THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS IN EVERY WOMAN KNOWS A SECRET BY ROSIE THOMAS

BY: NI WAYAN TINA YULIATI 0418351127

EXTENTION PROGRAM ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS UDAYANA UNVERSITY 2008

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank Almighty God, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa for His blessing and mercy upon the completing of this paper which entitled THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS IN EVERY WOMAN KNOWS A SECRET BY ROSIE THOMAS. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. I Nyoan Sedeng, M.Hum who become my first supervisor and I Made Netra, S.S. Hum who became my second supervisor who has giving me so many valuable guidance and correction during completing this writing. I am eternally grateful to my beloved family for all their patience, advices, support, and love. My special thanks to Tini, Onic, Runa, Dewi, and all of my best friends that I cannot mentioned name by for their friendship, encouragement, and also support. The last but not least, any suggestion or comment will be highly appreciated and honestly I wish that this paper will be useful for those who may need information that related with this study.

Denpasar,August 2008

Ni Wayan Tina Yuliati

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Problem 1.2 Aims of Writing 1.3 Scope of Discussion 1.4 Research Method 1.4.1 Data Source 1.4.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data 1.4.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Review of Literatures 2.2 Concepts 2.2.1 Preposition 2.2.3 Types of Preposition 2.2.3.1 Simple Prepositions 2.2.3.2 Marginal Prepositions 2.2.3.3 Complex Prepositions 2.3 Theoretical Framework 2.3.1 Structure of Complex Preposition 2.3.1.1 Two-Word Sequences 2.3.1.2 Three-Word Sequences 2.3.2 Functions of Prepositional Phrase 2.3.2.1 Postmodifier in a Noun Phrase 2.3.2.2 Adverbial

2.3.2.3 Complementation CHAPTER III THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS IN EVERY WOMAN KNOW A SECRET BY ROSIE THOMAS 3.1 Structure of Complex Prepositions 3.1.1 Two Words Sequences 3.1.2 Three Words Sequences 3.2 Syntactic Function of Prepositional Phrase 3.2.1 Postmodifier in Noun Phrase 3.2.2 Adverbial 3.2.3 Complementation CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Problem People use language as a means of communication. They use any kind of languages in daily communication to express their idea or feeling to other people. The communication itself can be done in written or spoken, and usually in the form of sentence. Sentence is a set of words expressing a statement, command and question (House and Harman, 1950:16). It consists of a complete, independent unit of thought and consists of two main parts, a subject and a predicate. A sentence may consist of five unit of sentences elements are subject, verb, complement, object, and adverbial and we must combine each other correctly. The spoken and written sentences are commonly consists of some language component. Preposition is one of the language devices that build up a sentence. In English this component is called a connective word or function word, and also part of speech. Preposition expresses a relation between two entities, one being that represented by the prepositional complement (Quirk, et. al, 1985:673). The prepositions are normally placed before noun or pronouns, but the position itself could be change depended on their function. In English grammar, there are several points of similarity between prepositions and other word classes and construction, in particular conjunctions and adverb, but also participles and adjectives.

Prepositions are indicated a relation between things mentioned in a sentence and that introduces a prepositional phrase which is having a syntactic function. Prepositional phrase is looked similar with complex preposition but grammatically it was different by seeing from the structure. Complex preposition is other kind of prepositions which are consist of more than word such as along with, because of, and away from, but there are several words of simple preposition that are derived from complex forms such as into, within, and beside. Based on the structure, complex preposition may be subdivided into two- and three-word sequences (Quirk, et. al, 1985:669). The problems that arise related to the complex preposition in novel entitled Every Women Knows a Secret by Rosie Thomas in 1996 can be formulated as follow: 1. How is the structure of the complex prepositions that are mostly used in the novel? 2. What is the syntactic function of the complex preposition in the novel?

1.2 Aims of Writing Based on the problems above, the aims of the study are: 1. To find out the structure of the complex prepositions that mostly used in the novel.

2.

To analyze the syntactic functions of the complex prepositions in the novel.

1.3 Scope of Discussion The scope of discussion in this study will be limited to the structure of complex prepositions whether two word sequences or three word sequences and also understanding the syntactic function by using tree diagram from the sentence that found most in the novel Every Women Knows a Secret, based on the theory proposed by Quirk, et. al. (1985). Therefore, the discussions are formulated as follows: 1. The structures of the complex prepositions that are mostly used in the novel 2. The syntactic functions of the complex prepositions in the novel.

