FLUID FRICTION TEST

OBJECTIVE Investigation of pressure losses in pipes Influence of flow speed on pressure loss Comparison of calculated and experimental values

APPARATUS Hydraulic bench Fluid Friction Test Apparatus Stop Watch

Figure 1: Fluid Friction Apparatus

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Shut-off valves for individual measuring sections Double pressure gauge with connecting hoses Infeed (covered) Steel tube support Measuring objects for flow measurement Connections for measuring points Pressure tapping nipple Drain Measuring objects for shut-off devices

THEORY : Experimental conditions With turbulent pipe flow, where the flow is considered steady at Reynolds numbers of Re > 2320, pressure loss is proportional to the Length, l of the pipe Coefficient of pipe friction Density, of flowing medium Square of the flow speed, v.

In addition, the pressure loss increases as the pipe diameter reduces. It is calculated as follows:

The associated head loss hv is calculated as follows:

For turbulent pipe flow (Re> 2320) the pipe friction coefficient depends on the pipe roughness k and the Reynolds number Re. The pipe roughness k specifies the height of the wall elevations in mm.

The relationship between Re, and k is shown in the Colebrook and Nikuradse diagram. Here, the wall roughness k is related to the pipe diameter d. The Reynolds number Re is calculated from the pipe diameter d, flow speed v and kinematic viscosity The Reynolds number Re is calculated from the pipe diameter d, flow speed v and kinematic viscosity.

The kinematic viscosity for water can be taken from the table as a function of the temperature. The flow speed v is calculated from the volumetric flow V and the pipe cross-section.

For hydraulically smooth pipes (Re < 65 d/k) and a Reynolds number in the range of 2320< Re < 105, the pipe friction coefficient is determined using the Blasius formula.

For pipes in the transition range to rough pipes (65 d/k <Re < 1300 d/k, the range below the limit curve in the diagram) the pipe friction coefficient is calculated according to Colebrook.

It is an implicit formula that has to be iteratively resolved. First of all estimate , place it in the formula and calculate an initial approximation. This approximation is re-used in the equation to calculatea second approximation.

If the estimated value is taken from the Colebrook and Nikuradse diagram, the initial approximation is generally sufficiently accurate and the values only differ after the 3rd decimal place. Table 1 Kinematic viscosity of water as a function of temperature (after Kalide: Technische Strmungslehre [Technical Fluid Mechanics]).

Table 1: Kinematic Viscosity

Experimental method In the following experiment, the pipe is investigated in measuring section II. The measuring length is l = 800 mm. The series of measurements is carried out based on the head loss hv, i.e. the ball cock before the measuring section is used to set certain heights on the pressure gauge and determine the relevant volumetric flow. The pressure gauge is connected and the measurements are carried out as described in section 2.

PROCEDURES: 1. Set up the HM 150 Basic Hydraulics Module experimental unit, with the drain above the volumetric tank. 2. Unscrew rear star handle nuts for pressure gauge mounting and move pressure gauge down one hole, tighten star handle nuts again. 3. Set up hose connections between HM 150 and the unit. 4. Open HM 150 drain. 5. Switch on the pump and slowly open the main valve on the HM 150. 6. Connect pressure gauge to the desired measuring points. 7. Slowly open ball cock before the desired measuring section and vent the pressure gauge (see section 2.1) Dual pressure gauge. 8. By simultaneously adjusting the vent and drain valves on the pressure gauge, regulate the water level such that both water columns are in the measuring range. 9. Determine the volumetric flow. To do this, stop for the time t required to top up the volumetric tank on theHM150 from 10 to 20 or 30 liters. The drain valve below the tank must be closed.

RESULTS: Measuring section II PVC pipe 20x1.5 Measured head loss hvm (m)

QUESTIONS: 1. What conclusions can you draw from the data obtained? 2. What further assertions can you make after evaluating the diagram? 3. Plot the graph Head loss versus Flow rate.