4 11 . 0
1
1
0
0
=
+
=
+
= =
AR e
a
a
a C
L
01085 . 0 005048 . 0 0062 . 0
10 9 . 0
3778 . 0
0058 . 0
2 2
= + =
+ = + =
eAR
C
c C
L
d D
Hence, the new value of L/D is
7 . 34
0112 . 0
3778 . 0
= =
D
L
C
C
Q3.
( ) 47 . 6 3 . 57 113 . 0
0
= = a per rad
99 . 0
01 . 0 1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
=
e
Assumed
( )
( )
08 . 5
) 01 . 1 ( 271 . 0 1
47 . 6
1 1
0
0
=
+
=
+ |
\
|
+
= =
AR
a
a
a per rad=0.0887 per deg
Since stall angle of attack is given as 12 degree, at =4, the lift curve can be consider
linear, then
( ) ( ) ( ) 443 . 0 1 4 0887 . 0
0
= = =
= L L
a C
eAR
C
C C
L
d D
2
+ = (3.1)
Here, C
d
, is the section drag coefficient given in given figure. Note that in the given
figure C
d
is plotted versus the section lift coefficient c
l
. To accurately read c
d
, we need to
know the value of c
l
actually sensed by the airfoil section. The value of the airfoil c
l
at
effective angle of attack,
eff
. Since e=0.99, the elliptical lift distribution can be
assumed
( )
06 . 1 0185 . 0
61 . 7
443 . 0
= = = = rad
AR
C
L
i
3 94 . 2 06 . 1 4 = = =
i eff
The lift coefficient sensed by the airfoil is then
( ) ( ) ( ) 452 . 0 1 3 113 . 0
0 0
= = =
= L eff l
a c
From the given c
l
vs c
d
curve, for c
l
=0.542 , we have c
d
=0.0065
Return to Eq. 3.1
( )
( )( )
0148 . 0
61 . 7 99 . 0
443 . 0
0065 . 0
2 2
= + = + =
eAR
C
C C
L
d D
Q4.
02 . 6
170
32
2 2
= = =
S
b
AR
At standard sea level ,
3
002377 . 0
ft
slug
=
s
ft
mph
s ft
mph V 176
60
/ 88
120 =
|
|
\
|
=
( )( )
2
2 2
8 . 36 176 002377 . 0
2
1
2
1
ft
lb
V q = = =
rad ree a / 92 . 5 deg / 1033 . 0
0
= =
3916 . 0
170 8 . 36
2450
=
= = =
S q
W
S q
L
C
L
( )
( )
( )
deg / 0764 . 0 / 38 . 4
12 . 0 1
02 . 6
92 . 5
1
92 . 5
1 1
0
0
= =
+ +
=
+ +
= rad
AR
a
a
a
( )
12 . 2 3
0764 . 0
3916 . 0
0 0
= = + = =
= = L
L
L L
a
C
a C