1.4 Research Method Research method is a system or procedure that is used in order to examine certain objects. It includes what are the sources of the data, the method and the technique of collecting the data\which explains how the data are taken from the sources and how those data are analyzed. 1.4.1 Data Source In this writing, the data were taken from a novel. The title of the novel is Every Woman Knows a Secret by Rosie Thomas in 1996. This novel is used as the data source because there are many examples of complex

prepositions that can be found and since this novel is a roman novel, so it is very interesting to be read.

1.4.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data In this research, the data will be collected from the novel Every Woman Knows a Secret. The method that applied in collecting the data is documentary method because the data will be taken from a novel and also other books that related with the topic of the study. There are several steps in collecting the data. First by reading the novel carefully to find out the data that related with the topic, then note down the data and will be followed by classify the data according to the types. 1.4.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data The data will be analyzed descriptively based on the theory applied in this study. There are some steps that will be taken in analyzing the data. First, the analysis will be started by finding out the complex prepositions that used in the novel. Second, the complex prepositions data which is found in the data source will be classified to find their structure based on the theories because the complex prepositions were subdivided into two- and three-word sequences. Finally, the tree diagram will be used in analyzing the data in order to finding out their syntactic function in the sentence. For example: One of the complex prepositions that are mostly found in the novel is in front of. The man in overalls passed in front of them.

The tree diagram of the sentence is:

NP

VP

Det. The

PP

pp in front of me

man in overalls passed

Based on the tree diagram above: The structure complex preposition of the sentence is in three word form. in front of --------- ( in + noun + of) or (prep1 + noun + prep2) The syntactic function of the complex preposition is as an adverbial ( adjunct) in the sentence, because some place and time adverbs were functioned as complement of a preposition and the words in front of were explained the position or movement of the subject .

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Review of Literature Linguistic is very interesting to be analyzed and several students who study in English Department Faculty of Letters in Udayana University are take linguistics as the topic of their writing. Those paper are gave a lot of inspiration in writing this study. There are three previous study that are reviewed. Most of the writings that the writer found are about simple preposition and prepositional phrase, because of that the writer decided to use several writings which are related with preposition that including the data about complex preposition in it. The first writing entitled The Analysis of Prepositional Phrases in Sidney Sheldons the Other Side of Midnight in 2007 which is written by Ni Made Sri Indrawati. In her writing, she found that the structure of prepositional phrases which is considered as the same structure of noun phrase, except they can proceed by preposition. The structure of it consists of preposition as the head and noun phrase as their complement. Most of the

prepositional phrases in the short story have locative meaning, directional meaning, and meaning of time. The second writing entitled The Analysis of Types, Syntactic Function and Prepositional Meanings of Prepositional Phrase found in the Bali Times News Paper in 2007 which is written by I Putu Suprayasa. In his writing, he describe about the types of Preposition include the prepositional phrase, the syntactic function and the prepositional meaning which are found in the news paper. The third writing entitled The Use of English Prepositions and Their Translation into Indonesian with reference to Surf Time Magazine in 2005 which written by Ni Putu Titin Indrayathi. In her writing, she analyzed and discussed the use of English simple preposition in, of, to and their equivalence into Indonesian. In this writing, the theories that have been used based on the theories of translation and also theories of grammar. The discussion that related with prepositions also can be found in International Journal which entitled Gramatialization and English Complex Preposition: A Corpus-Based Study. This journal described about the nature of grammatical unit, the evolution of grammatical structure, and the best way of investigating the mental representation of grammar were explored, which makes extensive use of language corpora and focuses, via a usage-based approach, to argue that complex prepositions are a discrete grammatical class, forming meaningful elements of grammar.

2.2 Concepts The basic concepts are intended to gives some ideas which are having relation with the study. The concepts more precisely as follows: 2.2.1 Preposition In the most general terms, a preposition expresses relation between two entities, one that being represented by another part of the sentence. The prepositional complement is characteristically a noun phrase, a nominal, wh-clause, or a nominal ing clause (Quirk, et. al, 1986: 657). For example: He was surprised at her remark. The sentence express a noun phrase her remark as the prepositional complement of the preposition at. 2.2.2 Types of Preposition Quirk, et. al (1985:665-673) propose that the type of preposition can be divided into: 2.2.2.1 Simple Preposition Simple preposition is a preposition, which is consisting of one word. It is most of the common English preposition. For example: at, in, on, for, of, etc. Simple preposition is subdivided into: monosyllabic preposition and polysyllabic preposition. Monosyllabic preposition are normally unstressed, but on the other hand polysyllabic preposition whether simple or complex are normally stressed. Monosyllabic preposition such as at, but, by, for, down, as, from, in, or, out, of, off, with, till, to, etc.

Polysyllabic prepositions such as above, about, after, along, among, againts, around, before, behind, between, inside, into, etc.

