RESERVOIR SIMULATION

The will discuss all of the important facets of the reservoir modeling process. Important factors that can dramatically impact the model results are emphasized. Specific topics include Data Acquisition, Fluid Properties, Rock-Fluid Interaction, Grid Construction, History Matching and Prediction Cases. These and other topics will help the attendees better understand how to plan and conduct a reservoir simulation study and how to review a study conducted by someone else. Although there will be no direct computer related activities, time throughout the two-days is reserved for discussion of case studies that were previously models conducted by the teacher. Attendees are also encouraged to bring materials and data (non-confidential) relating to a potential project that they may be involved with in the future; and as time permits, the class as a group (or groups, guided by the teacher) will brainstorm and discuss the approach to be taken to achieve the desired study objectives.

Syllabus Course
Topics Covered within the Course Introduction General Overview Theory of Numerical Simulation Planning a Simulation Study Data Acquisition and Analysis Fluid Properties Rock-Fluid Interaction Relationships Geologic Model Development Grid Construction Grid Features and Other Issues Model Initialization Well History History Match Prediction Cases Review of Simulation Models Use of Simulation / Reserves Summary Examples/Case Studies Grading Homework and project: Exam: Class contribution: 40% (8 practices) 50% (Partial, final) 10%

Why We Do Reservoir Simulation

Typical Problems
How many wells What rate Infill Drilling Perforation Work-over Pressure Maintenance Water or Gas Injection Pattern Flood

Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Rock and fluid expansion Solution-gas drive Gas-cap drive Water drive Gravity-drainage drive Combination drive

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Maximizing Oil Recovery

Solution Gas Drive

Liberation, expansion of solution gas.

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Maximizing Oil Recovery

Solution Gas Drive (Cont.)

Typical Production Characteristics

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Maximizing Oil Recovery

Solution Gas Drive (Cont.)

Reservoir pressure trend

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Maximizing Oil Recovery

Gas Cap Drive

Expansion of the original reservoir free gas.

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Maximizing Oil Recovery

Gas Cap Drive (Cont.)

Typical Production Characteristics

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Maximizing Oil Recovery

Water Drive

Influx of aquifer water

Bottom-Water

Types : Edge-Water

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Maximizing Oil Recovery

10

Water Drive (Cont.)

Typical Production Characteristics

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Maximizing Oil Recovery

11

Gravity Drainage
Gravitational forces and reservoir fluids density difference.

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Maximizing Oil Recovery

12

Combination Drive

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Maximizing Oil Recovery

13

Average Recovery Factors

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Maximizing Oil Recovery

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SIMULATION:
"To Give the Appearance Of

Reservoir Simulation

Engineering/Simulation Model 106-108 cells

Outlines
Brief of simulation Introduction of Eclipse Eclipse demo

Brief of simulation
What is simulation?
Imitation or representation, as of a potential situation or in experimental testing What would be simulated usually?

What is Reservoir?

Trapped HC, same pressure gradient

Tops Boundary

Layer
zone

Faults

How to know and understand a reservoir?

lithological

sandstone grades to clay sediment

GAS OIL WATER

sandstone pinch out

What we shall know from a well?

Lithology (reservoir rock?) Resistivity (HC,water,both?) Porosity (how much HC?) What type of HC
Formation mech. properties Permeability / cap pressure Shape of the structure Geological information Geothermal

How to describe reservoir?

Formation Fluid Property

Tops Layer Zone Dz (Thickness) Dznet (Net Thickness) Faults Boundary Permeability Porosity

Relative permeability Saturation Density, Gravity (API) Viscosity Formation Volume factor

Compressibility

Reservoir Simulation Basics

The reservoir is divided into a number of cells Basic data is provided for each cell Wells are positioned within the cells The required well production rates are specified as a function of time The equations are solved to give the pressure and saturations for each block as well as the production of each phase from each well

Reservoir Simulation (1)

Numerical model of reservoir made up of an array of cells. Equations are solved to calculate pressures and flows.
Fluid flow - underlying concepts Conservation of mass Darcys law PVT model
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 25 26 26

1 2 3

Partial differential equations are written in finite-difference form and solved numerically

Reservoir Simulation (2)

Input data:
Structural information, rock
properties, fluid properties, well data, historical production and operating constraints

History matching:
The reservoir engineer tunes the
input parameters to match past production performance

Results reported for each time step:

Grid block pressures and fluid
saturations, fluid composition, well performance

Prediction:
Evaluate future performance for
different operating strategies Find and recover hydrocarbons left over from primary depletion Use for reservoir management, economic decisions

WHAT BENEFITS ?

