The Kolmogorov hypotheses Fundamental questions concerning turbulence scales: What is the size of the smallest eddies that

t are responsible for dissipation of energy? As the lengthscale l decreases do the characteristic velocity scale u(l) and timescale (l ) increase, decrease or remain the same? Kolmogorov hypothesis of local isotropy At sufficiently high Reynolds number, the small-scale turbulent motion l << l0 are statistically isotropic Let introduce an assumption: 1 l > LEI l0 - anisotropic large eddies 6 l < LEI -isotropic small eddies

On what parameters does this statistically universal state depend? Rate of energy transfer from large scale EI Kinematic viscosity which determines the dissipation rate but EI which leads to Kolmogorov first similarity hypothesis In every turbulent flow at sufficiently high Reynolds number, the statistics of the small-scale motions have a universal form that is uniquely determined by and

Since the small-scale motion is determined by only two parameters: dissipation rate and viscosity, there are unique length, velocity and time scales that can be formed using dimensional analysis 14 ( 3 / )
u ( )
14

( / )1 2
which are called the Kolmogorov scales There are two identities stemming from definition of the Kolmogorov scales: u Re = = 1 - Kolmogorov scale is small enough for

dissipation to be effective
2

= (u ) = 2 - showing that u = 1 provides a

consistent characterization of the velocity gradients of the dissipative eddies The ratios of the smallest eddies to largest scales are readily determined from the definition of the Kolmogorov scales 3 l0 and from the scaling introduced earlier u0

l0

Re 3 4 ,

u Re 1 4 , Re 1 2 u0 0

Evidently, at high Reynolds number, the scales of smallest eddies are small compared to those of larges eddies

At sufficiently large Reynolds number the ratio l0 is so small that there is a range of scales l that are very small compared to l0 , and yet very large compared with

<< l << l0
Since eddies in this range are much bigger than the dissipative eddies, it may be supposed that their Reynolds number is large, and consequently their motion is little affected by viscosity. This assumption leads to:
Kolmogorov second similarity hypothesis

In every turbulent flow at sufficiently high Reynolds number, the statistics of the motions of scale l in the range << l << l0 have a universal form that is uniquely determined by dissipation rate and independent of viscosity It is convenient to introduce a lengthscale
LDI = 60

so that the range in the above hypothesis can be written as lDI < l < lEI This lengthscale LDI splits the universal equilibrium range (l < lEI ) Into two subranges: The inertial subrange lDI < l < lEI - determined by inertial effect-viscous effects being negligible Dissipation subrange l < lDI

Universal equilibrium range Dissipation range Inertial range Energy-containing range

l DI

l EI

l0

Given an eddy size l and the dissipation rate , characteristic velocity and time scales are as follows:
u (l ) = (l ) = u (l ) u 0 (l l0 )
13 13
13

13

(l ) = (l 2 ) = (l )2 3 0 (l l0 )2 3
A consequence of the second similarity hypothesis is that in the inertial range the velocity scales and time scales decrease as the lengthscale decreases The energy from the energy-containing range to the dissipation range is transferred via inertial subrange, hence this rate is determined by
u 2 (l ) = (l ) therefore rate of energy T (l ) is independent of the lengthscale l

Hence we have TEI T (l EI ) T (l ) TDI T (l DI = )

Introducing the wave number instead of lengthscale 2 k= l the kinetic energy of turbulence in the inertial range is
k( k
a

,kb )

= E (k ) dk
ka

kb

since according to the second similarity hypothesis the motion is determined by dissipation only hence E (k ) = C 2 3k 5 3