2.2.2.2

Marginal Preposition Preposition has three morphemes and they also have affinities with

other word classes such as verb or adjective. Marginal prepositions consist of: barring, excepting, excluding, considering, regarding, respecting, touching, failing, wanting, following, pending, given.

2.2.2.3

Complex Preposition Complex preposition may be subdivided into two- and three-word

sequences. In two word sequences, the first word (which is usually is relatively stressed) is an adverb, adjective or conjunction and the second word is a simple prepositions usually: from, for, of, to, or, with.

2.3

Theoretical Framework This study is referred to the English grammar study especially concern with preposition. Some referential books were used as a guideline to analyze the preposition. The main theory which is used in this study is adopted from Randolph Quirk, et. al (1985), in their book entitled A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.

2.3.1 Structure of Complex Preposition

Quirk et. al (1985) stated that complex prepositions may be subdivided into two and three word sequences. 2.3.1.1 Two-Word Sequences In two word sequences, the first word (which usually is relatively stressed) is an adverb, adjective, or conjunction, and the second word a simple preposition (usually for, from, of, to, or with). For example: Except for Margareth, every body was in favour of the idea. We had to leave early because of the bad weather I sat next to an old lady on the train Here is a list of some two-word prepositions: up against as for except for as per but for

apart from away from

aside from as from

ahead of back of exclusive of instead of off of outside of

as of because of devoid of inside of irrespective of out of

upward of void of

regardless of

according to close to due to next to owing to prepatory to prior to subsequent to up to

as to contrary to near(er) to on to [cf:onto] preliminary to previous to pursuant to (formal) thanks to

along with

together with

2.3.1.2

Three-Word Sequences The most numerous category of complex prepositions is the type consisting of three words, as in: Prep1 + Noun + Prep2: in view of the election With three-word sequences we also included complex prepositions where the noun is preceded by a definite or indefinite article: In the light of the election As a result of

Complex preposition may be subdivided according to which prepositions function as Prep1 and Prep2, e.g.: In + noun + of: in aid of in behalf of in charge of in (the) space of in front of in lieu of in place of in quest of in search of in view of in back of in case of in consequences of in favour of in (the) light of in need of in (the) process of in respect of in spite of

in + noun + with: in accordance with in comparison with in conformity with in line with in common with in compliance with in contact with

by + noun + of: by dint of by virtue of by means of by way of

on + noun + of: on account of on (the) ground of on pain of on (the) strength of on behalf of on (the) matter of on (the) part of on top of

Other types: as far as as the expense of for (the) sake of in exchange of in addition to with/in regard to with/in respect to at variance with at the hands of for/from want of in return for in relation to with/in reference to with the exception of

2.3.2 Functions of Prepositional Phrase Prepositional phrases may function as: post modifier, adverbial, and complementation. 2.3.2.1 Postmodifier in a Noun Phrase As an open word class in English, noun can be modified by two kinds of modifiers. They are premodifiers and postmodifiers. Premodifiers of noun consist of determiners, enumerators, adjective, noun, and genitive

phrase. Postmodifiers of noun consist of prepositional phrases, relative clause and various other types of modifiers including adverbs and adjectives. The example below shows how the preposition modifies the noun. For example: The people on the bus were singing. (Quirk, et. al, 1985: 657)

2.3.2.2 Adverbial Adverbial may be integrated to some extent into the structure of the clause or they may be peripheral to it. If integrated, they are termed adjunct. (a) Adjunct

For example: The people were singing on the bus. In the afternoon, we went to Boston (b) Subjunct

For example: From a personal point of view , I find this is a good solution to the problem. (c) Disjunct

For example: In all fairness, she did try to phone the police. (d) Conjunct

On the other hand, he made no attempt to help her. (Quirk, et. al, 1985: 657)

2.3.2.3 Complementation (a) Complementation of a verb Complementation in this case refers to the use of prepositional phrases in which their presence is needed to complete the structure of the sentence. The function of prepositional phrases as a complementation of a verb, it is because the preceding word of preposition is a verb. For example: We were looking at his awful paintings. (Quirk, et. al, 1985: 657) In this and the following function, the preposition is more closely related to the preceding word, which determines its choice, than to the prepositional complement. (b) Complementation of an adjective The function of prepositional phrase as a complementation of an adjective, because it preceding by an adjective. For example: Im sorry for his parent. (Quirk, et. al, 1985: 657)

CHAPTER III THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS IN EVERY WOMAN KNOW A SECRET BY ROSIE THOMAS This chapter described about the structure of complex preposition and their syntactic functions in the sentence. It will be discussed according to several theories which are explained in the previous chapter. There are two types of the structure of complex prepositions which is two word sequences and three word sequences. The function will be dealing with the syntactic function of prepositional phrase in the structure of the sentence. The complex preposition will be analyzed from the data sources.