Golden Rule:

You can only produce once

You can simulate many times

SIMULATION PROCESS -1
Simulation studies usually consist of the following phases:
- Define objectives

- Data collection - Data review and analysis - Pre-simulation analysis - Select type of simulator - Model construction

SIMULATION PROCESS -2
- Fine grid modeling - Coarse grid modeling - History match - Predictions - Reporting

Overview of Modeling Procedure

Describe reservoir Design reservoir grid Select simulator model History match Solve for pressures and saturations Predict and optmize future production
reservoir structure(seismic,logs) gross and net thickness(logs) well location and perforatd intervals

porosity, permeability(logs, cores)

fluid analyses(lab data) pressure and contacts(logs, well tests, etc.) black oil or compositional

fractured, condensate,etc
horizontal wells, EOR, thermal, etc.

historical production data

investigate different scenarios visualize results

economic calculations

SCAL
Rel. Permeability and Cap. Pressure Analysis
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
1.2

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85

RELATIVE PERMEABILITY

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

kro krw

Normalize

kro krw

WATER SATURATION
0.8 1 1.2

NORMALIZED WATER SATURATION

EPS
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

RELATIVE PERMEABILITY

kro krw

Reseroir Simulation Grid

WATER SATURATION

Rel. Permeability

Swc

1-Sor

WINPROP PVT-Analysis & Simulation

PVTi
EOS PVT Analysis & Simulation
FVF
Creating a Fluid System
Reseroir Simulation Grid

Simulating Experiments Pressure Depletion Injection Study Single Point Separator

Viscosity
Export

Match

Fitting an Equation of State

Schedule

Defines simulation wells, connections, vertical performance, artificial lift, controls and limits. Defines groups, controls and limits. Defines networks, compressors, etc. Specifies time dependent data.

Schematic of Data Handling in Schedule

Simulation Grid Cell Properties

Geological Model

Wells
- Path -Tubulars - Chokes - Completions - Workovers - Production - Injection

Network Groups
-Capacities -Demands

CTF GGS OCS OCS

Problem Introduction
We have a small oil reservoir that began production on 1 January 1995. Your initial job is to import an existing data set, edit the data, save the project, run and monitor simulation, view results vectors, and create reports.

Structure and Geology

The reservoir is 5000 meters by 5000 meters and 60 meters thick. It has an anti-cline structure (see slides). The structure and grid were created in the Eclipse GRID program,and input into the Eclipse data set in the GRID section.

Numerical Grid
The reservoir was sub-divided into a 10x10x4 grid. The numerical layers correspond to the geological layers. The x-y dimension of the grid blocks is 500 m by 500 m.

3-D Structure of Reservoir

Structure and Geology

Layer Number Porosity Horiz. Perm (mD) Thickness (m)

1
2

0.35
0.3

1000
5

5
10

3
4

0.25
0.2

300
100

15
30

Structure and Geology

Layer 2 has numerous shale components. The geologists best guess of the average permeability of the mix of sand and shale is 5 Md. The average Kv/K h ratio is 0.1. The top of the structure is approximately 2989 m SSL. The lowers edge of the reservoir in the aquifer is approximately 3090 m SSL.

Aquifer
There is a aquifer attached to the edge of the reservoir that provides an edge water drive. The geologist has estimated that the aquifer has a volume of approximately 9 x 108 Sm3 of water and the aquifer productivity index is approximately 500 sm3/day/bar. A analytical Fetkovich aquifer has be used to represent the aquifer.

PVT Data, Fluid Contacts, and Initial Fluids in Place

A PVT description has been generated with the Eclipse PVT program. A live oil and dead gas system has been defined. The bubble point pressure was determined as 331.65 barsa. The Rs at the bubble point was 477.91 sm3/sm3 , and the Rs at a depth of 4000 m SSL was measured to be 486.60 sm3/sm3.

PVT Data, Fluid Contacts, and Initial Fluids in Place

The datum depth is the GOC = 3000 m SSL where the initial reservoir pressure is 331.65 barsa. The water-oil contact was measured to be 3085 m SSL. A small gas cap exists at the top of the structure.

PVT Data, Fluid Contacts, and Initial Fluids in Place

The reservoir has a
Pore Volume of 360.8 x106 Rm3 Initial Oil In Place of 51 x106 Sm3 Initial Water in Place of 173.6 x106 Sm3 Initial Free Gas in Place of 77.56 x106 Sm3 Initial Solution Gas in place of 24.4 x109 Sm3

x-y View of 4 Layers with Initial Water Saturations

x-z Cross-section with Initial Gas Saturations

Layer 1

Layer 2

Layer 3

Layer 4

x-z Cross-section with Initial Water Saturations

July 03 7 July 03 9

July 03

Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure

The relative permeability and capillary pressure were measured in the laboratory and are plotted in attached slides. The connate water saturation is 0.22. The critical/residual oil saturation in water is 0.35. The critical oil saturation in gas with connate water is 0.2. The critical gas saturation is 0.04.

Oil-Water Relative Permeability

Gas-Oil Relative Permeability

July 03

15

Pcow and Pcog July 03

16

July 03

17

Wells, Completions, Injection and Production Rates

Two production wells were drilled at locations 8,5 (called P85) and 3,5 (called P35) Both completed in layers 2 and 3. The producers operate, during the history, at a constant oil production rate of 1300 Sm3/day. A water injection well and gas injection well were also drilled. The water injection well was shut during the history.

Wells, Completions, Injection and Production Rates

The gas injection well called INJG was located in position 5,5 and completed in layer 1 in the gas cap. The gas injector re-injects 1,000,000 Sm3/day of the produced gas. This was designed to help maintain the reservoir pressure.