CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

AEROBIC

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
MAIN SUBSTRATE:

ANAEROBIC

Oxygen Oxidation

Glucose

Breakdown

Incompletely Completely

Carbon dioxide + Water + 2898kJ (38ATP)

ATP

Yeast Carbon dioxide + ethanol + 210kJ (2ATP) Oxidation

5/ 6

ADP + phosphate + energy

Animals (Muscle) Lactic acids + 150kJ 1/ 6 Convert Glucose

+ Oxygen

Energy Release Carbon dioxide + + water + energy

Glycogen (keep in body)

P1: Presence of oxygen P2: Breakdown of glucose P3: Products

BREATHING MECHANISMS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS BREATHING MECHANISMS IN INSECTS

Exhales
1. Abdominal muscles contract 2. Air pressure inside Trachea increased 3. Air drawn out

CO2

O2

Inhales
1. Abdominal muscles relax

2. Spiracles open 3. Air pressure inside Trachea lowered

4. Air drawn in

BREATHING MECHANISMS IN FISH

Gill arch

Oxygen dissolved in water flow

Buccal cavity Operculum Gills

1. Mouth opens

2. Floor of buccal cavity lowered

3. Pressure in buccal cavity lowered

6. Mouth closes

5. Water drawn into the mouth

4. Operculum closed due to the high pressure outside

7. Floor of buccal cavity raised

8. Water flows through lamellae

9. Gases exchange between blood capillaries and water

10. Operculum open due to the high pressure in the buccal cavity

BREATHING MECHANISMS IN FROG

Bucco-pharyngeal floor lowered

Glottis

Air released through nostrils Bucco-pharyngeal cavity Lungs contract

Glottis closes

Air drawn into bucco-pharyngeal cavity through nostrils

Lungs expand

Nostrils closed, glottis opens

Bucco-pharyngeal floor raised

Air pressure increases

Air is pushed into lungs

BREATHING MECHANISMS IN HUMAN

Inhalation

Exhalation

1. EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES CONTRACT AND INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES RELAX

5. AIR IS FORCED IN

1. INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES CONTRACT AND EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES RELAX

5. AIR IS EXPELLED OUT

2. RIBCAGE MOVE OUTWARD AND UPWARD

2. RIBCAGE MOVE INWARD AND DOWNWARD

3. DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS AND FLATTENED

4. VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY DECREASES AND PRESSURE IN THORACIC CAVITY INCREASES 3. DIAPHRAGM RELAXES AND CURVED UPWARD

4. VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY INREASES AND PRESSURE IN THORACIC CAVITY DECREASES

P6

EXHALED AIR

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD ENTERING THE BLOOD CAPILLARY

INHALED AIR

P1

 PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 IS HIGHER IN THE CELLS THAN THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 IN THE BLOOD CAPILLARY. CO2 DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELLS

HAEMOGLOBIN + O2

OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

1. 7% - DISSOLVED CO2 IN THE BLOOD PLASMA 2. 23 % CARBAMINOHAEMOGL OBIN 3. 70 % - BICARBONATE IONS ( HCO3- )

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2 IS HIGHER IN THE BLOOD CAPILLARY THAN THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2 IN THE BODY CELLS. O2 DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELLS

TISSUE CAPILLARIES CO2 DIFFUSES FROM BODY CELLS --> BLOOD PLASMA --> RED BLOOD CELLS CO2 REACTS WITH WATER --> CARBONIC ACIDS ( H2CO3) *CARBONIC ANHYDRASE CARBONIC ACIDS DISSOCIATES TO FORM H+ AND HCO3 HCO3 DIFFUSE FROM RED BLOOD CELLS --> BLOOD PLASMA -

LUNG HCO3 DIFFUSES FROM BLOOD PLASMA --> RED BLOOD CELLS FORM CARBONIC ACIDS (H2CO3) BREAKS DOWN --> CO2 + H2O CARBONIC ACIDS DISSOCIATES TO FORM H+ AND HCO3 DIFFUSE OUT OF THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES & INTO ALVEOLI

CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS

CONCENTRATION OF CO2

NERVE IMPULSE

RESPIRATORY CENTRE

NERVE IMPULSE

RESPIRATORY MUSCLES CONTRACT & RELAX FASTER

BREATHING & VENTILATION RATE

pH IN BLOOD & CEREBRPSPINAL FLUID

(MEDULLA OBLONGATA)

DIAPHRAGM

NORMAL LEVELS OF CO2 CONCENTRATION

PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

carotid bodies & aortic bodies

i) Based on the diagram, fill in the blanks with the correct answer on how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is regulated during a vigorous activity.

Sample answer P1- During vigorous activity, the concentration of carbon dioxide as a result of active cellular respiration P2- The carbon dioxide react with water to form carbonic acid which results in a .. in the pH level of the blood and tissue fluid that bathing the brain P3- The drop in pH is detected by the . in the medulla oblongata

P4- and detected by . ( carotid bodies and aortic bodies ) P5- The central chemoreceptors and pheripheral receptors send . to the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata P6- The respiratory centre sends nerve impulses to the . and the .., causing the respiratory muscle to contract and relax faster P7- As a result, the breathing and ventilation rate causes .. oxygen inhaled and the oxygen concentration return to the normal level P8- As excess carbon dioxide is . from the body, the carbon dioxide concentration and pH value of the blood return to .