3.1 Structures of complex preposition 3.1.1 Two word sequences In two word sequences, the first word (which usually is relatively stressed) is an adverb, adjective, or conjunction, and the second word a simple preposition (usually for, from, of, to, or with). (Quirk, et. al. 1985:669) After read the novel, the writer analyzed that the types of complex preposition which is two word sequences mostly found are: Jess looked up at her. (Thomas, 1996: 2) Coming for a pint? Rob asked. (Thomas, 1996: 5) Out of three games, Danny won two. (Thomas, 1996: 7)

Jess left herself in, switching on the light. (Thomas, 1996: 11) Rob was afraid of violence. (Thomas, 1996: 19) He crawled out on to the grass and saw a car stopped behind him. (Thomas, 1996: 21) Rob put his hand up to his face. (Thomas, 1996: 24) She ran down the stairs. (Thomas, 1996: 27) Your friends being looked after. (Thomas, 1996: 32) She sank down on to the chair. (Thomas, 1996: 37) Lizzie had pulled on a sweater and jeans. (Thomas, 1996: 43) Rob went out into the rain. (Thomas, 1996: 51) Beth leapt up and ran to him with a cry of relief. (Thomas, 1996: 55) The Indian family timidly looked on. (Thomas, 1996: 59) He bent over him for a moment. (Thomas, 1996: 59) At the door he tore off the plastic apron. (Thomas, 1996: 60) They guided her away from the unit. (Thomas, 1996: 65) Hes gone off properly at last, Lizzie explained. (Thomas, 1996: 69) She looked down at her white knuckles. (Thomas, 1996: 112) Tears squeezed out beneath her closed eyelids. (Thomas, 1996: 113) Rob stood up politely. (Thomas, 1996: 115) Carry on that was what had to be done. (Thomas, 1996: 133) Rob was taken away. (Thomas, 1996: 345) Look after my Beth for me, will you? (Thomas, 1996: 354) Rob was led away for the last time. (Thomas, 1996: 354)

Rob came out into the day light. (Thomas, 1996: 365) Im going to take some time off. (Thomas, 1996: 365)

3.1.2 Three word sequence The most numerous category of complex prepositions is the type consisting of three words, as in: Prep1 + Noun + Prep2: in view of the election (Quirk, et. al. 1985:670) After read the novel, the writer analyzed that the types of complex preposition which is three-word sequences mostly found are: Danny did not want to seem to need a respite. (Thomas, 1996: 4) The man in overalls passed in front of them. (Thomas, 1996: 7) She turned her head to look at their photograph. (Thomas, 1996: 13) Ill be able to take you to see him as soon as the scan is done. (Thomas, 1996: 30) She was on the way to becoming modestly successful. (Thomas, 1996: 47) She looked up as soon as the door opened. (Thomas, 1996: 57) Ian was glad of the interval of quilt. (Thomas, 1996: 67) Jess sat on the edge of the bed. (Thomas, 1996: 79) She had persuaded Danny to come to the theatre with her. (Thomas, 1996: 87) At the end of a row she saw Graham Adair. (Thomas, 1996: 90) She had lied in order to preserve a separate place for herself. (Thomas, 1996: 116)

The villages were too distant for them to be able to distinguish people. (Thomas, 1996: 128) The few vehicles on the hedged ribbons of road were only visible as moving specks in the stillness. (Thomas, 1996: 128) Im sleepy now but Im afraid to go to sleep. ( Thomas, 1996: 137) As soon as she was fully conscious she knew she was happy that the boy was here. (Thomas, 1996: 137) Im just on my way to meet someone. (Thomas, 1996: 320)

3.2 Syntactic Function of Prepositional Phrase Prepositional phrases have the following syntactic function: 3.2.1 Postmodifier in Noun Phrase As an open word class in English, noun can be modified by two kinds of modifiers. They are premodifiers and postmodifiers. Premodifiers of noun consist of determiners, enumerators, adjective, noun, and genitive phrase. Postmodifiers of noun consist of prepositional phrases, relative clause and various other types of modifiers including adverbs and adjectives. Type of postmidifier in noun phrase that can be found in the novel is: The few vehicles on the hedged ribbons of road were only visible as moving specks in the stillness. (page 128)

The tree diagram: S NP NP PP V Adv.P VP Adv.P PP

The few vehicles

on the hedges ribbons of were only as moving in the stillness road visible specks

The complex preposition in this sentence is on the hedges ribbons of. It gives a specific information about the noun phrase before it, which is the view vehicles. In this case

3.2.2 Adverbial 3.2.3 Complementation