UNIT I Two marks questions 1. Mention the different types of random access protocols.

ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA, Carrier Sense Multiple Access, Carrier Sense Multiple Access /Collision Detection. 2. Distinguish between 1G and 2G cellular networks. First generation cellular systems introduced in early 1980s were based on analog FM technology and designed to carry narrow band circuit switched voice services. Second generation cellular systems introduced in early 1990s use digital modulation and o ffers more spectral efficiency and voice quality. 3. Define a cell. In mobile communication, the coverage area is divided into smaller areas which are each served by its own base station. These smaller areas are called cells. 4. What is frequency reuse? Spatially reusing the available spectrum so that the same spectrum can support multiple users separated by a distance is called frequency reuse. 5. What are the various types of wireless network topologies? Infrastructure network topology and ad hoc topology. 6. Mention the various multiple access schemes used in wireless communication. Frequency Division Multiplexing Access, Time Division Multiplexing Access Division Multiplexing Access 7. What is co-channel interference? Interference between signals from co channels are termed as co channel interference 8. What is adjacent channel interference? Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal is called adjacent channel interference. and Code

9. Mention the different types of cells. 3 Femto cells, pico cells, micro cells, macro cells and mega cells. 10. What is a picocell? Small cells inside a building that support local indoor networks such as wireless LANs. Size of these cells are in the range of few tens of meters. 11. What is cellular topology? Cellular topology refers to infrastructure topology employing frequency reuse concept. 12. What are the various channel allocation techniques used in cellular communication? Fixed Channel Allocation, dynamic channel allocation and hybrid channel allocation. 13. What is mobility management? Mobility management refers to the operations required for tracking the mobile and restructuring existing connections as it moves. Mobility management consists of Location management and Handoff management 14.What is a cluster? The N cells which collectively use the complete set of available frequencies is called a cluster. 15.Distinguish between 3G and 4G cellular networks. Details 3G including 2.5G (EDGE) 4G Major requirement driving architecture Predominantly voice driven, data was always add on Converge data and voice over IP Network architecture Wide area cell-based Hybrid-integration of WLAN (WiFi, Bluetooth) and wireless wide-area networks Speeds 384 kbps to 2 Mbps 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode Frequency band Dependent on country or continent (1.8 to 2.4 GHz) Higher frequency bands (2 to 8 GHz)

Bandwidth 5 to 20 MHz 100 MHz or more 4

Switching design basis Circuit and packet All digital with packetized voice Access technologies WCDMA, cdma2000 OFDM and multicarrier (MC)-CDMA Component design Optimized antenna design, multiband adapters Smart antenna, software defined multiband and wideband radios Mobile top speed 200 km/h 200 km/h 16.What is radio resource management? Radio resource management refers to the control signalling and associated protocols employed to keep track of relationships between signal strength, available radio channels in a system so as to enable a mobile station or the network to optionally select the best radio resources for communication. 17.What are the technical issues in planning of a cellular network? i. Selection of frequency reuse pattern for different radio transmission techniques j. Physical deployment and radio coverage modelling k. Plans to account for the growth of the network l. Analysis of the relationship between the capacity, cell size and the cost of infrastructure 18.Define location management and handoff management. Location management refers to the activities a wireless network should perform in order to keep track of where the mobile is. Handoff management handles the messages required to make the changes in the fixed network to handle the change in location during a ongoing communication. 19.What is cell splitting? This is the process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells, each with its own base station and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitter power. Cell splitting increases the capacity of a cellular system since it increases the number of times that channels are reused. 20.What is cell sectoring?

The co channel interference in a cellular system may be decreased by replacing a single omni directional antenna at the base station by several directional antennas, each radiating within a specified sector. By using directional antennas, a given cell will receive interference and transmit with only a fraction of the available co channel cells. This technique for reducing co channel interference and thus increasing system performance by using directional antennas is called sectoring. 21. What is trunking efficiency ? It is a measure of the number of users which can be offered a particular GOS with a particular configuration of fixed channels. 22. What is the necessity of Standards? Standards help to ensure or promote the following; Wide variety of products and services to customers Interoperability between products and services made by different vendors. Easier introduction of PCS products into the national market. Healthy competitiveness among vendors, which in turn may lead to reduced cost and imp roved product quality. Development and innovation according to common guidelines. More accessible services to customers 23. What are the applications of a satellite system? Weather forecasting. Radio and TV broadcast satellites. Military services. Navigation. 24. Give the benefits of paging systems? Wide spread coverage Long battery life Small light weight sets Economical

