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IR
M A I N S
X UX IA
KS
IZ
L O A D
UR
UZ
UR UX UZ
Since the electromagnetic clutch is in open position and that the diesel engine is stopped, the synchronous machine cannot deliver any active power (on the contrary, strictly speaking, it absorbs a small amount of energy to compensate the different losses). Therefore the active power absorbed by the load is delivered by mains only. But the stato-alternator KS can deliver the reactive power requested by the load. Consequently the power factor (cos ) measured at mains terminals is improved significantly and reaches a value close to unity. Basically, the automatic improvement of the power factor measured at mains terminals results from the combination voltage control existence of the reactance X.
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U X = X IR
U Z = U nom
The following diagrams show situations where mains voltage corresponds to 90 %, 95 %, 100 % and 105 % of the rated voltage, respectively. The considered load is the rated one, with a power factor (cos ) equal to 0.8. Voltage and current vectors are drawn using rated value as unit length. Voltages are represented by continuous lines while currents are represented by dotted lines. Beside each vector diagram, the single wire diagram is plotted with active power flow (in blue) and reactive power flow (in green). Arrows width is proportional to the amount of (active or reactive) power flow.
IR UR UX UZ
U mains = 90 % U rated
cos R = 0.973
Active Power
Z
IA
Reactive Power
Z KS
IZ
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U mains = 95 % U rated
IR
UR UX
cos R = 0.998
Active Power
Z
IA
UZ
Reactive Power
Z KS
IZ
R
IR
UR UX
cos R = 0.993
Active Power
Z
IA
UZ
Reactive Power
Z KS
IZ
UR UX
cos R = 0.948
Active Power
IR IA
UZ
Reactive Power
Z KS
IZ
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Those figures clearly show that the stato-alternator KS delivers all, or at least the major part of, the reactive power requested by the load. Therefore the power factor (cos ) measured at mains terminals is seriously improved. ! When mains voltage is equal to the rated one, mains delivers only half of the reactive power for the choke, that is to say less than one sixth of the reactive power requested by the rated load with a power factor (cos ) equal to 0.8. The stato-alternator KS delivers all the reactive power requested by the load as well as half of the reactive power for the choke. When mains voltage decreases and becomes lower than the rated voltage, the synchronous machine delivers more and more reactive power. It goes on supplying all the reactive power requested by the load. Moreover it ends up by delivering all the reactive power for the choke, and even by supplying reactive power to the mains. The power factor (cos ) measured at mains terminals comes to unity, then current from mains slightly leads voltage. It should be noted that, when mains voltage decreases to 90 % of the rated one, the stato-alternator KS delivers an amount of reactive power corresponding to 175 % of the one requested by the rated load with a power factor (cos ) equal to 0.8. Thanks to the generous design of the No-Break KS stato-alternator, that constraint can be satisfied without any problem. When mains voltage increases and becomes greater than the rated voltage, mains delivers progressively more reactive power. It ends up by supplying all the reactive power for the choke, and even by contributing somewhat to the reactive power requested by the load. Even so, the power factor (cos ) measured at mains terminals is improved significantly. Moreover current from mains is equal to only about 4/5 of current flowing to the load.
The following table gives a summary of the different situations (rated load with power factor (cos ) equal to 0.8).
Mains voltage (% U rated) Current to load (% I rated) Load power factor Current from mains (% I rated) Mains power factor
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Analytic relation
Since the voltage at load terminals is continuously controlled and maintained equal to the rated voltage, it can be demonstrated that the power factor (cos ) measured at mains terminals is given by the following expession:
cos R =
sin 1 2 cos + 2
with
X PZ = arcsin U 2 nom
represents phase angle between voltage at load terminals and mains voltage represents the ratio between mains voltage and rated voltage(Unom)
This expression shows explicitely that the power factor (cos ) measured at mains terminals doesnt depend on the amount of reactive power requested by the load. The following diagram represents the power factor (cos ) measured at mains terminals as a function of the magnitude of mains voltage, for different load levels. It appears clearly that, except when load is low and mains voltage deviates significantly from the rated voltage, the power factor (cos ) measured at mains terminals is very close to unity.
85%
90%
95%
100%
105%
110%
115%
120%
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Conclusions
Besides its major function as a protection for critical loads against mains faults, the No-Break KS plays also an important role during operation in normal mode when mains is present, especially through voltage control associated with the presence of the choke. This document demonstrates the systematic improvement of the power factor (cos ) measured at mains terminals, which avoids the installation of capacitor banks and the phenomena associated to their switching on and off. Other advantages, in normal mode (diesel engine stopped), are worth mentioning too: ! ! ! ! Regulation of voltage at load terminals and compensation of mains voltage deviation from rated voltage (10% tolerance). Suppression of very short duration voltage dips and spikes. Protection of load against voltage harmonics from mains. Reduction of current harmonics rejected by non linear loads.
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