Compressible Fluid Flow

IndoGermanWinterAcademy2006

PresentedBy:

PuneetKumar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Tutor : Dr. Sanjay Mittal
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Contents
Compressible flow History Basics of Compressible flow Speed of Sound A Brief Review of Thermodynamics Propagation of sound source Shock waves and Normal shock Oblique Shock Summary

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Puneet Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras

Historical Prospective
Convergent divergent steam nozzles of de-Laval Advent of jet propulsion and high speed flights as Bell XS-1 Dealing with high temperature, chemical reactive gases associated with rocket engines

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Puneet Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras

Compressible flow
Compressible flow Variable density flow Compressibility of fluid 1 dv 1 d = = v dp dp Gas velocities less than 0.3 of the speed of sound are considered as incompressible flow Compressible flows are high energy flow Shock waves in all disturbed supersonic flows Examples : High speed airplanes and jet engines

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Puneet Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras

Flow Regimes
Subsonic Flow
Flow velocity everywhere less than the speed of sound

Transonic Flow
Flow velocity is close to the speed of sound

Supersonic Flow
Flow velocity is everywhere greater than the speed of sound

Hypersonic Flow
Properties of flow increases explosively across the shock wave

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Puneet Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras

Basic Conservation Equations

Conservation Equations

Three Fundamental Principles Continuity equation Momentum equation Energy equation

Models of Flow

Some Applications

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Puneet Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras

Balance Equations
Continuity equation

ur u r V.d S = dV t V

Momentum equation ur ur uu r ur ur u r ( V) dV = pd S + Fvis (V.d S ) V + f dV t S V V S Energy equation ur uu r ur ur q dV (V.d S ) + ( f .V)dV =

V S V

r uur V2 V2 u e+ e + dV + V .dS t 2 2 S
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Puneet Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras

One Dimensional Flow

One Dimensional Flow

Normal shock waves

Speed of sound

One dimensional flow with heat addition

One dimensional flow with friction

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Puneet Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras

Wave Propagation
Waves carry information in flow Travel at local speed of sound For incompressible flow speed of sound is infinite Speed of sound is finite for compressible flow

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Puneet Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras

Speed of Sound
Air molecules in random motion Perfect gas properties are only T dependent Make the sound wave stationary for analysis

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Speed of Sound
By applying Mass and Momentum balance to the CV

Neglect the higher order terms Replacing the term momentum equation in the

which simplifies to

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Speed of Sound
By combining two equations For an isentropic flow we get For a perfect gas
Mach number

v a

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A Brief Review of Thermodynamics

Perfect Gas Intermolecular forces are neglected Valid in the low pressures and high temperatures

PV = M RT P = RT
For a thermally perfect gas all the properties like e, h, cp, cv are functions of Temperature only

Using First and Second Law of thermodynamics

T2 P2 s2 s1 = c p ln R ln T1 P 1
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Isentropic Relations
Relation among density, pressure and temperature in an isentropic flow

All the properties will become a function of and mach number By using basic energy equation for an adiabatic process
= constant

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Isentropic Relations
Differentiate the energy equation For a thermally perfect gas For a calorific perfect gas In stagnant conditions, energy equation becomes which is equal to

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Isentropic Relations
Eliminate T using we get

Now multiply by

and get

By using P,T relations for an isentropic flow

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Propagation of Source of Sound

a. b. c. d. Stationary Source Source moving at Subsonic Speeds Source moving at the Speed of Sound Source moving at Supersonic Speeds

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Propagation of Source of Sound

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Response of Subsonic and Supersonic Flows to an Obstacle

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Shock Waves
Spontaneous change in a flow Shocks that are oriented perpendicular to the flow Normal Shock waves Detached shock wave

Attached shock wave

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Formation of a Shock Wave

Give jerk at t = 0 which emits a weak wave The wave propagates and sets the gas into motion The pressure jump across the stronger wave is not dp1 but is dp1+dp2.

This phenomenon where the waves merge is called Coalescence

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Formation of a Shock Wave

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Normal Shock Wave

Shocks which are stationary and normal to the flow Shock thickness is very small Balance equations across the shock

Substitute for the term in momentum equation and get

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Normal Shock Wave Equations

Total enthalpy is constant across the shock
h01 = h02

which is for a thermally perfect gas

T01 = T 02

By using isentropic relation

By eliminating and u from the continuity equation

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Normal Shock Wave Equations

Substitute for the temperature ratio

Solutions to this equation are

By neglecting the imaginary and trivial solution

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Normal Shock Wave Equations

Using this relation we can relate all the properties across the shock Relations for the total properties are

Entropy change across the shock

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Characteristics of Normal Shock Wave

If M1 > 1 , then M2< 1 If M1 < 1 , then M2> 1
PossibleMathematically

Shocks with M1 < 1 are physically impossible

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Traffic Rules for Compressible Flow

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Applications of 1-D flow

Flow through ducts and nozzles Subsonic flow responds to area changes in the same manner as an incompressible flow Supersonic flow behaves in an opposite manner

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Flow through a Converging Nozzle

Back Pressure, pb is equal to the reservoir pressure,p0 No flow In sonic range flow increases with decreasing pb After reaching sonic conditions nozzle get choked

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Flow through a Converging-Diverging Nozzle

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Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow

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Oblique Shock Wave

Normal Shock a special case of oblique shock Change in flow direction across an oblique shock

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Oblique Shock Wave Formation

For subsonic flow beeper always stays inside the circular sound wave fronts For supersonic flow beeper will move outside the circular wave fronts

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Oblique Shock Relations

Additional tangential velocity component Tangential component remains unchanged across the shock Normal component changes according to the normal shock relations Flow gets deflected towards the shock wave

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Oblique Shock Relations

is shock angle and is deflection angle

Define mach no. for the normal velocity component

For a given Mach Number, M1 , we have a minimum shock angle, and , the maximum inclination is

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Oblique Shock Relations

There exists two solutions for this equation The smaller value gives what is called a Weak Solution. The other solution with a higher value of is called a Strong Solution.

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Oblique Shock Relations

Relationship between and

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Summary
Under subsonic conditions compressible and incompressible flow behaves similarly Speed of sound is infinite for incompressible flow whereas finite for compressible flow Shock forms in supersonic compressible flows Incoming supersonic flow will become subsonic after the shock

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Further Reading
Modern Compressible Flow 3rd edition
John D. Anderson

Compressible Fluid Flow

Patrick H. Oosthuizen, William E. Carscallen

www.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/aero/gasdyn

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