25. What is a page? It is a brief message which is broadcast over the entire service area, usually in a simulcast fashion by many base stations at the same time. 26. What are the channels used in mobile communication systems? 1. Forward voice channels (FVC) 2. Reverse voice channels (RVC) 3. Forward control channels (FCC) 4. Reverse Control channels (RCC) 27. What are the basic units of a Cellular system? Mobile stations Base stations Mobile Switching Center (MSC) or Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). 28. What are the classifications of Wireless technologies and systems? Cellular mobile radio systems Cordless telephones Wide-area wireless data systems High-speed WLANs Paging/messaging systems Satellite-based mobile systems 29. What are the limitations of conventional mobile telephone system? Limited service capability Poor service performance Inefficient frequency spectrum utilization

30. What are the disadvantages of cellular systems with small cells? Requires complex infrastructure Requires frequent hand-over Involves complicated frequency planning

31. What is cell breathe? The cells in which the frequency allocation is based on CDMA technique are called as breathe.

32. Why 800 MHz frequency is selected for mobiles? Fixed Station Services - 30 MHz to 100 MHz Television Broadcasting FM Broadcasting 100 MHz 41 MHz to 960 MHz

Air to Ground system - 118 MHz to 136 MHz Maritime mobile services - 160 MHz

Military Aircraft use - 225 MHz to 400 MHz Frequency bands between 30 MHz to 400 MHz is crowded with large number of services and above 10 GHz is not used due to propagation path loss, multipath fading and improper medium due to rain activity. So 800 MHz is chosen for mobile communication. 33. State the two different types of fading. Long term fading & short term fading.

34. Define rayleigh fading. It refers to the variation in the received signal which is due to the waves reflected from surrounding buildings and other structures.

35. Define the term coherence bandwidth. It is defined as the bandwidth in which either the amplitudes or the phases of two received signals have a high degree of similarity. 36. State the different analog systems available in 1G. Advanced Mobile Phone System European Total Access Communication System 8 Nippon Telephone and Telegraph 37. What are the different digital cellular systems available in 2G. Global system Mobile Interim Standard -136 Pacific digital Cellular Interim Standard -95 38. Mention the function of the base station. The base station serves as a bridge between all mobile users in the cell and connects the simultaneous mobile calls via telephone lines or microwave links to the mobile switching center(MSC) 39. What are the functions of MSC? The MSC coordinates the activities of all the base stations and connects the entire cellular system to the PSTN. 40. Define foot print. The actual radio coverage of a cell is known as the foot print. It is determined from field measurements or propagation prediction models. 41. Define Dwell time. The time over which a call may be maintained within a cell without handoff, is called the dwell time. 42. State the methods used for handoff. Mobile Controlled Handoff

Network Controlled Handoff Mobile Assisted Handoff 43. State the types of modulation schemes used in mobile communication. Gaussian minimum shift keying Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying.

44. Name some of the outdoor propagation models. Longely-Rico model Durkin,s model Okumura model

45. What are the effects of fading? a. Rapid changes in signal strength over a small travel distance or time interval b. Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different multipath signals c. Time dispersion(echoes) caused by multipath propagation delays

46. Mention the basic propagation mechanisms, which impact propagation in mobile communication. The basic propagation mechanisms are, Reflection Diffraction Scattering 47. What is reflection? Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave impinges upon an object, which has very large dimension when compared to the wavelength of propagating wave.

48. What is diffraction? Diffraction occurs when the radio path between the transmitter and receiver is obstructed by a surface that has sharp irregularities. 49. What is scattering? Scattering occurs when the medium through which the wave travels consists of objects with dimensions that are small compared to the wavelength and where the number of obstacles per unit volume is large. 50. What is CDMA digital cellar standard (is 95)? IS-95- interim standard IS 95 allows each user with in the a cell to use the same radio channel and user in adjacent cell also use the same radio channel since this is a direct sequence spread spectrum CDMA system. 51. State the expression that relates co channel reuse ratio (Q) to radius (R) of a cell Q = D/R D Distance between center of co channel cells 52. State the advantage of umbrella cell approach. It provides large area coverage to high speed users while providing small area coverage to users traveling at low speeds. 53. Define co channel cells. The cells that operate with the same set of frequencies are referred as cochannel cells.